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As the earliest form of literary expression, myth has provided a wide range of creative ideas for later writers with its profound changeable themes and thought-provoking connotations, and the vitality of love reflected in myth has also attracted more and more attention. Since Freud, the school of psychoanalysis and its branches have absorbed a great deal of classical nutrients concerning the practice of modern psychoanalysis in the Romantic epics Metamorphoses and Love Proverbs, which were systematized by the Roman poet Ovid. Aiming at the love topic of mankind for thousands of years, there is a close dialogue between psychoanalysis and literature in different historical contexts. Based on the theories of Freud, Lacan, Fromm and other psychoanalysts about love and the predicament of human existence, this paper attempts to analyze the symptoms of love in myth romantic epic Metamorphoses written by Ovid, and to observe >Ars amatoria<, which is shining with the glory of human nature, through the study of the symptoms of myth, and then to demonstrate: Only through the guidance and transformation of real freedom, hope and creativity can love finally become social and sound love.– This article is divided into four chapters and three parts: First of all, in the introduction part, this article will briefly explain the research significance and research status at home and abroad. Secondly, the article in the second part consisted of three chapters, aims to research on Freud’s unconscious and neurosis, Lacan’s mirror stage and the >Three Realms Theory<, Fromm’s doctrine of sound love as the foundation. Taking the classic epic Metamorphoses as a case, this paper aims to probe into the successful or tragic love in the epic from the psychological perspective of psychoanalysis, and summarize the crux and root causes of various love syndromes under an objective and meticulous text interpretation method.– The first chapter focuses on the relationship between love and freedom in two steps: The first step mainly focuses on the analysis of the stories of Eco and Philomela in >Metamorphoses<, expressing the relationship between the control and anti-control of subject, language and vision, and pointing out that human beings are always facing the dilemma of becoming >the subject that cannot stand up< in the existing order; the second step mainly compares Tereus’s >love< and Daphne’s >love< with >the subject who cannot stand up<, showing that the excessive >free< love desire leads to the loss of shame of the subject, and the serious consequences of not being able to truly realize free love.– The second chapter will focus on the relationship between love and hope in the stories of Lanthe, Pygmalion and Adonis. On the one hand, it shows that the psychological archetypes of >Anima<, >Animus< and >Mana< based on primitive experience not only stipulate the hope of love in accordance with human nature, but also prove the futility of the hope of love by the existence of >the ultimate thing< and death. On the other hand, on the basis of comparing >magic< with >Thesmophoria Worship< and >Adonis cult<, this paper analyzes hopeless obsession and positive belief, and emphasizes that only the latter can perfect free love and make it full of hope.– The third chapter focuses on love and creativity, and illustrates the defects of love between Narcissus and Eco, Thisbe and Pyramus: Due to the lack of conscious emotional motivation and the ability of free love, human beings have developed the >Copying Love< without any creativity. The creation and destruction of life is the subject’s proof of the inevitability of existence, and it also confirms the powerful power of erotic instinct. In addition, Orpheus and Pygmalion provided inspiration for the free play of the subject’s erotic impulses in art, through the understanding of art, the combination of the subject and the work of art promotes the creative sublimation of love and desire. Finally, in the third part, the fourth chapter, Based on the research results of Fromm, Marcuse and others on the formation, development and perfection of the subject personality in society, this paper returns from the love myth epic Metamorphoses by the ancient Roman poet Ovid to the love proverbs poem >Ars amatoria< then specifically analyzes the medication judgment, treatment means and cure goal of love syndrome in >Ars amatoria<. In the end, my conclusion is that love is the unity of freedom, hope and creativity. Only in the process of mutual promotion and formation of love can freedom, hope and creativity transform primitive love into social love, and realize the perfection and cure of love and purification of noble sentiment. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Western capitalist societies in the 1940s and 1950s had a significant improvement in the level of productivity development, but during this period there were problems with the overall mental status of social members. Fromm believes that society as a whole will be in a morbid state just like individuals. At this time, criticism of society should be used to replace the rejection of individuals who do not adapt to society. In order to carry out social critical work, Fromm mainly absorbed the ideas of Freud and Marx, combined psychoanalysis with the social and historical research method as the prototype of historical materialism, and changed the validity of Freud’s theory from the personal or family scope extends to the social scope, and social character is formed from this.– This article systematically introduces and explores the theory of social character. On the one hand, the introduction reveals the research background and significance of this article, on the other hand, it also introduces the status quo of the research on Fromm’s thought at home and abroad, especially his theory of social character.– The first chapter introduces the two major theoretical sources of social character: Freud’s theory and Marxist philosophy, including Freud’s psychoanalysis, subconscious theory and individual character dynamics and society as a prototype of historical materialism. The specific content of historical research method and historical materialism.– The second chapter restores its complete theoretical form from the three aspects of the formation process, main content and function of social character, laying a foundation for exploring the theoretical and practical significance of social character.– Chapter Three discusses the theoretical significance of social character in depth, mainly from the position of the theory in Fromm’s thought and its significance to historical materialism. Specifically, social character is an important theoretical weapon for Fromm to criticize Western capitalist society. Fromm also uses the ideal social character-productive character to try to restore the historical subject; in addition, social character not only supplements and developed the relationship between social existence and social consciousness, economic foundation and superstructure, and also explored the relationship between subject and object in historical materialism, and restored the subjective dimension of historical materialism on this basis.– Finally, the fourth chapter of the article reveals the practical significance of social personality for thinking and resolving the main contradictions in our society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, people’s leisure needs are growing, and the problem of leisure and human development has become increasingly prominent. On the basis of criticizing the antagonism of capitalist leisure, Marx put forward the communist ideal which takes human’s overall and free development as the basic principle, which has important enlightenment to reflect on contemporary leisure. Understanding leisure, learning leisure, as well as practicing leisure are the only ways to realize the all-round development of people and a better life for people. The former leisure thought can deepen our understanding of Marx’s leisure thought, and can be used as a tool to reflect on the leisure problem. Hegel’s philosophy of master and slave initially revealed the antagonism of leisure and its way out, and Feuerbach’s criticism of alienation provided a model for reflection on leisure alienation. He regarded god as the highest leisure person and love as the essence of human, which meant that the way to overcome leisure alienation lies in the integration of leisure and human development. French utopianism socialism proposed the combination of leisure and work. Veblen criticized the conspicuous consumption of the leisure class. Fromm criticized the emphasis on possession over survival. These theories revealed that leisure and human development can be unified. The leisure discussed by Marx is divided into three levels, including the leisure of rest and relaxation, the leisure of consumption and entertainment and the leisure of human development. Marx’s leisure thought is deeply embedded in consumption theory, free time theory and labor theory. Specifically, human development is the fundamental purpose of leisure, which is the path to human development; Consumption is an important carrier of leisure, and real leisure consumption can promote human development; Free time is the essence of leisure and expands the space for human development; Labor is the foundation of leisure, labor and leisure unity can expand leisure space, make leisure more realistic; The four aspects are interrelated and all reflect the practical logic of communism which takes human development as the center. Marx’s leisure thought has important enlightenment for understanding contemporary leisure theory, leisure status, leisure problems and countermeasures: to build a new leisure value system, to coordinate the relationship between human and nature, society and self; to build a new connotation of leisure consumption and overcome consumer materialization, pay attention to humanistic meaning; to build a new connotations of free time, and realize the comprehensive and free development of human being; to build a new type of labor-leisure relationship, achieve the unity of the two, and to realize the highest human value. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
This thesis conducts a comparative study between >The Summer before the Dark< by the British writer Doris Lessing and >The Edible Woman< by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood from the perspective of Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis. >The Summer before the Dark< and >The Edible Woman< share a significant common theme, that is, the dilemma of contemporary women. Alienation is a prevalent phenomenon in modern society and as members of that society, females cannot escape from this problem. >The Summer before the Dark< describes the story of a middle-aged housewife, Kate, who pursues her true self after temporarily escaping from her family, and >The Edible Woman< depicts working class Marian’s process of searching for mental independence and escaping from an alienating spiritual predicament. By examining the view of human nature, alienation and road to sanity proposed Erich Fromm, this thesis thoroughly analyzes and compares the similarities between the two protagonists’ behavior when confronted with alienation, their process of awakening self-awareness and differences in their routes to mental sanity. Through systematic comparison and analysis, it can be concluded that Kate’s maternal love for children and Marian’s erotic love for Peter provide the respective sources of their alienation. Obsession with others gives them a false sense of identity which enables them to cast off their deeply-rooted feelings of separation. In such symbiotic relationships with others, both Kate and Marian lose their self-awareness as an individual being and they cannot realize their spiritual dilemma. Mental independence and self-awareness are the key to getting rid of plight and the way to mental health for them. Through intensive study, the thesis suggests a solution for those trapped in a spiritual dilemma: productive love. Productive love can meet man’s need for union with others and provide a sense of identity with the prerequisite of the development of integrity. It is the final answer to conditions of individual living plight and the only way to achieve personal equilibrium. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
E. M. Forster’s works mostly reflect the social realities of his time. At the beginning of the 20th century England was in a significant historical period of social transformation. Although material wealth was abundant people’s spiritual state and moral level were constantly retrogressive. >Where Angels Fear to Tread< was set in this background. The moral values expressed in the Mrs. Herritons the family relationships between members and the mental state of each person all reflected the social status quo of their time. This thesis analyzes the phenomenon of alienation in >Where Angels Fear to Tread< through Fromm’s theory of alienation. Alienation has become a common social phenomenon people are in a state of controlling and being controlled so they lost their own independent personality productivity and creativity. In addition money and interests dominate social relations which makes people feel less care for each other thus the social relationship is becoming more and more indifferent. This phenomenon of alienation was not only reflected in British society at the beginning of the twentieth century but also was evident in contemporary times. This thesis studies the novel with the theory of alienation. Through analyzing the manifestations of alienation in characters exploring the causes of alienation and finally achieving the ultimate goal of curing the alienation of characters this thesis not only reflects the novelist’s desire to reveal the alienation of the British middle class but also provides methods and ideas to solve the spiritual alienation of modern people through the study of alienation resistance. This thesis is mainly divided into three parts-introduction main body and conclusion. The introduction gives a brief presentation to the novelist and his works followed by a comprehensive overview of the current state of domestic and international research on >Where Angels Fear to Tread<. Finally the purpose and significance of the text are explained. The introductory part is a prelude to the rest of the study. The main part is divided into three chapters.– The first chapter starts with the embodiment of alienation which explores the embodiment of alienation between individuals and society between individuals and other people and between individuals and themselves. From these three aspects the thesis makes a specific study on the embodiment of alienation and characters’ behavior under alienation.– The second chapter mainly explores the causes of alienation. There are many reasons for characters’ alienation. On the one hand characters’ personality defects lead to their self-loss. On the other hand the influence of long-term family environment is on a person as well as the influence of social environment on them.– The third chapter studies the resistance to alienation. The resistance to alienation also starts from three aspects. The first is the individual’s efforts to get rid of his own alienation. Secondly from the perspective of love it explains the importance of creative love to improve people’s alienation. Thirdly from the social perspective it expounds the positive role of a good social environment for people to get rid of alienation. The conclusion summarizes the content of the above chapters. It can be seen that Foster has a sober understanding of the society he lives in. He expresses the concern of people’s alienation and shows his hope for overcoming alienation. With the rapid development of productive forces the great wealth of material materials and the increasing consumer demand the seemingly sound society hides a profound spiritual crisis which also coincides with Fromm’s alienation theory. Through the analysis it can be seen that studying human alienation is necessary and feasible. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
The theory of social character is a creative theory that Fromm combines Marx’s social thought and consciousness view on the basis of Freud’s theory of character. Fromm regards Marx as a person of world historical significance. Although Freud sees personal psychological factors, he neglects the influence of social environment on human personality, which limits his vision. Marx thinks far more deeply and more than Freud. He examines human behavior from the social and economic structure, but the irrational factors were ignored, so Fromm tried to >melt the two into one furnace<. Meanwhile, the misreading and Misreading of Marx thought by >pseudo Marxism< made Fromm spend a lot of energy on studying and thinking about Marxism, not only criticizing it, but also expounding his understanding of Marxism. The author proposes the theory of social character to make up for the deficiency of Marx in the micro psychological level and the concrete transformation mechanism between economic foundation and superstructure. The concept of >social character< clearly reflects the traces of Marxist thought. Under the influence of Marx’s thought, Fromm examined the character in the relationship between man and the world, insisted that >the main thing of human is social existence<, and modified Freud with Marx ’social tendency, and explained the decisive effect of social economic structure on social character from the root and change of social character.– At the same time, we also noticed the role of >bond< and >explosive mortar< of social character, so as to explain the relative independence of social character. Not only that, Fromm also explored the foundation and premise of social character, namely, social unconsciousness. He put unconsciousness in the concrete world of reality for understanding, insisted that >consciousness is the product of society< and modified Freud’s >libido< with Marx’s >historical power<. He not only expounded the decisive role of social existence on social unconsciousness, but also saw the negative effect of social unconsciousness on social existence, and tried to make people realize the repression of facts, and seek the way of social change to break this repression.– Fromm’s theory of social character is influenced by Marx’s thought. Although he always bases on the people in the real society and examines the human character in social history, he still regards Marx thought as spiritual existentialism in essence, and the theoretical focus is on the role of social character on human behavior and thinking, and does not really understand Marxism, not only does the understanding of human nature stay in the abstract theory of human nature, but also does not touch the fundamental contradiction of capitalist society, and it is not realistic with a strong utopian color. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Anne Tyler is deemed as one of the most outstanding writers and literary critics in contemporary America. Over her long career, distinguished by her vivid description of the conflicts in family life, Tyler has continually published over twenty novels, as well as over fifty short stories and numerous book reviews. Among them, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982) and >The Accidental Tourist< (1985) are two typical examples. The two novels share a common theme: alienation and loneliness, and the author uses the narrative model of internal focalization in both novels. The difference is that in >Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant<, Tyler flexibly adopts three models of internal focalization: fixed internal focalization, variable internal focalization and multiple internal focalization. While in >The Accidental Tourist<, fixed internal focalization is employed throughout the story. These two novels do not have the tortuous and bizarre storyline, but only revolve around trivial matters that have occurred in family, including the contradiction and estrangement between family members and so on. Judging from the existing literature at home and abroad, there is still great potential for in-depth research on Anne Tyler and her two novels. Based on Gérard Genette’s Narrative Theories, this thesis is devoted to a comparative study of alienation in Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant and >The Accidental Tourist< by means of close reading and theoretical analysis, so as to help readers gain a deep understanding of Tyler’s writing style and alienation theme, and also render a new perspective for further interpretation of Tyler’s family novels. This thesis consists of six parts. Chapter One first gives a brief introduction to the writer Anne Tyler and her works. Then, the definition of alienation is presented, especially Fromm’s views on alienation. In the end of this chapter, the significance and structure of the thesis are pointed out.– Chapter Two is Literature Review. In this part, the study on Anne Tyler and her two representative novels at home and abroad are shown.– Chapter Three is the theoretical framework of the thesis, in which Genette’s narratology theory is explained in detail, especially the narrative focalization: zero focalization, internal focalization, external focalization.– Chapter Four and Chapter Five are the main body of the thesis. Chapter Four aims to compare and analyze the manifestation of alienation in the two novels from different internal focalization types. This chapter can be divided into two parts. The first part will analyze the self-alienation in the two novels. The second part will explore the alienation of interpersonal relationship in the two novels, including two types: the alienation among family members and the alienation with non-family members. And the environmental alienation will be taken into consideration in this part, which accelerates the alienation of characters in the two novels.– Chapter Five is expected to elaborate the external and internal reasons of the alienation in the two novels, and explore the countermeasures to overcome alienation. External reasons, such as the social and historical background, the writer’s experience, the influence of American Southern literature and the family background are analyzed. In view of the internal reasons, this thesis puts an emphasis on personal attitude and choice. In terms of countermeasures, the strength of family ties weakens the alienation in >Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant<. While in >The Accidental Tourist<, the greatness of affection helps the protagonist Macon overcome alienation partially.– Chapter Six – conclusion part, the author summaries the previous viewpoints and puts forward the suggestion for further study. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
This paper aims at the presentation of ethical and political grounds of the pedagogy of asylum, which, in its assumptions, refers to concepts of such thinkers as Emmanuel Levinas, Erich Fromm, George Steiner, Hannah Arendt, Michael Walzer, Avishai Margalit, Jacques Derrida and Janusz Korczak. Utopia of hospitality, presented in its basic assumptions, constitutes a look at the social life, life of individuals and communities, as concentrated in asylums, while its author thinks that it forms an answer to modern challenges to Western democracies, education and politics in the >Age of Migration<.
Penelitian bertujuan mengungkap gejala, bentuk, dan tujuan perasaan cinta tokoh-tokoh dalam novel >Fi Qalbi Untsa ‘Ibriyyah<, serta bagaimana mereka bersikap ketika perasaan cinta kepada sesama manusia terhalang oleh batasan agama yang mereka anut (Yahudi, Islam, dan Kristen) sehingga mengakibatkan konflik dan pertentangan di antara mereka. Penelitian ini berbentuk studi pustaka dengan melakukan analisis terhadap karya sastra Arab yang berbentuk novel serta menggunakan pendekatan psikososial Erich Fromm tentang konsep cinta, dimana Fromm berpandangan bahwa cinta merupakan solusi dari semua permasalahan manusia. >Fi Qalbi Untsa ‘Ibriyyah< menampilkan kehidupan para tokoh yang awalnya dalam suasana damai saling mencintai tanpa melihat identitas agama, tetapi kemudian cinta mereka berubah menjadi konflik setelah mengetahui perbedaan agama di antara mereka. Para tokoh memiliki dua pilihan, antara mengikuti perasaan cinta kepada manusia tanpa memandang identitas agama atau melepaskan rasa cinta tersebut dengan alasan menaati batasan agama sebagai wujud cinta kepada Tuhan. Penelitian menjadi penting ketika ditemukan fakta bahwa cinta yang berangkat dari perasaan suka kepada personal tanpa melihat ikatan sosial ternyata bisa melahirkan banyak konflik ketika bertemu dengan identitas agama beserta batasan-batasannya.
The film literary drama >No Escape< is a crime genre drama with the theme of >revenge<. It mainly tells that Fang Tonghang, a spiritless novelist in a small town, discovered that his uncle suddenly became a suspect in a murder case. In order to clear his uncle’s suspicion, Fang Tonghang had to find the real murderer within three days. During the process of finding the real murderer, Fang Tonghang uncover a twenty-year past by visiting and researching different witnesses and exhibits. The plot finally focuses on a broken father-daughter relationship, discussing the alienation of people under money worship. The main storyline of the film literary drama >No Escape< is that the small town novelist Fang Tonghang received a contract intention from Honghui Publishing center after repeated setbacks in his work. The victim was Zou Tezhu, vice president of Honghui Group, who went to Li town for a holiday in a low-key manner. By mistake, the former assistant policeman Zhiwei, who chased the traffickers because of suspicion, became the >true murderer< witnessed by the inn attendant Xiao Mao. To restore his uncle Fang Zhiwei’s innocence, Fang Tonghang had to be ordered by Wei Tingjun, vice president of the Honghui Group, capture the real murderer within three days. Through interviews with waiter Xiaomao, uncle Wu who sells cigarettes, cleaning staff aunt Wu, and Wei Tingjun, the party concerned, the possibility of the murderer was found. In the end, real murderer Jing Lan was identified by the return trafficker Lao San in the secondary plot.– Creation interpretation uses five parts: summary of the work, character setting, narrative structure, mirror language style and creative reflection to sort out and think about the drama creation. The main part of the work overview is based on the origin of the topic selection, around the drama structure, combined with the aesthetic tendency of the genre film and the moral and ethical themes, it tells the origin of the creation and a brief plot analysis. The character setting part mainly focuses on the three main characters of Fang Tonghang, Jing Lan, and Wei Tingjun, explaining the significance of their creation, using Maslow’s demand theory and Marx’s theory of human alienation proposed by Fromm to explain the projections on Jing Lan and Wei Tingjun. In the narrative structure, use the book-in-book structure similar to the movie >Atonement<, and focus on the >introduction of events< and >critical events< proposed by Syd Field, which will introduce the construction before the event and the internal operation rules of the key event Describe. Mirror language style part analyzes the basic aesthetic structure of this drama, taking the Korean crime genre film >Cry<as an example, expounds the stylized pursuit of the genre film under the decadent aesthetics of the small town. The creative reflection part summarizes the shortcomings in the creative experience, and reflects on the shortcomings in the script creation from the perspective of characterization and plot structure. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023]
Marx’s concept of class not only plays an important role in the formation of early Marxist philosophy, but also deepens it in the exploration of late Marxist philosophy. Because Marx began to construct the concept of >class< from the early stage, and constantly deepened the concept of kind in the mature and late stage, so the study of Marx’s concept of class is of great significance to understand and grasp the development process of Marxist philosophy and the Sinicization of Marxist philosophy. However, because Marx criticized Feuerbach’s abstract concept of class and didn’t directly use the terms related to the concept of class in his later period, most researchers in the academic circles think that Marx’s concept of class is an >immature< concept, and Marx later replaced the concept of class with the concept of >society<. Therefore, based on Marx’s early and late original works, this paper will deeply explore the historical evolution of Marx’s concept of category, so as to objectively refute the above >immature< view. Althusser and Fromm hold opposite views on Marx’s concept of class. The former thinks that Marx’s early >ideological stage< involves >class< thought, while the latter >scientific< stage abandons >class< thought. Fromm thinks that there is only one humanistic Marx, and Marx’s concept of class has continuity. It is undeniable that Marx did use the philosophical terms with the color of Feuerbach’s >class concept<, and also highly valued the historical achievements of Feuerbach’s philosophy, but this does not lead to the conclusion that Marx’s class concept remained in the Feuerbach stage. Through the analysis of Marx’s concept of class and its formation process, this paper finds that although Marx’s concept of class has inherited and developed the terms related to Feuerbach’s concept of class, it has fundamentally gone beyond the basic connotation of Feuerbach’s concept of class, and has continued to deepen in Marx’s mature and late works. Therefore, the basic connotation of Marxist concept is not a mature concept, but it runs through Marxist philosophy. The study of Marx’s concept of class has two dimensions of theoretical and practical value. The theoretical dimension is conducive to maintaining the integrity of Marx’s philosophical thought and opposing the >class theory< of Marx’s thought. In the practical dimension, Marx’s concept of category provides philosophical basis for the construction of contemporary Chinese philosophy, the correct handling of the relationship between man and nature, and a community with a shared future for mankind. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
과학기술의 급속한 발전으로 생명안전 문제가 빈번히 발생하는 현대, 특히 코로나19의 배경 아래에서 역사적 경험을 통해 재난의 재발 방지를 위해 최선을 다하는 것은 미룰 수 없는 임무이다. 체르노빌 원전폭발은 이미 역사로 남았지만 그것이 남긴 문제는 아직도 적절하게 해결되지 않았다. >체르노빌<이라는 이 금기된공간을 어떻게 적절하게 처리할지는 현대사회의 문제 중 하나이다. 본문은 브래들리 파커(Bradley Parker) 감독의 <체르노빌 다이어리>(2012)를 사례로 현대에서 체르노빌의 공간적 표현을 고찰한다. 이 영화는 자극을추구하는 여행객들이 금지구역인 체르노빌로 진입하면서 겪는 끔찍한 상황을 그렸으며, 영화에서 나타난 체르노빌은 실제 체르노빌의 공간 상태와 부합한다. 영화에서 묘사한 체르노빌은 무인구역, 소비구역, 정치권력 규제구역 세 공간이 혼합된 장소이다. 본 논문에서는 세 공간이 작동하는 메커니즘과 상호 관계를 탐구하여 에리히 프롬(Erich Fromm)이 말한 건전한 사람과 건전한 사회의 구축에 기여할 것이다. 체르노빌은 무인구역, 소비구역, 정치권력 규제구역 세 공간이 혼합되어 서로를 제약한다. 체르노빌이라는 이 공간에서 국가는 주도적위치를 차지하며, 무인구역과 소비구역의 운영 배후에는 국가의 정치권력이 어느 정도 관여하고 있다. 원전폭발로 인해 체르노빌은 정치당국에 의해 >예외상태<로 운영되면서, 이 운영 체제 하에서 국가법, 인권, 도덕윤리 등문명사회의 체제와 규범이 사라지게 되었고, 이 공간에 들어온 개인의 생명은 순식간에 조르조 아감벤(Giorgio Agamben)이 말한 >벌거벗은 생명<으로 전락해 타인에 의해 생존권을 박탈당했다. 따라서 >건전한 사회<를 만들어 >건전한 개인의 생명<을 살리는 길을 고민하는 것은 매우 절실하다.
Introduction: Despite struggling to establish itself as an autonomous profession, occupational therapy remains extensively regulated and controlled by discursive authorities inside and outside the discipline. After overcoming the profession’s reformist ideals, the military governance that supported its rapid expansion morphed into civil institutions but both were based on similar grounds: occupational therapists should obey a strict set of rules while disobedience and dissent are consistently repressed or silenced. Objective: The objective of this article is to deconstruct dominant (consensual) discourses that shape the status quo in occupational therapy and envision alternative paths for the development of the discipline. Method: Drawing on the work of Erich Fromm and Jacques Rancière, we propose a (critical) theoretical analysis of the concepts of disobedience and dissensus as they apply to occupational therapists. Results: The concepts of disobedience (Fromm) and dissensus (Rancière) can be used to revisit the consensus shaped by discursive authorities inside and outside occupational therapy and expose the political nature of such processes. We argue that remaining oppressive forces similar to those of a warfare regime persist in regulating occupational therapy practice and knowledge by enacting a form of >disciplinary propaganda.< Rather than threatening the development of the discipline, disobedience and dissensus constitute critical responses to disrupt dominant discourses and give rise to healthier concepts. Conclusion: The use of politically charged terms such as disobedience or dissensus can be seen as controversial and unsettling for a profession like occupational therapy but we believe they are necessary for the future of our discipline.
El presente artículo es una aproximación al personaje de Ricardo, protagonista de >El año de Ricardo< de Angélica Liddell, desde el punto de vista del psicoanálisis de Erich Fromm. Un concepto especialmente útil a la hora de abordar esta reescritura moderna de la famosa tragedia shakespeariana es la >orientación necrófila<, un término acuñado por Erich Fromm para describir un carácter destructivo, que manifiesta una clara fijación en las actividades y los procesos contrarios a la vida, al desarrollo, al crecimiento. Una herramienta complementaria, que también se emplea en el análisis del personaje, es la noción de >carácter anal<, de Freud, cuyas teorías han sido reinterpretadas y elaboradas por Fromm. Siguiendo el planteamiento de Liddell, en el artículo se destaca el íntimo vínculo que existe entre la estructura psíquica y la vida pública del personaje, y, por extensión, de cualquier político.
Podjęty w monografii temat charakteryzuje się uniwersalnością, albowiem problematyka wojny i pokoju jest stale aktualna i niezmiernie znacząca. Co więcej, o uniwersalności tematu świadczy i to, że wojna, jako destrukcyjne zjawisko społeczne, nie została jak dotychczas wyeliminowana z przestrzeni społeczno-politycznej. Stąd dyskurs naukowy nad genezą kolektywnej agresywności może stanowić nowy impuls w debacie zarówno naukowej i politycznej, jak i medialnej ze Wstępu.
The prominent modernist writer Katherine Mansfield exhibits her innovative modernity, mixture of complex sentiments and rational interior exploration most conspicuously in her short stories. Yet despite the modernity of her thought, spontaneity and extroversion, of her expression and her other pivotal contributions to modernist literature, she is marginalized in literary arena with some of her themes, such as escape, being neglected by her readership and scholarship. However, escape as a complex and action has actually been one of the most essential themes recurring in Mansfield’s short stories and her life when she has kept struggling between idealism and realism. And escape as a shared choice of her characters trapped in predicaments or psychological dilemmas is often formulated in the contradiction between the escapists and society as well as their own intrapsychic conflict. Therefore, the thesis will engage Erich Fromm’s theories of human nature and escape to offer a socio-psychological reading of Mansfield’s escape theme accordingly. The thesis discusses the escape theme of Mansfield’s 16 short stories in three aspects of manifestations, causes and final destinations of escape. Chapter one focuses on the two major patterns of escape in terms of its manifestation: retreat and camouflage, which are respectively defined by escapists’ receptive orientation or marketing orientation. Receptive oriented Rosabel and the old lady and marketing oriented Gregory and Duquette are among the train of escapists examined here.– Chapter two unrolls the causes of the escape. The external determinants include three kinds of social forces restraining various human needs and two kinds of alienated family relations caused by authority or immature love. Miss Brill’s escape posed by social ostracism, Linda’s escape stemming from social convention and Ma Parker’s escape due to social hierarchy demonstrate how these three social forces determine their escapes. Moreover, escapes of Kezia and Matilda as results of their alienated relations with parents and the escapists including Monica and Mr. Salesby formulated in their alienated relations with spouses highlight the causality between the alienated family relations and escape. And the internal determinant refers to the identity dilemma that stems from one’s doubt over either his real self or social self. Both Bertha’s escape from her real self and Millie’s from her social self are made in a common backdrop of their identity dilemma.– As for the two opposite destinations including the positive and the negative ones, chapter three elucidates them as respectively the results of positive freedom or negative freedom procured by escapists represented by Miss Moss. Briefly, either through retreat or camouflage, most escapists perpetuate or exacerbate their predicaments after transient alleviation brought by their escapes. Only a few productive oriented ones could escape from predicaments ultimately for their escapes underpinned by their productiveness are quintessentially spontaneous negotiations with the world rather than self-deluding compromises or evasions. Hence they could realize their inherent potentiality, remain self-consciousness and external connection in the midst of escape and extricate themselves from their predicaments afterwards.– Besides, the theme of escape illustrated in the thesis is actually imbued with Mansfield’s own life experience and philosophy. Through offering a socio-psychological interpretation of Mansfield’s escape theme, the thesis hence hopefully aims to enrich the understanding of Mansfield and her characters, draw more attention to Mansfield and invoke, in particular, more reflections on the escape of her short stories, especially in the contemporary context of human existence. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
Kurt Vonnegut (1922 – 2007) is a prominent American writer. As a soldier surviving the World War II, he is exceptionally concerned about the society in wartime and the future of human beings. This thesis takes Vonnegut’s fourth novel >Cat’s Cradle< published in 1963 as the research subject. Through the portrayal of the major characters – Dr. Felix Hoenikker and his three children, Dr. Asa Breed and Jonah, the novel exposes a series of social issues such as the misuse of science and technology, religious nihilism, and man’s alienation. Based upon Ihab Hasan’s postmodernism theory and Eric Fromm’s alienation theory, this study aims at interpreting the creative features of >Cat’s Cradle< from three aspects: alienation, indeterminacy and Fragmentation through analyzing the content and the form. Simultaneously, the research tries to dig out Vonnegut’s writing intention, which is to break the scientism and religious nihilism and arouse man’s courage and wisdom of facing up to life. Chapter One begins with a brief introduction to Kurt Vonnegut’s life and his works, pointing out that Cat’s Cradle is worth studying due to its experimental writing style and concern for the social reality. Then, the significance and the layout of the study are indicated.– Chapter Two introduces and analyzes the previous studies on >Cat’s Cradle< at home and abroad, through which the writer finds it necessary to study the textual and practical significance of >Cat’s Cradle< in postmodern context. The theoretical framework of the thesis includes Ihab Hassan’s postmodernism viewpoints and Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation.– Chapter Three draws on Fromm’s alienation view and Hasan’s self-less-ness and depth-less-ness view, pointing out that alienated people in postmodern society often lose their human nature, and nihility and absurdity are the main features of human beings. Through the analysis of the main characters in the novel such as Dr. Hoenikker, Dr. Asa Breed, Dr. Hoenikker’s children and narrator Jonah, Vonnegut’s depiction of the absurdity and indifference in human nature is exposed.– Chapter Four discusses the characteristic of indeterminacy embodied in >Cat’s Cradle< from the aspects of identity and theme. It not only analyzes the importance of indeterminacy in highlighting the author’s writing intention, but also denotes that indeterminacy has permeated into the thoughts and actions of people living in postmodern society. Vonnegut’s concerns and worries about the instability of postmodern society are also demonstrated.– Deriving from the postmodernism literary feature of Fragmentation, Chapter Five tries to dig out the significance of fragmentation in realizing the author’s writing intention and subverting the creation of traditional novels. Meanwhile, the adoption of Fragmentation insinuates the chaotic and disordered state of postmodern society.– Chapter Six summarizes the main content of this thesis, indicating the importance of Vonnegut’s excellent writing skills in exposing social reality problems, and inspiring the public to think and act positively for the survival and development of postmodern society and human beings. >Cat’s Cradle< presents a moral tragedy in a comedy way. It is novel in plot, clever in conception and rich in theme, therefore, it is popular among readers and worthy of further study by scholars. In addition, Vonnegut’s profound reflection on history and serious concern for reality greatly inspire readers all over the world. Therefore, this book is not only a classic literary work worthy of study, but also a novel with paramount practical significance. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Rather than being absolute, human freedom is relative because human situation and condition limits it. Also relative is press freedom. History of press in Indonesia recorded that press freedom is experienced once more by Indonesian people after the 1998 reform. At implementation level, there are numerous debates on the definition of freedom. This research attempts to analyze autonomous and dynamics press freedom in Indonesia as observed from Erich Fromm’s perspective. This research is a qualitative research on philosophical problem analyzed by means of historical-factual approach. Research result indicates that autonomous and dynamic press can be achieved through two actions. First, opposing the parties who prevent press from becoming themselves. Second, developing the >culture< of rationality, i.e. accustoming the press to develop their common sense to reach each of their realistic point.
Margaret Drabble (1939 –) is one of the most influential and prolific women writers in contemporary British literature, who has awarded the CBE and the DBE by the Queen of England. Different from the contemporary female intellectuals’ struggle in previous works, Drabble shows great humanistic concerns after 1980s, and explores such contemporary social dilemmas as moral disorder, loss of faith, twisted relationship, and money worship. As a mature work of Drabble, >The Radiant Trilogy<, >The Radiant Way<, >A Natural Curiosity<, >The Gates of Ivory<) completely shows her reflections on ideological changing in modern society. Based on Erich Fromm’s humanistic philosophy, this thesis exposes the alienation with human distortion and moral decay, deepening the study of Drabble’s work from moral dimension. Fromm’s humanistic philosophy discussed the alienation, negative freedom and love, exposing the relation of >quantification< and >abstraction< with self-alienation, invisible authority and consumption alienation etc. Besides, he regards the reconstruction of self-identity, the reclaiming of love and the restoration of creative life as essential elements to realize the integrity of human with the self, the outside world and human activities. Chapter one explains how alienation is caused and intensified by modern social development in >The Radiant Trilogy<. It discusses the political, economic, informative and cultural crisis based on >quantification< and >abstraction< under the capitalist system and the technological revolution. The causes of alienation vary from person to person, but from macro-perspective, society was the root. Individualism and commercial liberalization of Thatcher Government in the 1980s aggravates the alienated situation in society, meanwhile, the regime of bureaucratic, the capitalization of the economy, the decreasing value of knowledge, and the distortion of information contributes to a widespread alienation.– Chapter two discusses the Internal reflections of alienation on human nature in >The Radiant Trilogy<, including the absence of self, the twisted relationships, the invisible authority, the decay of professional moral and the distortion of values. Alix and Shirley’s various results of alienation under different living environments, Liz’s loss in >party socializing<, the public’s indifference to Paul, Charles’ commercialization in work, and Miss Porntip’s money worship all embodies the results of alienation’s attack to traditional ethical standards and social customs.– Chapter three explores the approach to overcome alienation in >The Radiant Trilogy<. With Fromm’s idea of >the new human<, thesis excavates three protagonists’ efforts on transcending alienation through self-return, mature love and creative life. Once lost in unreliable social friendship, Liz rediscovers her self-identity and regains the warmth of family. Alix, with selfless love and generosity, heals Paul’s wounds left by alienation and original sin. In addition, the friendship between Liz, Alix and Esther builds a radiant way for them to pursue a removal of alienation. Alienation is aroused by social, political, economic, cultural factors, and specifically embodied as the separation of human from himself, from others, from work, and from consumption. With Margaret Drabble’s turning from feminism to humanism, >The Radiant Trilogy< expresses the radiance and hope of saving alienation in modern society with mature love and productive activities. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Political Reactionism as Affective Practice: UKIP Supporters and Non‐Voters in Pre‐Brexit England
(2021)
Border Situations as Unchanging Human Situations (via Karl Jaspers, Erich Fromm & Noam Chomsky
(2021)
The first aim of this paper is to raise the interest in the works of three authors, Karl Jaspers, Erich Fromm, and Noam Chomsky. The second intention is to show and prove that despite being different in vocation, they essentially speak of the same social reality, regardless of the fact that they observe and reflect reality from different theoretical/scientific positions/aspects: philosophical, ethical/bioethical, anthropological, sociological, psychological, political, legal, economic, cultural, philological/linguistic, ideological. Despite certain differences, what brings them together spiritually/cognitively are the >diagnoses< of the diseased tissue of (post)modern civil society, as well as the assessments of the phenomenon of social/existential reality of our time. What unites them is the comprehensive humanism and care for the man and man’s psychosomatic health and their present and future life, at the time when civilization is on the verge of self-destruction.
As perspectivas de pensamentos da Logoterapia e Análise Existencial de Frankl e a Psicanálise de Freud, apesar de visões diferentes de ser humano e mundo, há muito em comum, principalmente quando as influências do humanismo e existencialismo afetam os pensamentos de psicanalistas. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os pressupostos teóricos sobre o amor e humanidade de Viktor Emil Frankl e Erich Fromm considerados dois humanistas. O artigo busca indicar, apesar das divergências entre as duas abordagens psicológicas, posições em comum principalmente semelhanças de pensamentos, ou seja, concordâncias de ideias em benefício de um bem comum da saúde mental do indivíduo na terapia. Foram utilizadas pesquisas bibliográficas em livros e artigos em bases de dados, por meio dos fundamentos teóricos dos pensamentos de Viktor Emil Frankl e de Erich Fromm. Averiguou-se que, mesmo de escolas divergentes em relação aos conceitos de ser humano e mundo, as duas abordagens apresentam, de acordo com os pensadores, perspectivas que convergem em relação aos construtos de amor e humanidade.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dilema eksistensi, kebutuhan manusia, serta mekanisme pelarian tokoh utama dalam novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut<. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah psikologi kepribadian Marxian Erich Fromm. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan psikologi. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut< yang merupakan novel ketiga dari empat serial novel >Mata< karya Okky Madasari. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa unit-unit teks yang menunjukkan aktivitas, dialog, perbuatan maupun perilaku tokoh utama terkait kepribadian Marxian. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik baca dan catat. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis objektif yang berpusat pada karya sastra secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya kepribadian Marxian dalam novel yang digambarkan melalui peristiwa-peristiwa yang dihadapi tokoh Matara. Kepribadian Marxian tokoh Matara yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini berupa (1)dilema eksistensi meliputi manusia sebagai binatang dan sebagai manusia, hidup dan mati, ketidaksempurnaan dan kesempurnaan, kesendirian dan kebersamaan; (2)kebutuhan manusia meliputi kebutuhan kebebasan dan keterikatan, kebutuhan untuk memahami dan beraktivitas; serta (3)mekanisme melarikan diri dari kebebasan berupa otoritarianisme, perusakan, dan penyesuaian.
루쉰(魯迅)은 자신의 초기 잡문을 통해 문명이 지닌 인류발전으로서의 과정 및 결과로서의 성격과 함께 문명이 지니는 규범화를 통해 발현되는 야만성 및 그로 인한 인간의 자기예속적인 모습을 보여주었다. 루쉰은 이러한 문명의 양가적인 모습 속에서 살아가는 인간에게서 새로운 개체적 의지를 찾고자 하였고, 이를 통해 인류 사회의 조화를 모색하고자 하였다. 이것이 바로 루쉰의 문학 창작이 지니는 의미라고 할 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 이러한 루쉰의 창작은 곧 인간의 윤리성을 바탕으로 하는 개체적 의지와 인류 발전적인 문명의 공존에 대한 모색으로 해석해볼 수 있을 것이다. 본고는 상기한 내용들을 바탕으로 루쉰의 초기 잡문에서 사회를 이루는 기성 문명의 장력 속에서 문명의 폭력적인 야만성을 제거한 새로운 문명의 장력을 찾고자 하는 인간의 개체적 의지와 그 가치를 살펴본다. 이를 위해서 루쉰의 초기 잡문 속 문명론을 아도르노(Theodor Wiesengrund Adorno), 호르크하이머(Max Horkheimer), 마르쿠제(Herbert Marcuse) 등의 비판이론가들의 문명에 대한 관점 및 그에 대응하는 인간의 태도 등을 비교 분석하여 고찰을 시도한다.
During the psychoanalytic discovery and investigation of Psychoneurosis, theoretical scaffoldings offered by Freudian theory were expansive and rich but still incomplete. Amongst the Neo-Freudians, Fromm began unearthing the psychopathology of the society under the heavy influence of Marx. Fromm remarked that the grown-up patient was not a child but an alienated adult who was seen as the neurotic. Feelings of inadequacy, worthlessness and inhibition occurred because the patient did not experience himself as the subject and originator of his own acts and experiences. Alienation had thus caused the neuroses to occur. Ushering in >spiritual liberation< along with complete change of the >economic social constellation< for Fromm were the necessary prerequisites before envisioning a cure of societal pathologies rooted in the contemporary mode of production. Freud on the other hand was skeptical about the application of psychoanalysis to civilization. He ringed in caution to the application of systems of knowledge developed at the individual level when projected to more global levels. Diagnosis of a >collective neurosis< would be tedious since no starting point associated with its development could emerge as the fixation point. Another hurdle that needed to be addressed according to Freud was that even if a substantial system of knowledge did take shape its implementation would be a herculean task. It would take great skill and courage to compel a community to become aware of its blind spots and become available to therapy. Thus, the growth and development of Psychoneurosis had charted a trajectory from the unexplored abysmal depths of the psyche to the more gross levels of societal productions. This paper attempts to establish links between the classic concept of Psychoneurosis and the larger gamut of modern-day society’s psychic reflections.
As one of the most prestigious writers in contemporary British literary circles, Kazuo Ishiguro won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Literature owing to the fact that his novel with great emotional force, >has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world<. Kazuo Ishiguro’s works have received a high degree of attention as soon as they were published. His works emphasize self-salvation and cherish the warmth of the world, break through the limitations of the theme of immigrant writers and set his sights on the universal human nature of the world. >The Remains of the Day< is the third novel published by Kazuo Ishiguro. It is known for its simplicity, elegance and subtle narrative style and it is also his most prestigious work so far. Kazuo Ishiguro succeeded in portraying the role of Stevens, a high-level butler who dedicated his life to the career of butlers in >The Remains of the Day<. The novel unfolds with Stevens, an ordinary British butler, using a reminiscence narrative approach. Stevens, the protagonist in his twilight years, has a reputation, but he is lonely, self-abased and helpless, and his identity is severely alienated. With Miss Kenton’s letter and permission from his new employer, Stevens sets off on a six-day trip. Through the memories of the past, the people he meets and the things he sees during the journey, he explores the true meaning of life and rebuild the alienated identity. The novel leaves the reader with a hopeful open ending, which implies that Stevens will embrace a more real life on a positive way in the rest of the time.
Academia usually studies and interprets >The Remains of the Day< from the perspectives of post-colonialism, cultural studies and narrative techniques. Some critics also analyze the power mechanism embodied in the novel from the perspective of the image of the other. However, the research on Stevens’ identity cognition is not enough. Therefore, from the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis finds that Stevens’ identity cognition is seriously alienated. The influence of social environment, the relationship between the dominant and the dominated, and the human nature that is the fear of loneliness are the most fundamental psychological factors of Stevens’ identity alienation. From the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis will reveal the lonely and helpless living state of Stevens, the root of Stevens’ identity alienation under the influence of the change of the times and the people around him, and the road of redemption to rebuild his identity recognition. In the meantime, the thesis aims to explore the intention that Ishiguro Kazuo tries to achieve in depicting the living conditions of the universal individual in modern society. First, in view of the theory of >abstract< social psychological analysis, the thesis discusses the social and environmental factors which contribute to the formation and alienation of Stevens’ identity under the imperialist consciousness. Next, with the help of Fromm’s authority theory, the deep psychological causes of Stevens’ identity alienation from his treatment of father-son affection, loyalty and love are investigated. Then, from the perspectives of history and memory, love and emotion, the thesis analyzes the significance and value of Stevens’ salvation of identity alienation. >The Remains of the Day< enlightens us that we should recognize our own identities and adapt to society correctly. Even if our identities are alienated, we can be redeemed and rebuilt through our own efforts, rekindling hope in life. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
The human term is Marx’s lifelong theoretical subject. As the core connotation of Marx’s philosophy, Marx’s alienation theory expresses Marx’s profound thinking and active exploration of human value. Marx’s alienation theory differs from Hegel’s and Feuerbach’s theory. For Marx, he takes the realistic individual as the object of study, discusses four parts of alienation in >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844<. This book discusses about the four specific aspects of labor alienation theory. Marx’s alienation theory is not invariable, but with the maturity and deepening of Marx’s thought constantly changing and developing. >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844< as a concentrated expression of Marx’s early alienation theory, highlights the human alienation. At the middle and late of alienation theory focuses more on the level of methodology. After the publication of the 1844 manuscripts, western Marxists further enriched and developed Marx’s alienation theory. With Lukács and Fromm as representatives, they also proposed the alienation theory at the spiritual and psychological levels. Based on Marx’s alienation theory, this paper analyzes the theme of alienation in the novel from three aspects, including the alienation under the customs and conditions, the alienation of individuals and collectivity, and the alienation of family relations, by means of literature research, comparative analysis and other methods. The first level of alienation expresses existential alienation and spiritual alienation through some means of expression. The second alienation focuses on the three characters depicted by Xiao Hong, and reveals the alienation of individual and collective. The third level mainly focuses on the alienation of the sex and family in >Hū lán hé zhuà<. The significance and value of individual life and existence revealed in the novel can also play a certain role in warning and guiding the problem of alienation arising in the developing of society. More than one hundred years ago, when China was facing the choice of system, Marx’s alienation theory played a significant role. For the current reality, we need to combine Marx’s theory alienation with social development, and realize, criticize and improve ourselves in the new stage of social development, so realize liberation and the freedom of human. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Schon Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wird die Thematik des Zusammenspiels von Patriarchat und Kapitalismus als konvergente Ideologie der Ungleichberechtigung der Frau in der literarischen Kunst sichtbar. Genauer: Goethes >Clavigo<, 1774 publiziert, thematisiert diese Thematik prototypisch. Doch wie kann diese Ideologie literarisch so umgesetzt werden, dass sie neben viel anderem Text auffällt, sichtbar wird? Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, jener Frage nachzugehen und diese nach folgenden Schritten zu beantworten: Zuerst werden anhand eines Theorieteils systemtheoretische Grundlagen zu Patriarchat, Männlichkeit und Fragilität, Präkapitalismus und dessen Ideologie des Habens, nach Erich Fromm, dargelegt. Nach einem Modell von R. W. Connell – und z. T. auch von J. Halberstam – wird eine Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung des Grads sozialer Männlichkeit angewendet; im Anwendungsteil wird hieran aber auch Kritik aufgezeigt und versucht, weitere Möglichkeiten/Kriterien zur Bestimmung des Grads der sozialen Männlichkeit anzuführen. Im zweiten Teil der Ausarbeitung wird sich mit der textuellen Anwendung der Theorie befasst: Anhand der beiden Figuren Joseph Clavigo und Marie Beaumarchais wird versucht, die genannte patriarchalisch-präkapitalistisch Ideologie im Stück aufzuzeigen und diese als Ursache für Figurenbeziehungen oder werkstrukturelle Abläufe zu betrachten, wie z. B. ein Figurentod – so die These. Hier werden u. a. der Warencharakter und die Fragilität der Marie Beaumarchais analysiert, aber auch der Grad der sozialen Männlichkeit Clavigos. [Weltbild.ch]
Der 1. Mai im weiten Ural
(2021)
Idolatry
(2021)
Chinese abstract not available] This article aims to interpret dreams in John Keats’s narrative >The Eve of St. Agnes< from different perspectives: the Beadsman’s, Porphyro’s, Madeline’s and John Keats’s, the poet. We will analyze their functions respectively, and then draw a conclusion of Keats’s purpose in structuring such a way of weaving dreams. After summarizing studies and theories on dream and soul from the perspective of psychoanalysis and scholars’ views on >The Eve of St. Agnes<, we will continue to illustrate the ways in which John Keats constructs three layers of dreams with the pertinent approaches by Freud, Fromm, Lacan, Rank, Žižek, etc. so as to reveal John Keats’s viewpoints on life and death, dream and reality, and pleasure and pain. [Author's English]
I argue in this paper that every society has its own >libidinal drives< that may or may not paralyze the capacity of individuals towards freedom. Fromm calls this the social character. Social character is the unconscious canalization of individual libidinal drives for the attainment of social objectives instituted by the dominant figures of society. I theorize that the Freirian dyadic alliance persists because of a dominant characterology permeated by the ruling authorities. The dynamics of social character structure not only eludes the oppressed conscious awareness, but it also actually strengthens the domination and control through the institutionalization of structural policies enacted and implemented by the oppressors. Hence, what Freire laments in the Pedagogy of the Oppressed is equalized and smoothen by how the marginalized and the downtrodden cling incessantly towards the oppressors. By depending upon the dominant ruling authorities, the oppressed find fulfillment and satisfaction, upon which they fortify the dyadic-symbiotic relations. This happens because of the dynamics of their character structure that caters to the instinctual drive to survive. The social character gives rise to the inner satisfaction of oppressed libidinous desires and needs, thus equalizing their own emotional needs. Furthermore, the very nature of their submissiveness is a character trait that unknowingly recanalizes their elementary needs in life. Hence, by understanding how the Frommian social character influences social behaviors the symbiotic element that cements the Freirian dyadic relation is unlocked. Through unraveling the dynamics of social characterology, the Freirian dyadic symbiosis ungrounds itself and eventually grasps why the majority of the poor and marginalized are motivated and find fulfillment therein as a matter of survival from controlling authorities.
Penelitian ini meneliti perilaku sadisme tokoh utama dalam kumpulan dongeng >Der Struwwelpeter< karya Heinrich Hoffmann. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mendeskripsikan perilaku sadisme tokoh utama dan (2) mendeskripsikan penyebab terjadinya perilaku sadisme yang dilakukan tokoh utama pada dongeng karya Heinrich Hoffman. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian adalah dongeng >Die gar traurige Geschichte mit dem Feuerzeug<, >Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher< dan >Die Geschichte vom bösen Friederich< dalam kumpulan dongeng >Der Struwwelpeter< karya Heinrich Hoffmann. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori sadisme Erich Fromm (2000) untuk menemukan perilaku sadisme tokoh utama serta menggunakan teori agresi Sears (1994) dan Myers (2012) untuk menganalisis alasan tokoh utama melakukan perilaku sadisme dalam dongeng. Hasil penelitian menemukan enam data yang menunjukkan jenis perilaku sadisme dan tujuh data penyebab perilaku sadisme. Ditemukan masing-masing dua data yang membuktikan perilaku sadisme tokoh utama dari setiap dongeng. Lalu terdapat empat data penyebab perilaku sadisme dari dongeng >Die gar traurige Geschichte mit dem Feuerzeug<, pada dongeng >Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutsche<r ditemukan dua data dan satu data dalam dongeng >Die Geschichte vom bösen Friederich<. Penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa (1) perilaku sadisme dalam ketiga dongeng Heinrich Hoffmann tersebut adalah perilaku sadisme non-seksual (fisik). Dalam ketiga dongeng tersebut tidak ditemukan jenis sadisme seksual maupun sadisme mental. (2) Lebih lanjut, penyebab tokoh utama dalam dongeng >Die gar traurige Geschichte mit dem Feuerzeug< melakukan perilaku sadisme adalah dari mengamati dan meniru kegiatan orang lain sedangkan dalam dongeng >Die Geschichte vom Daumenlutscher< dan >Die Geschichte vom bösen Friederich< adalah karena faktor biologis tokoh tersebut. Adapun dua kesamaan dalam ketiga dongeng tersebut, yakni semua perilaku yang dilakukan oleh tokoh utama adalah sadisme non-seksual (fisik) serta jenis agresi yang dilakukan adalah insturmental aggression.
Artikel ini membahas konsep cinta pada puisi-puisi karya Sapardi Djoko Damono. Konsep cinta seperti yang dikemukakan oleh Erich Fromm merupakan jawaban atas masalah pada eksistensi manusia. Konsep cinta yang universal dapat dilihat sebagai seni kehidupan (>art of life<) yang meliputi: cinta manusia kepada manusia, cinta manusia kepada alam, dan cinta manusia kepada tuhan. Masalah yang muncul dalam artikel ini adalah: bagaimana konsep cinta direpresentasi dalam puisi-puisi karya Sapardi Djoko Damono; serta bagaimana pemaknaan konsep cinta tersebut dilihat dari penggunaan tanda-tanda di dalam puisi. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, konsep cinta akan dibahas pada kekuatan tanda yang hadir di dalam puisi. Tanda-tanda tersebut kemudian dianalisis berdasarkan teori semiotika yang dikemukakan oleh Pierce, yakni dengan memperhatikan representament, object, dan interpretant. Di samping itu, artikel ini juga menunjukkan hubungan (relasi) tanda dengan teks lain dan penggunaan gaya bahasanya. Pembahasan-pembahasannya kemudian bermuara pada pemaknaan konsep cinta yang terdapat pada puisi-puisi karya Sapardi Djoko Damono. Akhirnya, pemaknaan konsep cinta ini dapat dilihat sebagai konsep universal yang merujuk pada keperiadaan manusia sebagai bentuk eksistensinya di dunia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep cinta pada puisi-puisi Sapardi Djoko Damono ditemukan dalam tataran diksi, citraan, dan gaya bahasa. Konsep cinta yang ditemukan pada tataran struktur tersebut menjadi bagian penting dalam memahami puisi secara keseluruhan dan memaknai puisi-puisi tersebut.