The development of the concept of transference led to an early differentiation into varying methods and objects of transference analysis, referred to in this paper as ?work on transference? and ?work in transference?. Work on transference applies to the objectifiable aspect of transference as expressed in the stereotyped, recurrent behaviour of the patient outside as well as within the analytical setting, in the present and the past. Work in transference accepts the patient's current conception of the relationship, taking it further as a conflictfilled and sometimes stressful dialogue. Work on transference often includes genetical reconstructions and makes it possible for the patient to gain rational insights into the constant features of his experience and behaviour. Its main benefit takes the form of enhanced perception. Work in transference is aimed at change: it allows the patient to work through the internalized conflicts in relationships during discussion with the analyst, and, in his way to attain new conceptions for action and new object representations.
The theory of motivation proposed in this paper unites elements of psychoanalytic object relations theory, ego psychology and the theory of the drives. It is compatible with the theory of motivation proposed by Bischof. The wish for familiarity and the wish to relate to hitherto unknown objects, are both called basic relational wishes. The wishes for fusion, for relating to a person exactly like oneself, for being unconditionally accepted, the wish to be nurtured and to nurture some other person, the wish for being controlled or to control somebody else and for being admired because of gender characteristics, are called central relational wishes. These wishes correspond to the various stages of psychosexual development. They are characterised by the properties of the objects one wishes to relate to and by specific modes of relating. The influence of a person's being restricted to dyadic or multi-personal modes of relating to the intensity of central wishes is taken into account, as well as the influence of central relational wishes on the value system of a person.
Rationaalisen demokratian paluu? Jürgen Habermas Frankfurtin koulun ohjelman demokratisoijana
(1999)
The paper discusses Frieda Fromm-Reichmann's theoretical contributions on the psychotherapy of psychoses and refers it to other authors' views. Today widely accepted, she stressed transference and countertransference as es-sential issues in the treatment of severely disturbed patients. She disagreed with authors like Federn who interpreted the concept of regression in a way that to treat schizophrenics means to treat children of different ages. Different from Federn, she advocated interpretations also of the positive transference to show the patient where he stands in life. Later on, Fromm-Reichmann opposed John Rosen and his direct analysis interpreting first the contents of the psychotic's speech. She stressed the form of the interaction and of the everyday behaviour where she saw where the patient stands in the world. The discussion shows that Fromm-Reichmann developed her theories and practice in cooperation and discussion with other psychoanalysts working with psychotic patients.
Reply to Ann‑Louise Silver
(1999)
A essência psíquica do homem resulta de dicotomias existenciais que nascem da debilidade biológica da espécie e que naturalmente impulsionam os indivíduos a desenvolverem suas potencialidades éticas intrínsecas. Porém, uma vez na sociedade capitalista alienadora, o homem perde o espontâneo amor à vida e transforma-se alternativamente em terrível amor à morte.
Psychoanalysis is the product of a highly original and independent thinker from an historically marginalized minority with a perspective dedicated to plumbing the depths of our self-deceptions. Although the European anti-Semitism faced by Sigmund Freud was particularly relevant to his personal and professional identities, he was not unmindful of conflictual >race, creed and color< paradigms peculiar to the >New World<. Fragments from the analyses of two American psychiatrists (whose formative years were centered in the post-Civil War South) reveal the confluence of such crosscurrents in their autobiographical accounts of his inter- relationships with each of them.
There are many reasons why psychotherapy supervisees are prone to narcissistic vulnerability, in which feelings of self-esteem are challenged. In the supervisory process, the supervisee reveals his clinical ability, basic intuition and personal feelings, creating a powerful experience of self-exposure. Ego ideals towards which he aspires, compound this basic vulnerability. These ideals are challenged by the dual nature of mastery involved in the task of becoming a psychoanalyst. As a therapist, the supervisee is required to perform as something of an authority – if he is not yet an expert, he must appear to know a good deal more than the patient who is seeking his help, displaying some degree of mastery. As a student, he is clearly less knowledgeable than his supervisor, and, in the supervisory relationship, he displays his mastery in a very different way. There he is, at once, the >knowing< therapist and the >unknowing< supervisee. This paper examines the role of ego ideals and self-exposure in the experience of the supervisee, and explores special problems that occur with supervisees who present with narcissistic character defenses. Case vignettes are used to illustrate these ideas and implications for supervisory interventions are explored.