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One of the perennial questions in Shakespeare studies concerns what Coleridge called the >motiveless malignity< of Iago. Instead of looking at Iago as an individual, however, I will argue that he is best understood as a representation of the >social character< of early modern bourgeois man. Iago’s denial of spiritual values and his mercenary nature can be understood in this light. Fromm’s theses concerning the interconnections among anal libido, the death instinct, malignant aggression, and necrophilia all find support in Shake-speare’s supreme villain.
O ensaio discute e afirma a atualidade da Criminologia Crítica a partir da identificação de sua emergência na Escola de Frankfurt e, em consequência, dos vínculos entre a constituição do saber criminológico crítico e a crítica das violências institucionais. Ao apresentar as diferenças entre as teorias tradicional e crítica, aponta as relações entre razão jurídica e razão instrumental e direciona o enfoque aos autores do círculo externo da Escola de Frankfurt que enfrentaram a questão penal (Rusche, Kirchheimer, Neumann e Fromm). Ao final, projeta formas de atuação do saber crítico nos campos da Criminologia e do Direito Penal.
人性是包含人区别于动物的各种特性或属性的动态系统,在人性系统内部的各种特性或属性相互作用、相互联系,是社会属性和自然属性的统一,是本质属性和非本质属性的统一。人性观即是对人性的总的观点和基本看法。人性观在弗洛姆和马克思的理论中均占有十分重要的位置。弗洛姆的人性观是其整个理论体系的基石,而马克思的人性观也是贯穿其历史唯物主义的逻辑线索。本文拟对弗洛姆与马克思的人性观进行比较分析,弗洛姆对马克思理论的继承性使两者的人性观具有某些共同的基础,而弗洛姆对马克思理论的综合又使两者在人性问题上存在根本分歧。从>人性<这一核心问题入手,在对弗洛姆与马克思人性理论的整体把握的基础上,本文较为全面地阐明了两者人性理论的相通性与差异性,同时也较为深刻地认识了弗洛姆人性观的理论价值与局限,以及马克思人性观的科学性。本文的研究主要分为四个部分:第一部分探讨了弗洛姆人性观的理论基础,包括弗洛姆人性观产生的现实土壤和思想来源,在此基础上,进一步分析了弗洛姆对马克思人性观的综合,明确本文进行比较的基础;第二部分阐述了弗洛姆对马克思人性观的继承,包括以现实的人为出发点,在社会历史进程中考察人性,批判资本主义社会中人性的异化。第三部分是本文的重点部分,对弗洛姆与马克思人性观的分歧进行了具体分析,主要从人的本质规定、人的发展路径、人的异化根源以及人性解放路径四个方面展开论述。研究发现:弗洛姆将人看作某种有待实现的固定潜能,人性发展史也就是人通过劳动实现自身潜能的历史,人的异化自人诞生起就存在,是由人的潜能要求得到实现,但人的现实处境却阻碍人的潜能实现的矛盾造成,也即人的本质与存在的矛盾造成。而人的潜能的实现就在于通过心理革命和社会改革创造一个符合人性的环境。与之不同,马克思从现实的人的物质生产实践活动出发,指出人类的历史也即人在生产劳动基础上不断摆脱纯粹动物的需要,生成人的需要的过程。人的活动成为异己的存在从分工产生的私有制开始,在资本主义社会,这种异己状态达到顶峰。因而人的解放就在于扬弃资本主义私有制,进行共产主义运动。第四部分在前文的基础上,对弗洛姆与马克思的人性观进行了评析。本文认为,弗洛姆的人性观在一定程度上丰富了对人内心的探讨,具有重要的启示价值,但仍具有一定的抽象色彩。而马克思的人性观是科学的人性观,这种科学性体现在对劳动在人性生成中的作用的科学把握、对现实人性存在于社会关系中的科学把握以及对人的发展和社会发展是在劳动实践基础上的统一的科学把握。只有正确地理解人性,才能找到正确的方法来解决人的生存危机,在建设社会主义和谐社会中贯穿真正人的尺度。
政治现代性是现代政治的特质,也是现代政治发展的内在理据与推动力量。自启蒙运动以来,在理性主义的指引下,促进人的主体性与自主性、保障人的权利与自由、实现社会公平与正义成为政治的主要目标,政治也由此日益丰富了其现代性内涵。然而,现代政治的弊病也隐含其中,特别是民主的异化、官僚主义与极权主义等现象,引发了学者们的深入反思并逐渐形成了现代性批判的浪潮,法兰克福学派即为典型代表,尽管政治现代性批判往往隐没于社会批判与文化批判理论中。通过文献梳理可以发现,弗洛姆对政治现代性的反思与批判既与其成长经历有关,又端赖于当时独特的社会历史背景,也得益于他的求学与研究经历。与其他学者相较,>匿名权威<是弗洛姆批判理论中独特的学术概念,也是弗洛姆政治现代性批判的理论依据与主脉络。正是>匿名权威<的存在,才导致了现代政治中民主制度的异化、选举制度的异化、官僚主义与极权主义,弗洛姆对之进行了全面而深入的剖析与批判,并分析了走出>匿名权威<的路径,这些构成了弗洛姆政治现代性批判的基本内容。西方马克思主义具有资本主义批判的学术传统,作为其中的重要代表,弗洛姆对政治现代性的批判独具特色、内涵丰富,对此加以研究,不但可以推动学术界对弗洛姆的研究、拓展现代性研究视域,也对当前我国的社会主义政治现代化建设具有切实的警示、启发意义。
This paper presents the text of an imagined oration from a senior faculty member to a newly hired faculty member on the topic of how to stay sane in the academy. It begins by characterizing the basic problem at the heart of the university: students are not learning as much as they should and professors are not teaching them in a way that ensures they do. The problem is one of dysfunction and denial. The university is not able to effectively perform its main function and the involved stakeholders pretend everything is fine. Seen in the light of Fromm’s (1955) criteria of mental health, many aspects of modern university life are quite >insane<. I discuss three specific things to avoid that will protect the faculty member’s sanity: avoid the >unstated compact< between faculty and students, avoid the prospect of a promotion to the administration, and avoid the lure of popularity and politics. I then discuss three affirmative steps to enhance faculty mental health: consider first things, honor the call of truth in the world and your discipline, and regularly recall the deeper purpose of the university. The paper concludes with a candid analysis of why the professoriate’s public prestige has precipitously fallen over the past 40 years. (APA PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)
Die Diagnose des in der gegenwärtigen bürgerlichen Gesellschaft lebenden Menschen wird aus dem Gesichtspunkt des sich entfremdeten Individuums von Fromm eingehend aber etwas einseitig beschrieben. In seinen Untersuchungen vermischen sich soziologische und psychologische Elemente. Die Entfremdung spielt in seinen Werken eine zenrale Rolle, während deren Analyse werden die Gedanken von Marx in grossem Masse verwendet; dementsprechend wird Freud von ihm revidiert.
If psychoanalysis is to avoid total marginalization, something has to be changed in the way future generations are prepared for working with patients and doing research. Reformation of psychoanalytic education may easily be the crucial issue when it comes to the survival of psychoanalysis. Its current organizational scheme has been criticized for various reasons, and various models of its structure have been proposed. I advocate a model that would combine the best features of the university education (training in clinical skills together with philosophy of science and research methodology) with personal analysis as part of psychoanalytic institutes. Although universities can remedy some of the problems of psychoanalytic institutions, they cannot contain the subjective experience of being analyzed.
不管是在心理学还是文学领域,学界对于>孤独<的研究经久不衰。由于人类与生具来的内在矛盾,>孤独<作为一种心理负能量,一直存在在人类精神中,但常常被控制在精神健康的平衡系统中,不被发觉。外在的因素如社会的动荡和历史的剧变会加剧>独孤<,使之成为一种精神危机。作为文学主题,作者在描写>孤独<时通常表现出双重重心:既批判并反思社会现实对人类精神的迫害,又用人文主义关怀和诗意的文学手法来表达>孤独<情感。第二次世界大战前后的20世纪40年代处在动荡飘摇之中,两部以孤独为主题的作品问世:阿根廷作家萨瓦托的《隧道》和美国作家麦卡勒斯的《心是孤独的猎手》。笔者分析这两部作品发现,两部小说的主人公对于孤独的感受有着相似的起因,相似的症状,和相似的徒劳的挣扎和悲惨的结局。这两部作品的可比性在于:首先,虽然二战前后的精神动乱和存在主义的心理危机是导致主人公感到孤独的共同原因,但文学作为特定社会与个人精神世界的结合,必定烙下那个特定历史社会的印记,也体现着作家的文学风格和审美倾向;其次,分析比较两部作品中主人公的孤独的原因,孤独的症状,和孤独的挣扎,能够从精神分析的层面更加全面地理解孤独和对抗孤独。在弗洛姆精神分析的理论框架下,本文将分三个步骤对两部作品进行对比研究:孤独的原因,孤独的症状,和孤独的徒劳挣扎。通过这三点的对比,本文试图对孤独作为一种>心理危机<有更加系统的理解和应对;通过对孤独原因的分析,本文希望把握20世纪40年代全球发生的现实和心理剧变,以及阿根廷和美国各自暴露的社会问题;通过对比两部作品对>孤独<症状的文学表现,分析两位作者的文学风格和审美倾向。
Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1941) charts the growth and decline of freedom and selfawareness in the West from the Middle Ages to modern times, when people sought refuge from insecurity and responsibility in totalitarian movements, such as Nazism and Fascism. In contrast to the thesis that >Escape from Freedom< is evidence of >The Americanization of a European Intellectual,< Fromm wrote it because freedom, or the lack of it, was an acute problem in Nazi Germany, not America. His language and concepts were formed and fused during the crucial ideological and intellectual struggles of a specific, wretched moment in German history, the rise and triumph of Nazism; hence, he waged a Kulturkampf against Nazi barbarism to save Western humanist civilization.