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- 2014 (416) (remove)
埃里希•弗洛姆作为20世纪西方著名的哲学家、心理学家和伦理学家,也是法兰克福文化批评学派的重要代表,著名的弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义者。自由问题自古便常谈而常新,时代发展到资本主义发达阶段,弗洛姆以其独特的理论建树和视角展开了对时代自由困境和出路的探讨。本文的主旨是对弗洛姆丰富的自由思想进行梳理,在此基础上将弗洛姆的自由思想放在更大的范围内进行比较和评判,并结合国内外的研究成果给予弗洛姆自由观客观理性的评价,将其自由观纳入其思想的至高处。在当代西方思想界对自由的研究中,弗洛姆的自由思想可谓深刻、全面和深入,但是许多相关论文和论著对弗洛姆的自由思想认识却不够深入和客观。弗洛姆自由思想内含许多内容,不可谓不深刻不系统。关注个体自由的人道主义情怀,关注社会实践的唯物实践观、关注个体人格和心理健全的精神分析观,以及颇具东方色彩的爱的哲学理念,这些都使得弗洛姆的自由思想具有不可替代的价值和意义。因而弗洛姆的自由思想在面对各种质疑和比较时,便往往越加显得深刻和全面。尤其最近几年对弗洛姆的研究再度兴起,也证明了弗洛姆思想的前瞻性和深刻性。本文主要分为以下几个部分:第一部分是对弗洛姆自由思想的理论背景和时代背景进行介绍,结合弗洛姆的个人经历,探寻其自由思想的来源。第二部分是对弗洛姆的自由观进行重点阐释和介绍,按照逻辑顺序对其自由观进行整体的感知和把握。自由的现状、困境、认识以及实现等都包含在弗洛姆的自由观里。并看到弗洛姆自由观的特色便是借助精神分析学对个体人格和心理进行剖析,探求逃避自由背后的深层原因。第三部分是在整体把握弗洛姆自由思想的基础上,结合国内国外的相关研究,展开一个横向或纵向的比较和分析,深入认识弗洛姆自由观的合理性和深刻性,并在一定程度上回击相关论述对弗洛姆自由思想的>管中窥豹<式质疑和误解。最后一部分便是对弗洛姆的自由观的意义和地位给于理性评价和认识,看到弗洛姆自由思想的时代发展和独创性。
In >The Revisionist Psychoanalysis<, Adorno criticizes the neo-Freudian psychoanalysis for losing the critical edge of Freud’s theory with regard to social critique. Neo-Freudians whom Adorno calls >revisionists< criticize Freud for his >mechanical< views of the human psyche and for his over-emphasis on sexual libido. They reverse Freud’s dictum – >where id was, there ego shall be< – by stressing the importance of development of the ego, and thus that of its adaptive functions. For revisionists, the aim of psychoanalytic practice is to help analysands be better adapted to their social environment. According to Adorno, the revisionist psychoanalysis is suspected of conformism, and implicitly advocating an ideology that what is existent is the best of all possible worlds. The emphasis on adaptation actually weakens the ego instead of strengthening it – leaving it vulnerable to the whim of social conditions, and that of instinctual impulses. Most importantly, it weakens individuals’ ability to think critically and makes them susceptible to ideological and psychological manipulation against their own rational interests.
Preface
(2014)
Erich Fromm (1900–80)
(2014)
While alienation is an ancient human phenomenon, largely because of the social-economic structure of American society, its pervasiveness and extensiveness today is unrivaled in all of history. This, at least was the view of a popular social critic and psychoanalyst, Erich Fromm. In his analysis this market-oriented society had produced almost totally alienated men. Alienation characterized their relationship to their work, to the things they consumed, to the State, to their fellow men and even to themselves. 2 Everyone and everything was thus treated as commodities whose values depended on their exchange values on the personality and commodity market. 3 Therefore, being in demand was held to be the supreme value by alienated man, and as a result he was another-directed man, a conformist, a slave to irrational authority. It was as his most comprehensive solution to this moral and social predicament that Fromm made the concept of man’s realization of his intellectual, emotional, and sensuous potentialities the foundations in his theory of the good. [Taken from University's Website: http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/31579]