Refine
Document Type
- Articles (75)
- Dissertations (42)
- Collections (3)
- Books (1)
- Journals (1)
- Reviews (1)
Has Fulltext
- no (123) (remove)
Year of publication
- 2022 (123) (remove)
As a famous contemporary philosophical theorist, psychoanalyst and social activist, Fromm has attracted much attention for his outstanding humanistic theoretical interest and profound social criticism. Since the 1980s, the research on Fromm’s theory has gradually emerged in Chinese academic circles, and some influential theoretical results have been produced. Through literature review, it is found that domestic and foreign researches are more focused on Fromm’s Theory of human nature, alienation theory, freedom theory, Social character theory and unconscious theory, etc, while the systematic and overall research on Fromm’s Sane social theory is less. Based on this, this paper attempts to conduct a more systematic study of Fromm’s sane society theory. This paper mainly conducts research from the following four aspects: First, to sort out the background and ideological origin of Fromm’s sane society theory. Second, analyze the logical structure of Fromm’s sane society theory, and study the concepts and connotations of >Sane man< and >Sane society< proposed by Fromm. Third, research and analyze the theoretical value and its theoretical limitations of Fromm’s sane society theory. Fourth, to summarizes the contemporary enlightenment of Fromm’s Sane Society theory. Through research, the author believes that although Fromm’s sane society theory is far from Marxist anthropology, it still has certain theoretical value and reference function. In particular, his profound critique of the alienation phenomenon of capital society, can provide a certain theoretical reference for our correct understanding of capital modernity. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Inwiefern eignet sich Erich Fromms Entwurf einer humanistischen Ethik für den Ethikunterricht der Sekundarstufe II? Dieser Frage soll in der vorliegenden Arbeit nachgegangen werden. Die Untersuchung wird sich in drei Schritte unterteilen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird eine Untersuchung des Gegenstands der Psychologie in der Geschichte der Philosophie durchgeführt. Hierbei soll anhand einer Auswahl von Philosophen dargestellt werden, wie sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte die Psychologie als eigenständige Wissenschaft aus den Sphären der Philosophie emanzipierte. Ein besonderer Fokus wird hierbei auf Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalyse liegen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird daraufhin untersucht, wie die Erkenntnisse der Psychologie von der Philosophie genutzt wurden, um mit Hilfe dieser Erkenntnisse eigene ethische Theorien zu entwickeln. Hierbei soll Erich Fromms Ansatz demjenigen von John Dewey gegenübergestellt werden. Beide nutzten die Erkenntnisse der Psychoanalyse und der Psychologie aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen und mit unterschiedlichen Motiven. Diese Gegenüberstellung eignet sich insofern, dass sie die Individualität beider Ansätze verdeutlicht und die Vielfältigkeit der Interdisziplinarität aus Psychologie und Philosophie illustriert. Im dritten und letzten Teil der Arbeit soll anschliessend untersucht werden, warum gerade Erich Fromms Ansatz als geeignetes Unterrichtsthema für den Ethikunterricht der Sekundarstufe II erscheint. Diese didaktische Untersuchung läuft in drei Schritten ab: Zunächst wird anhand Fromms eigener Aussagen zu Pädagogik und Erziehung eine psychoanalytische Perspektive eingenommen, die vor allem Fromms Untersuchungen zum (Un-)Gehorsam und zur Autorität in den Blick nimmt. Im zweiten Schritt soll anhand Wolfgang Klafkis Theorie der kategorialen Bildung eine allgemeindidaktische Untersuchung der humanistischen Ethik Fromms stattfinden. Dies soll dazu beitragen, den Blick vom Unterrichtsgegenstand hin zu den Schüler*innen zu lenken, vor allem aber das Potential einer wechselseitigen Erschliessung von Subjekt und Objekt im Sinne Klafkis zu analysieren. Im letzten Schritt wird abschliessend erörtert, wie Ekkehard Martens Philosophiedidaktik mit Erich Fromms Ansatz harmoniert. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf Martens Definition von Philosophie, die er vor allem als Tätigkeit und Kulturtechnik versteht. All dies soll schliesslich dazu beitragen, die Frage nach einer Eignung von Fromms Ansatz für den Ethikunterricht zu beantworten. [Weltbild Verlag, Schweiz]
Das Argument, der Mensch würde alle Arbeit fallenlassen, wenn nicht sein Überleben davon abhinge, hat bis heute überdauert. Nicht nur als Argument gegen kommunistische oder sozialistische Gesellschaftstheorien, sondern auch in aktuellen Debatten beispielsweise um die Verkürzung von Arbeitszeiten oder die Einführung eines bedingungslosen Grundeinkommens, immer wieder bemühen Kritiker die Annahme, Menschen wären von Natur aus faul und müssten zur Arbeit motiviert werden. Im Gegensatz zu dem Axiom der angeborenen Faulheit steht die Theorie des Psychoanalytikers und Sozialphilosophen Erich Fromm. Er versucht zu belegen, dass Faulheit nur eine Konsequenz aus der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise ist und sie als Symptom einer kranken Gesellschaft betrachtet werden muss. Diese Arbeit widmet sich, vor allem auf der Grundlage seiner Essays >Ist der Mensch von Natur aus faul?< und >Psychologische Aspekte zur Frage eines garantierten Einkommens für alle<, der Frage, inwieweit die Behauptungen wahr sind, dass eine finanzielle Absicherung der Existenz zu vermehrter Faulheit unter den Menschen führt. [Weltbild.ch]
Critical Theory has traditionally been interested in engaging classical psychoanalysis rather than addressing postclassical thought. For the first time, this volume brings Critical Theory into proper dialogue with modern developments in the psychoanalytic movement and covers a broad range of topics in contemporary society that revisit the Frankfurt School and its contributions to psychoanalytic social critique. Theoretical, clinical, and applied investigations in social pathology are explored in relation to new directions in critical cultural discourse from a variety of psychoanalytic perspectives. In this volume, internationally acclaimed social political theorists, philosophers, psychoanalysts, cultural critics, and scholars of humanities examine contemporary issues in social critique that address a myriad of topics.
The Social Unconscious: The Psychoanalytic Dimension of Fromm’s Cultural View [社会无意识:弗洛姆文化观的精神分析维度]
(2022)
[Chinese abstract not available.] The social unconscious is a core concept in Erich Fromm’s cultural view. By comparing the social unconscious with Freud’s the unconscious, Marx’s social consciousness and Jung’s collective unconscious respectively, this article aims to study the psychoanalytic dimension of Fromm’s cultural view. For Fromm, the social unconscious is the product of cultural power suppression; cultural power shapes the spiritual space formed by consciousness and the unconscious; the social unconscious exists in societies dominated by cultural power. This shows that from the microscopic perspective of psychoanalysis, Fromm has gained an insight into the suppression and manipulation of the social unconscious by the ubiquitous cultural power. This insight not only deepens the theory of cultural studies, but also enriches and develops the related theoretical connotations of Marxist theory. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
While Kingsley Amis‘s novel >Lucky Jim< shows the anger and disillusionment of 1950s British youth, it also contains Amis’s still-positive attitude towards British young people like himself who are in a predicament. Focusing on the two core concepts of Fromm’s theory of freedom, negative freedom and positive freedom, written within the same historical period as Kingsley Amis’s >Lucky Jim< (1954) and Jim’s transcendence from negative freedom to positive freedom as the research object, this thesis deeply interprets the disillusionment, awakening and self-reconstruction in Jim’s journey to true freedom.– The study found that: the social culture, hypocritical academic environment, weird interpersonal relationships, and the fettered and immature personality of Jim himself all induce him to pursue a negative freedom through by escaping responsibility and rebelling against middle-class culture and social traditions traditionally enjoyed by postwar capitalist society. However, these radical actions, which Fromm called >negative freedom<, did not bring Jim spiritual relief, but brought him alienation and disillusion. The alienation and disillusion brought about by Jim’s pursuit of negative freedom, which makes Jim wake up from his negative freedom and seek a new way of freedom. Ultimately, Jim’s pursuing for freedom transforms from negative freedom to positive freedom through spontaneous love for Christine and a series of creative activities to regain his true self and a sense of belonging. This self-reconstruction gives Jim the courage to face his destiny and choose to reconnect with the outside world and enjoy healthy human relationships. And with the favorable changes of the external political, economic and cultural environment, Jim finally frees himself from the sufferings of his negative freedom, and finds the true path to positive freedom. This study attempts to show that neither avoiding responsibility nor seeking one’s psychological escape through rebellion can solve the survival dilemma suffered under the influence of negative freedom. And only when we can live and love spontaneously in a positive way, and actively establish a close connection with the world, can we get out of the predicament and obtain true freedom. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 5/2023]
The Pathology of Normalcy and Consensual Validation: Thinking Beyond Neoliberalism with Erich Fromm
(2022)
Think of the ease in which one can acquire food and clothing today. Consider the ubiquitous availability of machines that save us hours of boring labour. For the average person in the global core, it is obvious: the material standard of living has increased exponentially since the industrial-capitalist revolution. Although we may celebrate these achievements it is also clear that such rampant capitalist development has created many horrific ‘negative externalities’.
All of Louise Erdrich’s novels involve elements of religion, and almost every character, more or less, has something to do with religion. A multitude of impressive images of priests figure prominently in all her novels, among which >The Plague of Doves< (2008), >The Round House< (2012), >The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse< (2001) stand out. In each of these novels, pseudo-Father Cassidy, quasi-Father Travis, syncretic Father Damien constitute three typical images of priests. These characters not only reflect collision and fusion between Catholicism and Ojibwe spirituality to a certain extent, but also embody Louise Erdrich’s complex emotional attitude and humanistic religious view. In The Plague of Doves, Erdrich portrays a false Catholic priest Cassidy, characterized by alcoholism, rapacity, self-importance, impudence, inhumanity and absurdity. The appearance of Cassidy’s image is a sharp spear thrown by Erdrich at the Catholic church that imprisons and destroys human nature, and is also the reflection of her humanitarianism and stance against the church’s notion of sin. In >The Round House<, a marine-turned-Catholic priest Father Travis is no more than a spokesman of Catholicism and white interest groups. Under the guise of Catholicism, he has been eradicating American Indian culture, assimilating indigenous people, paralyzing their consciousness and plundering their resources. >The Round House< reveals the alienation and unease of the Ojibwe in the face of Father Travis’ religious colonization. However, in >The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse<, the author recounts Father Damien’s 87 years of missionary experience on the Little No Horse reservation. In the process of spreading Catholicism to the Ojibwe, Father Damien, disguised as a man by the farmer’s widow Agnes De Witt (formerly Sister Cecilia), is influenced by Ojibwe Shamanism and, as a result, merges it with Catholicism. This fusion realizes the equal negotiation between the >superior< Catholicism and >inferior< Shamanism, and also reflects the ability of the endangered Ojibwe spirituality to hijack Catholicism from within. In the process, Father Damian is changed from a cultural conqueror to a recipient and advocate of the inferior Ojibwe civilization, becoming its loyal friend. The two religious civilizations that have been in conflict and struggle are balanced within Father Damien’s perspective. Here, the author does not advocate an either-or religious posture, but the coexistence of the two religions to jointly construct the religious identity and psychology of the natives. This thesis, based on Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach’s >religion of love< and Erich Fromm’s humanistic religious thought, as well as post-colonial theory, expounds on the author’s humanitarian religious view from the perspective of the above-mentioned three priests. Comparing and contrasting these three typical priest images together, the thesis attempts to reach the conclusion that neither pseudo-Father Cassidy, with his subversion of classic priest images, nor quasi-Father Travis, who represents Erdrich’s negation of these orthodox images, is Louise Erdrich’s idealized priest image but rather the syncretic Father Damien instead, regardless of her female identity, hybridized religions and secularity, whose humanitarian trait brings forth a feeling of well-being in the Ojibwe people. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Tibor Scitovsky’s >The Joyless Economy< (1976) is now regarded as a landmark publication in the combined fields of economics and psychology, with standard accounts of Scitovsky’s ideas emphasizing the influence of 1960s motivational psychology literature. While this encounter is all-important, Scitovsky’s ideas must at the same time be read in the context of the evolution of his critique of twentieth-century mass society. The present paper presents that critique and demonstrates its fundamental importance for Scitovsky’s diagnosis of an economy he termed >joyless<. Drawing upon his >Memoirs<, we show how Scitovsky’s ideas were initially shaped by the culture/aesthetics of his early years in Budapest, followed by his experiences of rising totalitarianism in interwar Europe, and further affected by his move to the consumption society of postwar America. The way he engaged with the writings of influential contemporary cultural commentators, including André Gide, Erich Fromm, Bertrand de Jouvenel, Lewis Mumford, and Bernard Rudofsky, was incisive. Close scrutiny also reveals resonances between Scitovsky’s cultural concerns and those of some of the Bloomsbury Group.
[Chinese abstract not available] Love is an inescapable issue in the development of human society, and love is not simply a matter of >sexual attraction< the definition of the concept and the true meaning behind it need to be further explored. Marx and Engels affirmed the importance of sex as the biological basis of love from the perspective of human physiology. On this basis, they emphasise that love is a social relationship unique to human society and should be a strong, solid and deep feeling between people of the opposite sex based on mutual admiration and a desire to be with each other for life. Marx and Engels were not crystallised by gender relations in the capitalist era and saw the illusion of ’love first’ created by capitalist private ownership. The aim of this paper is to analyse Marx and Engels’ critique of recent Western ideas on love and to explore the model of love envisaged in the society of the future, which undoubtedly adds to their thinking. At present, there are relatively few studies on Marx’s and Engels’ ideas on love in the academy, so this paper is a critical entry point to explore Marx’s and Engels’ ideas on love.– The first chapter starts from the four dimensions of sex, reason, marriage and religion to clarify the development of modern Western love thought, while laying the foundation for Marx and Engels to carry out their love critique. The analysis of the main types of classical Western love thought in Chapter 1 shows that these views of love do not delve into love as a uniquely human social relationship, and therefore do not properly grasp its essential properties. Marx and Engels found that love has both natural and social properties, and used this as a basis for their fierce critique of Western love thought. Love, as an indispensable social relationship, has been inextricably linked to marriage, politics and art since the dawn of humanity. It is through four aspects that Marx and Engels also critique the modern Western idea of love, thus affirming the role of love in human society. Marx and Engels saw the phenomenon of false love and alienation as a real consequence of capitalist private ownership, and that the purification of love could only be achieved when private ownership disappeared and productivity became highly developed. And the conditions for purification can only be realised in a communist society. Although Marx and Engels’ theoretical elaboration of love did not result in a systematic text, it still had an impact on Marxists in the West. Fromm, Marcuse and Badiou, three Western Marxist scholars, explored the path from love to human emancipation as an inheritance and development of Marx and Engels’ critical thinking on love. Although the two great men were in different times from us, their critique of love in the modern West is very much a modern reference. Capitalist private ownership is a constant danger to the relationship between the sexes today, and it is only when private ownership is extinguished and society is freed from the shackles of economic factors that true love can be achieved. At the same time, Marx and Engels’ critique of the concept of love in capitalist society is a positive guide to the construction of socialist love values in China and deserves our profound reflection. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 2/2014]
[Chinese abstract not available] The thoughts of world peace is the mainstream thoughts in Fromm’s humanistic philosophy, Fromm believes: >The ideal of a world of a great harmony is the common aspiration of human, and it is also the common goal that human beings should try their best to achieve.< Fromm integrated Freud’s and Marx’s theories and revealed that the first inherent potential in human nature, namely creativity, reason and love, is the key to realize a sound human society, and is also the source of strength for human beings to realize a peaceful world without war. There is still the second potential in human nature, which is to pursue the satisfaction of human beings’ natural desires. Under the unsound social environment, the second potential of human beings may develop morbidly under the joint action of various factors that violate human nature, and then become the fuse of war and conflict. In Fromm’s theory, human nature is consistent with human nature. Human nature is contradictory, and human nature is not fixed and rigid. Contradictions contained in human nature directly determine human behavior and its realistic results, and then determine whether the human world will achieve peace or be deeply mired in war. Because of the consistent relationship between the contradiction contained in human nature and the process of human practice, the positive change of human practice, the way of practice and the return of human nature to the first potential are the powers to reshape sound human nature and create a peaceful new world. Therefore, human nature is plastic, and there is hope for world peace.– By analyzing the socialized and historically evolving human nature, Fromm reveals that social development is not only determined by economic factors, but also influenced by social character and social unconsciousness. Social unconsciousness is the repressed part of society that is incompatible with the mainstream consciousness of society. Through the screening of social filters, That is to say, after being filtered by the social mainstream consciousness system composed of language, logic and social taboos, the unconscious commonality contained in the social unconscious and meeting the corresponding screening standards can rise to the social consciousness level and become a component of the social mainstream consciousness. At the same time, the social unconscious that does not meet the relevant screening standards does not disappear, but penetrates the development and deepening of labor and social exchanges with the participation of all members. Universal penetration and integration into the subconscious activities of all members, and in the unconscious practice of most members, it exerts a subtle influence on the thoughts and behaviors of all members, and has made an influence on the future trend of the society as a whole.– In addition, there is a close relationship between the realization of world peace and human behavior. Human behavior is the search, practice and creation of survival significance under the specific historical and production conditions of society. Fromm divides human behavior into rational behavior and irrational behavior according to the beneficial and unhelpful cooperation between human behavior and society. Irrational behavior is the alienation behavior polluted by inhuman factors, resulting in the generalization and pathological performance of social members. Rational behavior is a normal behavior conforming to the first potential of human nature. After being refined by the common practice of society, individual behavior gradually condenses into the general behavior of society around the humanity with the characteristics of the times and nationalities. Society itself exists as the foundation of the human world, and the soundness and morbidity of the general behavior of society directly determine the common destiny of the world. Therefore, the realization of world peace should not be limited to the perfection of human nature, but the social unconsciousness and the soundness of human behavior also play an important role. Social character also has an important influence on the development of society and the realization of positive peace. Fromm put forward the concept of social character in his book Escape from Freedom, and discussed the social character and character structure hidden behind mass behavior. Later, in his monograph >The Sane Society<, he studied the dialectical relationship among the three factors of >economic basis, social character thoughts and ideal<, revealing that social character is a dynamic evolution process of human nature. Social character plays both positive and negative roles in the economic foundation of society and the actual behavior of human beings. The overall practice of human beings determines the sound level of social character, and the soundness of social character also has a great impact on the overall practice of human beings and its practical results. Therefore, the realization of human positive peace can not be separated from the assistance of positive social character, which reflects human nature and plays a great role in the development of social history and the realization of human peace in reality.– The discussion of world peace is the peak of Erich Fromm’s philosophical development, and it is also the main logical clue to implement Fromm’s humanistic philosophy. One of the notable signs is that Fromm opposes US imperialism, Nazism and hegemonism and advocates world peace. Fromm wrote: >The future world should be a one-size-fits-all world.< […], that is to say, the future world is a borderless human union that has permanently eliminated the wars among countries, political parties, races, groups and organizations. Unfortunately, no matter at home or abroad, there are very few works that discover this theme and study it, and there are great limitations. However, from the two aspects of history and reality derived from human development, it is not difficult to find that although the world situation has been in turmoil for a long time, the pursuit of world peace by human beings is still the general trend. The disasters that occurred in the past and are happening have proved that the corresponding problems can be solved as desired by no country or a few countries alone. The world itself is a community of destiny, so human beings need to unite and tide over difficulties together. Fromm’s thoughts of world peace occupies an important position in his research in many fields. This thesis uses >the subject of world peace – the behavior of the subject – the society connected with the subject< as a dynamic logical framework, systematically reconstructs Fromm’s thoughts of world peace, and provides a new perspective for studying Fromm’s thoughts. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 2/2024]
This thesis adopts Erich Fromm’s theory of escape from freedom and takes the economic background of the 20th century America into consideration to analyze the characters in >Death of a Salesman< and thus to find out the psychological motivations behind the characters’ behavior as well as a reasonable explanation of their destiny from the perspective of freedom. Willy Loman, the protagonist of Death of a Salesman, enjoys a certain degree of freedom and the opportunity to choose according to their own will, only to give up the best choice to himself and the family. Individuals like Willy are in pursuit of freedom, but as they hold it, though in a liberated sense, they sometimes abandon it. The secret behind the contradiction is definitely worth exploring. According to Fromm’s psychoanalytical theory, free choice always brings about a frustrating sense of powerlessness and anxiety, which fosters fear in people’s heart. In order to alleviate or eliminate the fear, people rashly choose to give up part of their freedom in exchange for a sense of certainty and security. As they repeat the escape from time to time, they completely lose their control of freedom in the long run and thus become slaves to life. This paper borrows Fromm’s theory of >escape from freedom< which features primary bonds, alienation, and negative freedom, and selects Willy Loman as the object of analysis to explore the driving force behind the behavior of escaping from freedom from a psychoanalysis level. The primary bond and alienation parts mainly explain why Willy seems to be haunted with negative emotions when facing freedom, and the negative freedom part analyzes why he conducts so many negative behaviors, including suicide, when dealing with challenging situations. Through exploring the psychological motivation for escaping from freedom, this paper attempts to provide corresponding solutions to help people make rational choices. Here, the paper also turns to Fromm’s another psychoanalytical work >The Sane Society< which illustrates the rational individual psychology, interpersonal relationship and social structure that a sane society is supposed to have, in order to reveal the most significant factors that people should take into consideration when facing the freedom to choose. >Death of a Salesman< is so influential a work. The tragedy it contains triggers strong emotional resonance among the audience as readers can often find their own features in the characters. With Fromm’s theory of >escape from freedom< as the theoretical tool, the paper aims to provide a diagnosis for people who share the same trouble with Willy Loman, thereby helping them to gain a better understanding of what leads to their dilemma and accordingly, what the potential solution is. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Erich Fromm is a famous Western Marxist, and a key member of Frankfurt School. He constructed his own humanistic ideology, with exploring the living dilemma of modern people, criticizing the morbid society and yearning for a sound society in the future as the goal, calling for human subjectivity as the object of study and the thread that runs through all theories, analysis of phenotypic analysis mechanism and character structure of modern alienation as the breakthrough point. There is a profound brand of the times and a complex theoretical background during the formation of humanistic thought. The brutality of the two world wars trampling on human nature, the rapid recovery of western economies lead to the war aggravating the alienation of human nature and generalizing the phenotypic analysis problems, and the influence of religion and family all prompted him to devote himself to realizing the return of >human< in academic and practice. The recommendation and application of Marx’s theory of labor alienation by Frankfurt School and the exploration and revelation of human nature by psychoanalysis theory have prepared the prerequisite conditions for the construction of his cultural view of human nature and humanitarian ideological system. >Alienation< – the core concept of Marx’s theory, Freud’s theory of the structure of character, the cultural undertones of western liberalism and humanism, the social critical theory of the Frankfurt School. All of these above, are the theoretical origin of its ideological system. Starting from the logic of modern man, Fromm takes Marx’s theory of labor alienation and Freud’s >synthesis< of psychoanalysis as the research tool, comprehensively and systematically expounds his own humanitarian thoughts. First, freedom is a matter of quantity as well as quality. Through analyzing the phenotypic analysis mechanism and character structure of human alienation, he pointed out that modern people have two sides of >gain< and >escape< in their treatment of freedom which root in man’s living circumstance and individual experience. Second, alienation is a universal objective existence. He defined alienation as an emotional and psychological subjective experience. He believes that alienation of capitalist society is constantly deepening and universalizing, mainly in the aspects of human nature, social character, social psychology and emotion. Third, love is a force that overcomes alienation. Love is an art and an ability that can be learned by practice. The ability to love is the way and method to overcome alienation, but the acquisition of the ability to love depends on the influence of the society on the personality of the individual. Modern westerners are cogs in machines that cannot love, so the ability to love is gradually being lost. Fourth, the hallmark of a healthy society is sharing. Through the psychoanalysis of human beings, Fromm concluded that western society is morbid and unsound. He proposed to reform the society from three aspects – economy, politics and culture, and expected to build a >humanistic public ownership< of a sound society with shared work, shared experience and common management. He believed that this is the goal of all the modern people. Fromm’s humanistic thought is unique. In the construction of the humanistic ideological system, he took a road of focusing on the micro, the macro and the reality. Its main characteristics are the >comprehensive< innovation in the ideological system, and the call for the subjectivity of human beings in the purpose and method. The most notable feature is the profound analysis and humanistic criticism of western capitalism based on reality. Fromm’s humanistic thought has irreplaceable academic status and application value in the western cultural tradition and the theoretical pedigree of Western Marxism. It has enlightenment and reference function in restraining the phenotypic analysis mechanism and social character of human alienation and overcoming the >possession-oriented ways of existence< to a certain extent. But supplementing Marxism with the subjectively defined theory of human nature, attributing the pathology of modern and contemporary capitalist societies to problems of human nature, defining the transformation of western society as the transformation of human nature, using >love< and >character construction< as tools to transform reality and build a sound society all obviously have theoretical prejudice and character of Utopia. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Psychoanalysis in the shadow of fascism and genocide: Erich Fromm and the interpersonal tradition
(2022)
Fromm is one of the main representatives of Frankfurt School. He is deeply influenced by Marx and Freud. He combines Marx’s social critical theory with Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to systematically criticize the alienation of human existence. He is known as one of the founders of >psychoanalytic sociology<. Fromm paid special attention to the problem of alienated consumption in his analysis of the phenomenon of alienation in the existence of capitalist society, formed a relatively systematic thought and theory on alienated consumption, launched an ethical criticism on alienated consumption from the standpoint of humanitarianism, and put forward a new humanitarian consumption ethics of >re existence<. Fromm spent his whole life studying the problem of human existence. In the early stage, Fromm focused on psychological analysis from the microstructure of human spiritual entity. After coming into contact with Marx’s thoughts and theories on >alienated labor< and >humanism<, he began to construct his theoretical framework on the alienation of human existence from the macro social and economic structure. Fromm’s alienation of existence mainly includes three alienation phenomena: freedom alienation, love alienation and alienation consumption. Fromm believes that alienated consumption is one of the most serious problems in modern capitalist society. Alienated consumption makes people become greedy consumption machines and brings false freedom and happiness. It not only leads to the materialization of humanity and serious survival crisis, but also leads to the waste of resources and the deterioration of ecological environment. He pointed out that the lack of people’s transcendental needs and the capitalist economic system are the two root causes of alienated consumption. The character of modern society has strengthened the degree of alienation in the field of consumption. In this regard, Fromm proposed that the sublation of alienated consumption can be realized through human psychological reform, the establishment of productive personality and the improvement of social system, but his ideological approach of paying too much attention to human psychological role deviated from Marxist historical materialism, making his theory covered with idealism and Utopia. Facing the morbid western consumer society, Fromm deeply revealed the alienation relationship between man and self, man and society and between man and nature in capitalist society from the three dimensions of individual, society and nature. In order to make people in western society get rid of alienated consumption, correct human nature and save the society, Fromm deeply exposed and criticized the inhumane phenomenon of alienated consumption, and clearly put forward the consumption ethical principle of new humanitarianism of >taking human existence as the highest value pursuit<, as well as the value orientation of >re existence<, healthy and humane consumption mode and the ethical norms that people should bear historical responsibility, so as to realize people’s real freedom and happiness and rebuild the harmony between man and nature. Fromm’s alienated consumption theory embodies the value orientation of pursuing individual freedom, rationality and love, the willingness and yearning for social harmonious order, and the attention to maintaining the balance between freedom and order, rationality and emotion, which leads to consumers’ rational reflection on the moral concept, aesthetic evaluation and love emotion of alienated consumption, and then stimulates the consciousness of alienated consumption and survival crisis under the capitalist system. Fromm’s revelation of the triple distorted ethical relationship caused by alienated consumption is profound, and his criticism of the inhuman consumption view of alienated consumption is reasonable. His alienated consumption theory provides a new path for people in western society to deeply understand the essence of capitalist society, and also provides a reference for the construction of socialist consumption ethics with Chinese characteristics in the new era, It reminds us that we should give consideration to the development of spiritual civilization while vigorously developing material civilization, and pay attention to the real needs of people and the harmonious development of society. Therefore, we should Constructing individual consumption ethics of >re existence<, advocate consumers’ moderate consumption, and rebuild the traditional virtue of thrift. Build a sustainable social consumption ethics, advocate the concept of green consumption in the society, guide sustainable consumption, and rebuild the harmony between man and nature. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
In this chapter, we argue that Frankfurt School Critical Theory is in crisis and we offer three potential remedies drawn from the work of Erich Fromm (1900–1980). Juxtaposing a critical analysis of the state of ‘domesticated’ contemporary Critical Theory with a sympathetic reconstruction of Fromm’s work, we identified crucial insights which have been neglected by many of those who work within the ambit of Frankfurt School Critical Theory today. In this endeavour, we seek to build upon and extend the work of Michael J. Thompson, Stathis Kouvelakis, and Nancy Fraser.
Teenagers are in an important period of shaping their outlook on life, values and the world. Without correct ideological guidance, they are very likely to go astray. Under the impact of social transformation, there is a phenomenon of >self-fiction< among some young people. In order to seek recognition from others, they use selective presentation to shape their identity on social media. This is what Fromm mentioned in his thought of Escape from Freedom in order to flee from liberty and loneliness – the automation conformity. Based on his theory, this paper analyzes the phenomenon of >self-fiction< in social networks, and put forward measures from three levels of social culture, school education and personal psychology to guide teenagers to get rid of >self-fiction<and establish correct outlook on life, values and the world. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Zum Geleit
(2022)
Contemporary American writer George Saunders was recognized as >the writer for our time<. He was the winner of the 2017 Man Booker Prize for his novel >Lincoln in the Bardo<. Saunders is good at writing short fictions, with >CivilWarLand in Bad Decline<, >Pastoralia<, >In Persuasion Nation< and >Tenth of December< as his representative works. His short story collection >Tenth of December<, published in 2013, keeps Saunders’ terse, humorous and ironic writing style, describing the alienated body under the context of consumer culture. The current research on >Tenth of December< mainly focuses on one to two short stories in the collection. Most of the studies are conducted from the perspective of post-colonialism, feminism, ethics and consumption in cultural studies. Topics of the research cover trauma, ethics, alienation etc. However, body as an important research object has not been discussed yet. In light of it, the paper focuses on the alienated body caused by the consumer society and aims at exploring its nature and its social and cultural roots, as well as the writing intention and the social value of the collection. There are five chapters altogether. The first chapter gives brief introduction to George Saunders and >Tenth of December<. Besides, after sorting out the previous and the current studies on Saunders’ works, this chapter points out the significance of the study and expounds the researching approach.– The second chapter defines >the alienated body< by means of sociology and Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation, and sorts out the phenomenon of alienation in body and its subsequent consequence.– The third chapter, based on Jean Baudrillard’s theory of the consumer society and Max Horkheimer’s critique of instrumental reason, is committed to interpreting the phenomenon of the alienation of the body and exploring the social roots for it, including the re-appropriation of the body by capital, the toiling of body by sign-value consumption as well as the impairment of body by instrumental reason. Based on the former two chapters, the fourth chapter is devoted to exploring the palpable ways out of the dilemma. Individuals whose bodies are alienated should, first of all, become an independent subject to regain subjectivity. Secondly, death also serves as a solution to the alienation of the body. Last but not least, individuals can turn to the power of the humanist communities to realize salvation.– The last chapter is the concluding part, summarizing the main idea of the paper and pointing out the social values embodied in the novella as well. Through textual analysis, a conclusion can be drawn that the alienated body is the product of the consumer society. By revealing the alienation of the body, the story collection aims at speaking for the marginalized people whose bodies have been utilized as an operational capital by revealing the alienation of the body and appeals for the renaissance of humanistic spirit in the consumer society. On top of that, the problem that happened to the body is also associated with the future of humankind. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Chinese abstract not available.] Fromm is one of the representatives of Frankfurt School. He creatively combined the theories of Marx and Freud to form a unique Marxist theory of Freud. Among the many concepts of his theory, the theory of social character is a very representative innovation. In this paper, Fromm’s social character theory is fully displayed based on its background, meaning characteristics, function significance, and how Fromm uses it to analyze the real society. On this basis, it dialectically analyzes the enlightenment brought by the contribution and deficiency of this theory. [English: www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
Lu Ling was a famous modern writer in the 1940s. In his novels of the 1940s, Lu paid attention to the wanderers oppressed by the war environment from the unique perspective of the wanderers, which led to his novels with a distinct wandering feature. With the transformation of geographical space and spiritual confusion, wandering as a state of existence became a form of literary expression and then wandering writing occurred. This thesis takes L< in order to analyze the presentation form of the wandering writing and explore the original life strength, subjective fighting spirit and free will show in the wandering writing of Lu Ling’s novels in the1940s, thus discovering the causes that bring about Lu Ling’s wandering writing in the 1940s and the literary historical significance of the wandering writing. The thesis is divided into four chapters: The first chapter mainly analyzes the presentation form of the wandering writing in Lu Ling’s novels in the 1940s and uses text analysis to interpret several wandering images in the novels. This chapter shows the dual wandering of the wanderer’s body and mind and the free state of the wanderer’ spirit, showing the wanderer and the writer’s own spiritual meaning of seeking and the pursuit of life value.– The second chapter explores the spiritual connotation of the wandering writing in Lu Ling’s novels in the 1940s, which analyzes the assertive primitive life force embodied in Lu Ling’s novels in the 1940s from Freud’s personality structure theory, explores the subjective fighting spirit contained in the author’s wandering writing from Hu Feng’s realist theory and inquires into the metaphysical problems of the wanderer’s pursuit of freedom and where the wanderer should go from the perspective of the existential theory of Sartre and Fromm’s freedom theory. What the author expresses through the wandering writing is a road to salvation combining individual liberation with national liberation, showing the wanderer’s transcendent exploration for the meaning and value of life in the 1940s.– The third chapter analyzes the causes leading to the wandering writing in Lu Ling’s novels in the 1940s, which explores the opportunities for the wandering writing in Lu Ling’s novels in the 1940s against the background of the wars and his turbulent life experience, and probes into the theoretical origins of his wandering writing from the May 4th literature, modern Hu Feng’s theory, and Western literary thought, and explores Lu Ling’s unique literary thought.– The fourth chapter discusses the literary historical significance of the wandering writing in Lu Ling’s novels in the 1940s. It sorts out the wandering writing of the writers since May Fourth, analyzes the inheritance and development of Lu Ling’s wandering writing through the similarities and differences between these writers and Lu Ling, and summarizes the contribution of the wandering writing in Lu Ling’s novels in the 1940s to the July School and the literary history of the 1940s from the perspective of realism, which is manifested in Lu Ling’s practice and development of Hu Feng’s theory and realist creation. Lu Ling pushed the traditional wandering writing into a new direction of development, and endowed the realistic writing with new theoretical and epochal significance in the inheritance and development, thus ascending to the character of epic. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
One of the challenges of modern business ethics is to deal with the limitations of the existing model of man in economics and business – the image of homo economicus as a rational selfish being – and search for alternative visions of criteria of success for business entrepreneurs and leaders. Business ethics needs the concept of genuine love. Otherwise, business ethics is reduced to an instrumental endeavor and cannot play the ultimate role it should in a world dominated by big corporations which compete fiercely on a global market. The so-called >the Ethics Management Paradox< is an important warning against the problems with a rational and technocratic conception of ethics. The paper applies Erich Fromm’s concept of >productive love< in business education. To contextualize Fromm’s concept of love, the paper draws on the author’s personal experiences with the course >Ethical action< that has been offered for more than two decades at NHH Norwegian School of Economics in Bergen. The central question is: Can Fromm’s conception of love be applied in a business school setting with the purpose to develop the students’ empathy, to enrich their personal development and their understanding of what a good manager looks like?
Although scholars from home and abroad have paid much attention to the alienation theme in O’Neill’s >Long Day’s Journey into Night<, their examinations are mainly from one perspective and seldom from multiple aspects. Therefore, in light of Erich Fromm’s analysis of man’s relation to himself, others, and society in his alienation theory, the thesis purports to argue that, by analyzing the causes of alienation in >Long Day’s Journey into Night<, the Tyrones, the main characters in the play, are in the existence of meaninglessness and hopelessness. The thesis includes an introduction, body, and conclusion, and the central part is the body, which is divided into three chapters. With the application of Fromm’s notion of escape mechanism, chapter one inquires why the Tyrones are beset by alienation from themselves and how they attempt to eliminate alienation. Authoritarianism and destructiveness are the causes why the Tyrones run up against alienation from themselves. Precisely, the Tyrones’ dependence on anonymous authorities engenders their idolatrous love for Catholicism and their parents. Meanwhile, pushed by the automaton conformity mechanism, each in the Tyrones is split into real self and pseudo self. In addition, the Tyrone family, with the mechanism of destructiveness, tries to eliminate themselves from suffering from alienation through alcohol or morphine, which are weak and unsustainable, so they cannot eliminate alienation. By analyzing the reasons and attempts, the chapter reveals people’s meaningless existence in that they fail to achieve their self-development.– Chapter two studies why the Tyrones sustain alienation from others in the conjugal, parent-child, and sisterly/brotherly relationships. To be specific, affected by egoism, human relationships, enslaved by personal benefits, are reduced to relations between commodities. Due to inhuman relationships, the Tyrones cannot gain happiness or hope in their relations with others. In chapter three, the reasons for alienation from society suffered by the Tyrones are explored from their production process, consumption activities and past experiences. The family is separately trapped in the past and cannot get rid of the agony from the past, so they become the slave of their past experiences. In the production process, the Tyrones work only for the sake of dollars, thus ceasing to be an active agent in society. In the consumer world, the Tyrone family purchases not for the use-value of commodities but the possession of them. Hence, the Tyrone family, being the object of social activities and the past, finds no way to succeed or step into the future, consequently caught in the existence of hopelessness and meaninglessness.– The conclusion part points out that, in the capitalist society, the Tyrones suffer from alienation from themselves, others, and society, leading to a meaningless and hopeless existence. Through investigating the causes of the alienation in the play, the thesis reveals the living predicament of modern people, which will arouse people to pay attention to their existence and spiritual needs. [www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
With the implementation of the >Internet +< action plan and the extensive involvement of intelligence, the consumption frenzy mediated by the Internet has rapidly intensified, and people have changed from traditional offline consumption to online consumption that does not depend on time and space. The consumption concept, consumption pattern and consumption structure of Chinese people are affected to varying degrees. In particular, the group of college students has gradually occupied a very important position in online consumption. In the process of playing a social role, the consumption demand is constantly changing, and online consumption has also been enthusiastically loved by college students. At the same time, the symbolic meaning and consumption characteristics brought by the world of online consumption are gradually infiltrating the consumption concept of college students. She is no longer a simple satisfaction of consumption needs, but has gradually evolved into a kind of consumption that is separated from consumption. The true meaning is the transformation towards consumption alienation such as symbolic consumption, conformity consumption, and advanced consumption. Simply put, college students’ online consumption shows an increase in consumption year by year, in various forms. Most students have irrational consumption behaviors, which will undoubtedly bring a kind of non-positive guidance to college students. In serious cases, it will cause unpredictable harm to the future development of college students. Therefore, for college students who have not yet stepped into the society, it has important practical significance to study the alienation of online consumption of college students. From the perspective of sociology, this research combines Baudrillard’s theory of symbolic consumption and Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation. 850 college students conduct research on Internet consumption. The content of the questionnaire consists of two parts, the first part is the basic situation of the respondents, and the second part is the specific situation of college students’ online consumption. Using SPSS to analyze the survey data and combined with the interview data, the current situation of the alienation of college students’ online consumption is summarized as follows: At present, female college students are more likely to have online consumption alienation than male college students, and junior students are more likely than freshmen, sophomores and seniors. Of students’ online shopping consumption alienation is more serious, compared with other majors, the alienation of online consumption is also more obvious for art college students. The alienation of college students’ online consumption is affected by consumer subjects, consumer groups, and social environment, and relevant analysis is carried out. The influence of consumer subjects is mainly reflected in consumer psychology, venting impulsive consumption, com-paring conspicuous consumption, blindly conforming consumption, and advancing consumption. Finally, the article puts forward some suggestion-s to guide college students to reasonable network fees from three levels: individual, group and society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Ist das Verhalten der gehorsamsbereiten Teilnehmenden des Milgram-Experiments unter dem Begriff des autoritären Charakters nach Erich Fromm zu subsumieren? Um diese These bestätigen beziehungsweise widerlegen zu können, wird als erstes ein allgemeiner Überblick über den Aufbau und Ablauf des besagten Experiments gegeben. Anschließend erfolgt eine Betrachtung der im Buch aufgeführten, gehorsamswilligen Versuchspersonen. Milgram veröffentlichte einige Aufzeichnungen zu den Nachgesprächen, um herauszufinden, wie sich die Funktion des Gehorsamsprozesses zusammensetzt. Daran schließt sich eine Schilderung dessen nach seinem Verständnis an. Im nächsten Kapitel folgt ein Umbruch und der autoritäre Charakter nach Erich Fromm wird typisiert. Nach getaner Vorarbeit findet ein Vergleich der beiden Konzepte und somit die Prüfung der These statt. Letzen Endes werden im Fazit die zentralen Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und durch meine eigene Meinung ergänzt. [Amazon.de]
>The Children Act< (2014) is a novel published by Ian McEwan, one of the most influential contemporary British writers. The novel explores the tensions and conflicts between slave mentality and master mentality, law and religion, emotion and rationality, unfolds the aftermath caused by those conflicts and eventually ends up with the failed salvation. Taking Max Weber’s instrumental rationality and value rationality as the theoretical framework, this thesis draws on Nietzsche’s philosophy of the will to power and love of one’s fate, as well as Erich Fromm’s interpretation of freedom, etc. Through meticulous textual analysis, this thesis exposes the crisis of modernity caused by the unilateral emphasis on instrumental rationality in society at the expense of value rationality and explores the gradual degeneration of modern man into a one-dimensional man in the general environment of utilitarian supremacy and negative freedom. This thesis consists of five parts. The first part introduces McEwan and >The Children Act<, and the literature review and the structure of this thesis are also included. The second part discusses the tensions and conflicts in >The Children Act<, such as the conflicts between slave mentality and master mentality, the irreconcilable conflict between religion and law, and the imbalance between emotion and rationality. The third part is the aftermath of tensions and conflicts in modern society, such as fear of freedom, one-dimensional man and utilitarianism. This part mainly discusses the paradox of freedom and the typical escape mechanism of negative freedom through the spiritual exploration and destruction of the character Adam. The fourth part explores the importance of value rationality using Adam’s resentment and self-destruction and analyzes the essential roles of literature and art in modern society. The fifth part is the conclusion of this thesis. It is fully elucidated in McEwan’s novel that the balance between instrumental rationality and value rationality is indispensable, and the aesthetic experience brought by poetry and music in modern fast-paced life is the possible way to restore the harmonious relationship. [www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
[Chinese abstract not available.] Monica Ali is a British Bengali female writer. She was listed as the best young British novelist by Granta, a famous English literary magazine. >Brick Lane<>Brick Lane<>Brick Lane< is a representative work of Ali, whose other notable works include >Alentejo Blue< and >In the Kitchen<. >Brick Lane< tells the story of Nazneen, a Bangladeshi girl who immigrates to Great Britain with her husband. The heroine of the novel, Nazneen, is a traditional and conservative woman at first. After the baptism of immigrant life and the change of her own thinking, she eventually grows into an independent and confident woman. Her husband Chanu is always looking forward to a bright future in Britain, but he is ostracised. In the end, they make different choices about their immigrant lives. In Ali’s work, she describes the intense and difficult life of Bengali immigrants incisively and vividly, but also profoundly reveals the alienation of the relationship among the characters in the novel. This thesis uses Fromm’s alienation theory from three aspects: alienation of human’s self relationship, man’s alienation from others and man’s alienation from society to interpret the alienation of characters in >Brick Lane<, and it further discusses the ways to eliminate alienation through the elaboration of alienation phenomenon.– First of all, this thesis gives a brief description of the author Monica Ali’s life and introduces the plot of the novel >Brick Lane< and the research status of scholars at home and abroad on >Brick Lane<.– Secondly, this thesis introduces the evolution of Fromm’s alienation theory and three main aspects of alienation. In the background of immigrant life, the characters in the novel blindly pursue high status in the western society. And under the influence of traditional ideas, women blindly follow men’s arrangements, lose their self-consciousness and produce self-alienation. In addition, the abnormal relationship between husband and wife also leads to the alienation between people.– Thirdly, immigrants are a special group and they have conflicts with the local social culture. Therefore, this thesis focuses on the analysis of the alienation between man and society and how to eliminate this alienation, so that people can be able to live in an equal and harmonious social environment.– Finally, it is the conclusion of the thesis. This thesis aims to explore how to effectively eliminate alienation when people are in an alienated environment by analyzing the alienation state and redemption methods of characters in >Brick Lane<. At the same time, it reminds us to fully realize our own values and give play to our subjectivity to eliminate alienation. And we should learn to get along with others in a loving way to build a healthy and equal society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
On the basis of Freud’s character theory, Fromm introduced Marx’s historical materialism and creatively put forward the social character theory, which not only broke through the limitations of Freud’s character theory, but also improved Marx’s historical materialism. With the help of social character theory, Fromm elaborated the concrete operation mechanism between social existence and social consciousness. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 11/2022]
As one of the most famous contemporary female writers in America, Donna Tartt is a newly rising star in American literary circles. It is Tartt’s merit to describe the loss and confusion of teenagers and her work is characterized by its graceful language, compact plot and great readability. As a masterpiece that has taken Tartt’s nearly eleven years to get completed, >The Goldfinch< tells a story of a miserable boy and a famous painting which has escaped a disaster. Since its publication in 2013, >The Goldfinch< has been interpreted by scholars at home and abroad from different perspectives, whose research results are mainly concentrated on its theme and narrative skills. However, there have been no scholars so far who have interpreted the alienation phenomenon of the protagonist in the work from the perspective of alienation. Therefore, the author attempts to give a brand-new analysis and interpretation of Theodore’s alienation phenomenon in the novel with the guidance of famous psychologist Fromm’s theory of alienation, which aims to provide readers with more abundant angle to understand this masterpiece. This thesis consists of three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. In the part of introduction, Donna Tartt and her masterpiece >The Goldfinch< are briefly arranged. Besides, this part summarizes the current research status of this topic at home and abroad and gives a brief introduction of the alienation theory of Fromm. The research significance of this paper is also clarified in this part. The body part is the main body of this thesis, which consists of three chapters. The first chapter explores the manifestations of Theodore’s alienation, which is embodied in his alienation from society, from others and from himself. Alienation is an extremely adverse phenomenon that will do harm to one’s mental health. However, it is unavoidable for Theodore to suffer from alienation due to his miserable sufferings and living environment. The second chapter analyzes the roots of Theodore’s alienation, which is carefully clarified from the perspective of society, family and Theodore’s psychology.– The first section discusses the social roots of Theodore’s alienation: the unstable social environment and the general absence of family ethics have caused individuals’ general estrangement and alienation.– The second section shows the family roots of Theodore’s alienation: the early death of his mother and the absence of his family affection lead to the cultivation of his closed and timid character.– The third section explores the psychological roots of Theodore’s alienation: his inner emptiness and loneliness are the fundamental reasons for his alienation. The third chapter analyzes the process of how Theodore constructively eliminates his alienation and finally obtains a sound psychology. The acquisition of fatherly affection and the nourishment of friendship make him feel be loved and help him gain a sense of security and the courage to move forward. Besides, the re-establishment of relationships with the outside world gives him a sense of accomplishment and helps him realize his own value. Moreover, the painting >The Goldfinch< provides him with a broad artistic space, in which he can find some comfort and courage. All of these factors have contributed to the elimination of Theodore’s alienation.– The conclusion part is the summary of the above analysis. By analyzing the manifestations and roots of Theodore’s alienation, and his efforts to eliminate alienation under the guidance of Fromm’s alienation theory, the author constructively gives the advice of solving the spiritual crisis and eliminating the alienation phenomenon of modern people. Besides, the significance and shortcomings of this thesis are also clarified in this part. With the rapid progress of society, people’s material life has been greatly improved. However, people’s spiritual world has not kept pace with their increasing material wealth. The relationships among people become aloof and isolated, which is harmful to one’s healthy development and the progress of society. Therefore, this paper aims to provide some constructive suggestions for modern people to properly handle their anxiety and eliminate their alienation phenomenon through the detailed analysis of Theodore’s alienation. It also aims to achieve the healthy development of individuals and help them establish a harmonious relationship full of love. [www.cnki.net, 11/2022]