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Inhaltlich geht es in dieser Arbeit vorrangig darum, die Erkenntnisse Wilhelm von Humboldts aus seiner sprachwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung >Über den Dualis< (1827) zunächst einmal in den Kontext ihrer Zeit einzubinden – folglich in die Epoche des Neuhumanismus – um dann in einem nächsten Schritt zu zeigen, in welchem Zusammenhang bzw. Verhältnis Humboldts Auffassung mit der Ich-Du Philosophie eines Martin Buber sowie der humanistisch-sozialistischen Charaktertheorie eines Erich Fromm steht. Letztlich soll somit gezeigt werden, ob – und wenn ja in welchem Umfang – Humboldts Ideen von Bedeutung für spätere Theoretiker und damit für die heutige Pädagogik waren bzw. sind.
Éloge de la perversion, ou >Éloge tempéré d’une perversion incertaine par météo de gros temps<
(2005)
In. Reply to Altman's and Schellekes's questions and discussion, the author explores in more depth his own theoretical-technical point of view in order to clarify – chiefly in the light of a modern application of Ferenczi's and Heimann's way of thinking – the rationale for the selection of clinical facts in his paper.
In response to Franco Borgogno's article, the author talks about the dread of falling, a theme that appears in some of the dreams presented in Borgogno's case study and that conceals very primitive anxieties, each resulting from specific object relations constellations. The discussion elaborates the understanding of this dread through various theoretical perspectives as well as through Samuel Beckett's (1946) short story, >The Expelled.<.
The thoughtful discussions of my paper by Alan Schore, Wilma Bucci, and James Fosshage raise important considerations about the relationship between theory, research, and the micromoment interactions constituting the activity of psychoanalysis. For the opportunity afforded by their contributions, and to Psychoanalytic Dialogues for publishing our exchanges, I express deep gratitude. I am initially impacted by the appreciation shown by my colleagues for the approach I am illustrating to clinical attention and its value for an expanded and, in certain ways, revised scope of psychoanalytic activity. In particular, I am appreciative of the ways that each commentator has taken up my emphasis on expanding psychoanalytic attention beyond symbolic pathways of exchange and has further contributed to understanding how this can occur. As part of a consideration of points of convergence and difference between us, I address how such convergences and differences shape both the values and pitfalls of comparisons across research, theory, and practice.
Steven H. Knoblauch has been developing a strategy and theoretical perspective for using and understanding complex nonverbal experiences and communications that occur in the analytic exchange. His delineation of nonverbal communication contributes substantially to the ongoing expansion of our views of psychoanalytic interaction and theories of therapeutic action. This expansion, contributed to by many, involves the development of an interactive systems model in which verbal and nonverbal communications are viewed as actions occurring at explicit and implicit levels. In a number of Knoblauch's clinical illustrations, subsymbolic processes rapidly invoke, or are invoked by, nonverbal or imagistic symbolic processing and meaning-making as well, often followed by verbal symbolizing processing. Subsymbolic and verbal and imagistic symbolic processing, intrinsic modes of organizing data, probably continually influence one another bidirectionally in a flowing feedback loop.
Bucci's model of emotional communication, developed in the context of her theory of multiple coding and the referential process, is applied to Knoblauch's microanalytic report of his experience of the patient and himself and their interactions during a single session of an ongoing treatment. The referential process is a bidirectional function connecting the diverse sensory, somatic, and motoric representations of the subsymbolic system with imagery and words. The process operates partially and to varying degrees within both participants in the case presented here, the dissociation among systems is severe, and emotional communication within the dyad occurs at first primarily in subsymbolic, bodily forms. Where gaps in the referential process exist for the patient, the analyst's own experience and associations operate to evoke new connections for her we see this process in moment-by-moment glimpses of the analyst's experience and his interactions with the patient. Gaps in the reader's knowledge, and possibly the analyst's knowledge, of the patient are discussed.
In October 2004 it was my pleasure to present at a cutting-edge conference entitled The Interplay of Implicit and Explicit Processes in Psychoanalysis. In addition to offering an address (>The Essential Role of the Right Brain in the Implicit Self: Development, Psychopathogenesis, and Psychotherapy<), I also provided a commentary to Steven Knoblauch's excellent paper, >Body Rhythms and the Unconscious: Toward an Expanding of Clinical Attention.< In the following, I briefly summarize these presentations, with the purpose of showing how current advances in developmental and neuropsychoanalysis are being incorporated into the practice of clinical psychoanalysis. This work is part of an ongoing effort to expand regulation theory, an overarching theoretical model of the development, psychopathogenesis, and treatment of the implicit self.
Wish, Need, Drive: Motive in the Light of Dynamic Systems Theory and Edelman's Selectionist Theory
(2005)
Limitations to the process of symbolization for communication in psychoanalytic work are considered as the basis for an expansion of clinical attention to include embodied experience as a source of unconscious meaning. The displacement effect of language and the futility that language meets, as description of lived experience, are key points recognized in the contributions of Daniel Stern and Jacques Lacan. Irwin Hoffman's critique of assumptions underlying Freud's technique for analytic work are reviewed as a point of departure for recommending a relational approach to analytic attention expanded with an emphasis on micromoment-embodied communication in addition to symbolized communication. A clinical narrative is offered, highlighting the rhythms of movement between embodied and verbally symbolized communication as a basis for constructing unconscious meaning. The implications of this approach are summarized for expanding analytic attention to include registers of communication in addition to the verbal symbolic.
This paper revisits the case of >Karen< (>Whose Bad Objects Are We Anyway? Repetition and Our Elusive Love Affair with Evil,< PD 14/6) eight years after the time period described in the earlier paper, and uses this case material as a backdrop for discussing a relational reformulation of the termination process. The paper posits that an analysis conducted around a model of mind that holds multiple self–other configurations as the fundamental organizing structures needs to take these self–other configurations into account in ending an intensive treatment. Therefore termination becomes, from this perspective, a series of endings between multiple self–other dyads that have emerged during the treatment process. Extended clinical material is provided to illustrate this point of view.
Stephen Wangh's thoughtful essay on revenge and forgiveness in Laramie, Wyoming, raises a number of questions about the role of psychoanalytic theory in shaping as well as reflecting culture. The events that took place in Laramie cannot just be material for psychoanalysts to examine and interpret. Rather, Laramie is a mirror that forces us to reflect on ourselves and our own contribution to the killing of Matthew Shepherd because he was gay. Psychoanalysts have described gay men as immature, predatory, paranoid, narcissistic, sadistic, masochistic, and pitiable. As the major discourse on gender and sexuality in the Western world, we have been and remain an influential part of the larger context in which gay men become the targets of hatred disguised as moral outrage. Rigid gender prescriptions add to the problem by pathologizing some groups and idealizing others. Psychoanalysts need to acknowledge this homophobia and its consequences directly and begin to rethink theory along more intersubjective, less value-laden lines. Some parallels to the South African truth and reconciliation movement are suggested.
Davies contributes to the development of relational theory by formulating and illustrating what occurs during especially difficult moments in an analytic exchange. In understanding enactments, Davies importantly underscores the contribution of both the analyst's and patient's >bad objects.< This author attempts to build bridges between Davies' language and concepts anchored in object relations theory and this author's language and concepts based in contemporary or relational self psychology, including the integration of cognitive psychology. In addition, this author delineates the use of the >empathic,< >othercentered,< and >analyst's self< listening/experiencing perspectives to explicate the case material and to provide alternative understandings and pathways for psychoanalytic work. The thesis set forth is that the use of different listening/experiencing perspectives expands choice for the analyst when working in difficult moments of the clinical exchange.
Replying to eight commentaries on my paper submitted by readers of this journal, I address such disparate issues as matters of training and supervision, theories of regression, the analyst's self-states, the patient's vital purpose, complexities of doing for the Other, and the question of what needs to be spoken (interpreted, formulated, declared) explicitly between patient and analyst. I further explore the meaning of my stating to my patient that I would not hug her in our analytic work ahead. And I respond to questions regarding my concept of the paradoxical analytic triangle.