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Comparison of conventional and newer methods of immunosuppression in Baboon renal allotransplants
(1969)
Ideology and Values
(1978)
Participation and Influence
(1975)
Comments on >Psychoanalytic Theories of Gender Identity<, by Ethel Spector Person and Lionel Ovesey
(1984)
The Human Beast
(1968)
Do individuals have freedom or are they free? This project utilizes phenomenology and Erich Fromm's concepts of having and being to explore the issue of awareness through the lens of individuals working in public and private organizations. It argues that awareness of freedom is not only structurally constrained within organizations, but serves to conflate a way of being. Further, it suggests, individuals, and especially societal leaders, have a responsibility to take a stand and act according to what provides them with meaning so as to preserve and expand access to individual freedom.
It is well known that the occurrence and disclosure of perquisite consumption has concealment, which gives the corresponding profit gainers room to manipulate. In reality, unreasonable perquisite consumption events occurred from time to time. These events have aroused a great deal of public opinion and social concern. In the past, the research on the influencing factors of perquisite consumption mostly focused on the company’s internal governance characteristics and external regulatory characteristics, which belongs to the category of formal system. Formal and informal systems usually have a comprehensive effect on the cognitive level and values of individuals. Combined with the Upper Echelons Theory, the informal system also affect the perquisite consumption behavior of senior executives to a certain extent. In recent years, the research on specific culture and corporate executives’ financial behavior has become a hot topic of corporate governance. Therefore, this article decides to focus on perquisite consumption and collectivism to studies the impact of different farming culture patterns formed in different regions on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. China has been in an agricultural society for a long time in history, and Chinese production and survival are closely related to the land. It is precisely because of the close relationship between land and the Chinese people for thousands of years, the impact of land on the Chinese people can not be ignored. In China, with the Yangtze River as the boundary, there is a planting difference between the south and the north with the main tillage of rice or wheat (or other non-rice crops.– Different crops in different regions have gradually formed different agricultural methods and farming habits in the local area. According to Fromm’s Human Existence Theory, diverse farming life would subtly form different unique regional culture with the passage of time. Once the culture was formed, it would be deeply rooted in the local society and affects the psychology and behavior of people who lived there in a long time. Due to differences in farming irrigation method and the amount of labor, people who live in rice growing areas or live in wheat growing areas have formed different agricultural production methods and habits. People in rice growing areas are used to cooperative labor and pay attention to the commitment and relationship between people, while people in wheat growing areas are relatively used to completing farming work independently. Different agricultural production methods and habits have brought people with very different regional cultural models: collectivism in rice areas and individualism in wheat areas.– Talhelm and his research team referred to the above-mentioned regional farming culture as >Rice Culture<. People in rice growing areas affected by >Rice Culture< tend to think in collectivism and integrity, pay attention to relationship and commitment, and get used to accommodating the environment to change themselves. But people affected by >Wheat Culture< is different than people who living in rice growing areas. In other words, people who living in areas where non-rice crops are grown is different than people who living in rice growing areas. People affected by >wheat culture< tend to be individualistic, analytical thinking and relatively independent of themselves. And they like to change the environment and adapt the environment to themselves. In connection with the existing research on the causes of perquisite consumption and Upper Echelons Theory, it is feasible to study senior executives’ perquisite consumption and collectivism. This article collects the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2017. Through data analysis, this article explores whether the farming culture pattern of the senior executive’s birthplace, origin-place and location of the company would affect the degree of perquisite consumption. Empirical results show that senior executives born in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those born in the rice growing region. The senior executives whose origin place is in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those origin place is in the rice growing region. Senior executives of wheat regional companies are more likely to make unreasonable perquisite consumption than those who employed in the rice growing area companies. That’s to say, the >Rice Culture< could inhibit the perquisite consumption of senior executives. Based on the above, this article carries out further research to compare the influence of >Rice Culture< of senior executives’ birthplace, origin place and company location on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. It is found that the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace is greater than that of the senior executives’ origin place, while the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is greater than senior executives’ origin place. And the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is slighter than the suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace. It means that the >Rice Culture< in the individual’s living environment has a significant impact on the individual, especially in long-term living areas. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Joan Didion is an outstanding female writer who has achieved a distinctive position in contemporary literature. Her second novel, >Play It as It Lays<, is nominated for a National Book Award. Set in Hollywood and Las Vegas, it presents the alienated world through exquisite description of its protagonist Maria. Based on Erich Fromm’s Alienation Theory, this essay attempts to analyze the alienation in the novel from two aspects: first, the novel’s materialistic environment in the 1960s; second, the alienated relationship between spouses as well as between parents and children. [English translation: www.cnki.net, 5/2021]
By applying Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation and psychological analysis, this thesis explores the idea of alienation and the cause of tragedy in Arthur Miller’s early plays, >All My Sons<, >Death of a Salesman<, and >A View from the Bridge<. The adoption of Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation is based on Miller’s concern with the phenomenon of alienation in American society. On the one hand, the thesis discusses how the symbiotic relationship between man and society is undermined by historical movement and as a consequence how it affects man’s idea of morality and sense of identity by reviewing the particular American history during the time of the Depression and the wars (particularly the Second World War and the Cold War). On the other hand, the thesis discusses how personal fantasy contributes to one’s destiny by making uncompromised commitment to private beliefs as a counterpart of reality.– First of all, the thesis reviews the historical events that shape American experiences of alienation. Economically, the Depression not only exemplifies that everyone is closely related with the society and other human beings, but also implies the illusion embedded in the American Dream. Economic development does not guarantee human beings freedom but conditions men in an alienated position because of its advocacy of liberalism and individualism. The perversion of work ethic, particularly, defines man and directs them to seek self-interest. Politically, the Second World War and the Cold War make man retreat into a world of containment, separating self from the other. Accordingly, in Arthur Miller’s dramatic world, characters attach more importance to family business and family welfare. Then the thesis discusses how human psyche is equal in importance in sealing one’s fate. Although the environment provides the physical basis for practice and action, personal fantasy has a life of its own and therefore becomes a scene for dramatic actions. The point is that neither social codes nor personal ideals ensure a secure sense of identity. In contrast, one-sided indulgence in psychological world alienates man further from society and others. Social sense of identity and personal sense of identity becomes oppositional. Finally, the thesis holds that Miller conveys a message of hope of reconciliation, i. e., man represented by secondary roles in the three plays have the strength and freedom to change the status quo.– This thesis differs from previous studies in the following aspects. First of all, this thesis does not limit the scope of alienation to economic and political field but extends to human psyche, revealing that both the private and the public contribute to Arthur Miller’s tragedy. Secondly, this thesis explores the symbiotic relationships between man and society, pointing out that socially individual experience is the shaping force of human history. In Arthur Miller’s plays, the major characters have certain fantasy with its own life that finally forms the circumference around which dramatic conflicts become possible. The transformational relationship between scene and agent vindicates the combining force of society and psychology to realize Miller’s tragedies. The thesis concludes that Miller indicates one possible way out from the present dilemma of alienation, a characteristic of Arthur Miller’s early period of writing, because the author shows strong faith in humanity by presenting the sympathetic, integral and forgiving secondary characters. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Kazuo Ishiguro(1954 –) is a British-Japanese novelist and playwright. In 2017, Kazuo Ishiguro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Most of his works focus on the universal value of human beings in contemporary society, and emphasize the trend of integration and coexistence of multiple cultures in the era of globalization. At present, Ishiguro is one of the most famous writers in the English-speaking world today. He has written 7 novels and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize four times. His work >Never Let Me Go< in 2005 was listed on Time magazine’s list of the 100 greatest English language novels since the magazine’s first publication in 1923. >Never Let Me Go< also marks the first time that he attempted to write sci-fi novels.– The novel centers on the eternal literary theme of >destiny< and >freedom< in the context of human genetic technology. Through her memory flashback, the protagonist, Kathy, recalls the story between Ruth and Tommy, who grow up in Hailsham. Adopting a temperate and sentimental tone, Ishiguro traced the cloned group’s growth from childhood to adulthood, revealing their struggle with the >destiny< of organ donation and the end of life. >Never Let Me Go< contains the science-fiction elements that has not been involved in the previous novels of Ishiguro, and touches on the topic of morality and ethics of human cloning, which is a contentious issue in contemporary society. Critics have shown strong interests in this novel. In-depth studies of surrealism, genetic engineering, reflection of science and technology, have introduced many new interpretation methods. For the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel, many studies are limited to the reasons for its occurrence, and many readers question its rationality.– This thesis attempts to start with an understanding of Ishiguro’s consistent writing style and early life experience. Through analyzing the >constraints< and >freedom< in the novel, the thesis tries to explore the nature of the clones’ >non-resistance< with Fromm’s theory of freedom, thus, uncover Ishiguro’s reflection on human’s living condition. The first chapter explores the >constraints< in the novel. In the process of the clones’ growth, they suffer from various kind of constraints, like spatial isolation, social exclusion. This living state of the clones mirrors the condition of modern people in general. The second chapter mainly studies the >freedom< in the novel. In all kinds of >constraints<, the clones can still obtain a certain level of >freedom<. They create artworks, establish friendship and pursue love. Although they finally accept the doomed fate in the end, their short lives still triumph. The third chapter compares the clones’ choice of facing >death< with human beings’ choices and analyzes the positive meaning of the clones’ >non-resistance< approach. The thesis argues that the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel is not >escape from freedom<. Their behavior, thoughts and destiny are circumscribed, which makes them the >others< of the society, but they have not resisted in a violent way. Through positive artistic creation and establishing emotional ties, they find a sense of belonging, value of existence, thus gaining >positive freedom<. >Never Let Me Go< is not a typical science fiction novel with the theme of >cloning<. The novel’s concern is the ordinary people’s confrontation with futility and fate. It is in this sense that Ishiguro is a humanist writer with >compassion<. In >Never Let Me Go<, Ishiguro affirmed ordinary people’s value of existence when confronting the deter¬mi¬nistic force, which shows his concern for the living condition of modern people. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
As the earliest form of literary expression, myth has provided a wide range of creative ideas for later writers with its profound changeable themes and thought-provoking connotations, and the vitality of love reflected in myth has also attracted more and more attention. Since Freud, the school of psychoanalysis and its branches have absorbed a great deal of classical nutrients concerning the practice of modern psychoanalysis in the Romantic epics Metamorphoses and Love Proverbs, which were systematized by the Roman poet Ovid. Aiming at the love topic of mankind for thousands of years, there is a close dialogue between psychoanalysis and literature in different historical contexts. Based on the theories of Freud, Lacan, Fromm and other psychoanalysts about love and the predicament of human existence, this paper attempts to analyze the symptoms of love in myth romantic epic Metamorphoses written by Ovid, and to observe >Ars amatoria<, which is shining with the glory of human nature, through the study of the symptoms of myth, and then to demonstrate: Only through the guidance and transformation of real freedom, hope and creativity can love finally become social and sound love.– This article is divided into four chapters and three parts: First of all, in the introduction part, this article will briefly explain the research significance and research status at home and abroad. Secondly, the article in the second part consisted of three chapters, aims to research on Freud’s unconscious and neurosis, Lacan’s mirror stage and the >Three Realms Theory<, Fromm’s doctrine of sound love as the foundation. Taking the classic epic Metamorphoses as a case, this paper aims to probe into the successful or tragic love in the epic from the psychological perspective of psychoanalysis, and summarize the crux and root causes of various love syndromes under an objective and meticulous text interpretation method.– The first chapter focuses on the relationship between love and freedom in two steps: The first step mainly focuses on the analysis of the stories of Eco and Philomela in >Metamorphoses<, expressing the relationship between the control and anti-control of subject, language and vision, and pointing out that human beings are always facing the dilemma of becoming >the subject that cannot stand up< in the existing order; the second step mainly compares Tereus’s >love< and Daphne’s >love< with >the subject who cannot stand up<, showing that the excessive >free< love desire leads to the loss of shame of the subject, and the serious consequences of not being able to truly realize free love.– The second chapter will focus on the relationship between love and hope in the stories of Lanthe, Pygmalion and Adonis. On the one hand, it shows that the psychological archetypes of >Anima<, >Animus< and >Mana< based on primitive experience not only stipulate the hope of love in accordance with human nature, but also prove the futility of the hope of love by the existence of >the ultimate thing< and death. On the other hand, on the basis of comparing >magic< with >Thesmophoria Worship< and >Adonis cult<, this paper analyzes hopeless obsession and positive belief, and emphasizes that only the latter can perfect free love and make it full of hope.– The third chapter focuses on love and creativity, and illustrates the defects of love between Narcissus and Eco, Thisbe and Pyramus: Due to the lack of conscious emotional motivation and the ability of free love, human beings have developed the >Copying Love< without any creativity. The creation and destruction of life is the subject’s proof of the inevitability of existence, and it also confirms the powerful power of erotic instinct. In addition, Orpheus and Pygmalion provided inspiration for the free play of the subject’s erotic impulses in art, through the understanding of art, the combination of the subject and the work of art promotes the creative sublimation of love and desire. Finally, in the third part, the fourth chapter, Based on the research results of Fromm, Marcuse and others on the formation, development and perfection of the subject personality in society, this paper returns from the love myth epic Metamorphoses by the ancient Roman poet Ovid to the love proverbs poem >Ars amatoria< then specifically analyzes the medication judgment, treatment means and cure goal of love syndrome in >Ars amatoria<. In the end, my conclusion is that love is the unity of freedom, hope and creativity. Only in the process of mutual promotion and formation of love can freedom, hope and creativity transform primitive love into social love, and realize the perfection and cure of love and purification of noble sentiment. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Joyce Carol Oates is one of the most prolific and influential contemporary American writers, whose works have diverse styles, and profound themes. The Gravedigger’s Daughter, which was published in 2007, narrates the frustrated life-long story of German Jewish immigrant Rebecca Schwart, and presents the process of alienation of Jewish immigrants in American society with the Schwart family as an epitome. This thesis employs German psychologist and philosopher Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation of human nature to analyze the alienation theme of The Gravedigger’s Daughter. Using Fromm’s philosophical interpretation of alienated humanity and insane social psychology, this paper interprets the Schwart family’s alienation in political, economical and spiritual domai ns respectively. The analysis demonstrates that the depressed circumstances of contemporary American society results in first the alienation between the Schwart family and the society which they belong to, and then the alienation of the interpersonal relationships within their family; because of the double pressure brought about by society and family, the main characters as individuals become isolated, desperate and gradually alienated with self gradually. [Author’s translation]
Edward Albee(1928 – 2016), one of the most outstanding avant-garde American playwrights, has acquired spectacular achievements in his life. Generally recognized as an eminent spokesman of the American theatre, Albee’s plays provide a key to understanding the capitalistic society. >At Home at the Zoo< combines Albee’s classic work, >The Zoo Story<, with its prequel, home-life, to form a complete story of Peter, Ann, and Jerry. Based on the theory of alienation, this thesis analyzes the alienation in individuals, families and society reflected in the play.– The thesis consists of three parts. The introduction reviews the achievements of Edward Albee and the style of his plays, with a particular focus on his work >At Home at the Zoo<. This part also demonstrates the development of the theory of alienation, with the focus on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation, laying the solid foundation for the textual analysis. Erich Fromm defines alienation as a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself/herself as an alien. Due to the lack of communication resulting from over production and consumption, rampant inequality and alienation emerges in one’s relationship with another. The main body of this thesis is composed of three chapters. Chapter One analyzes the defective individuals who are alienated inside themselves. In the alienated society, everyone has an increasing sense of alienation. The three main characters in the play are without exception. While both Peter and Jerry feel powerless in their life, Ann feels anxious all the time. Chapter Two examines the dysfunctional families in which the relationships between husbands and wives as well as parents and children are alienated. As a couple, Peter and Ann are isolated from each other. Jerry’s father and mother are completely estranged. In the meantime, the relationships between parents and children are greatly worsened as in Peter’s family and Jerry’s family. Chapter Three delves into the problematic society. The confrontation between Peter and Jerry and the domination of Jerry over >the dog< reflect the alienation of the whole society.– The last part is the conclusion which points out that alienation is pervasive in the modern capitalist society after analyzing alienation reflected in the play. In the capitalistic society, people are no longer active and creative beings. They become cogs in the machine. Family is no longer a shelter for people, which is characterized by indifference and estrangement. This kind of problem can be solved by taking into account of the factors leading to alienation. Therefore, the social significance can be seen in the play based on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
The Hallel
(1962)
The Trial of Jesus
(1962)
Historicity, Humility, and the Analytic Exercise Reply to Commentaries by Drs. Palombo and Horner
(2002)