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James Joyce represents one of the most significant novelists of the twentieth century and an adherent of the great tradition of humanistic ethics. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine, primarily in the light of humanistic ethics, the process of the artistic coming of age of the main character of Portrait, Stephen Dedalus. The basic principles of Humanism tend to view man in his physical and spiritual totality, believing that man’s fundamental aim is to >be man< and that the major prerequisite for achieving that aim is to be >man for himself<. Stephen Dedalus epitomizes Fromm’s type of man of productive character, in the sense that he gradually frees himself from the >nets< of Irish society represented in the form of constraints of nationality, family, and religion which he sees as threatening forces bent upon annihilating his own individuality. Stephen Dedalus manages to accomplish true affirmation of his individuality only through artistic vocation. Moreover, it could be argued that Stephen D. (Joyce himself) stands for the epitome of a genuine intellectual living in self-imposed exile and who is, according to the words of philosopher Julien Benda, a guardian and a bearer of independent thought who is loyal solely to truth.
>Who?, where?, what?, in which way?, to whom?< – besides being the questions Paula Heimann suggested that any analyst should ask him- or herself while exploring the patient's communications, these are also the main issues the authors addressed through the results of their survey on the present state of the relationship between psychoanalysis and universities in Europe. This is a pilot study that tries to chart a map of European psychoanalysts (for the moment including only members of the International Psychoanalytic Society) working at various levels in universities. The aim is to set up a network between them for starting a debate on shared problems, hopes, and anxieties relating to the future of psychoanalysis in academia.
This article presents the evolution of a face-to-face analysis of a severely disturbed 16-year-old girl. In the first part of the analysis, communication was mainly at a nonverbal level, via gestures, body movements, gaze, long silences and the coded language of dreams without associations. The importance of listening is stressed, including a >hearing with eyes,< in order to attune to presymbolic levels of the patient's psychic organization and to gather preverbal elements of her subjective expression. The analytic device is considered as a transformation system through which unconscious somatopsychic processes – sensorial, emotional and protomental states – acquire the quality of representability. In the final phase of the analysis, thanks to her acquired capacity to narrate, relive and work through what had been enacted in the relationship and what had been discarded, repeated and transformed in dreams, the patient succeeded in revealing and signifying her internal experience in the context of the transference. The author is confident that the introjection of the analytic experience and the elaboration of the separation from the analyst will further modify, in the post-analysis, the traumatic memory of the death of the patient's mother, which is repeated in the transference at the end of the analysis.
El objetivo para este trabajo ha sido realizar una aproximación indirecta en cuanto al desarrollo de la conciencia moral y de las manifestaciones psicopatológicas asociadas al mismo, utilizando la estrategia epidemiológica en una comunidad rural escasamente desarrollada. – Desde la perspectiva de la evolución de la conciencia moral, los resultados permiten inferir que las manifestaciones sindromáticas de interiorización, aparecen tempranamente, 4 a 5 años, y que dependen más de la relación establecida con los padres y de la presencia de psicopatología en éstos. De los 6 a 8 años, se hace notoria la participación del marco de creencias religiosas y posiblemente su contraste en el proceso de socialización. Por otra parte, las manifestaciones de exteriorización, claramente se hacen patentes en la adolescencia en el estadio del nivel post-convencional del razonamiento moral.
Lacan comenta: >El yo es un sujeto a medias<. El ser humano se compone de una parte consciente en donde entran enjuego todos los fenómenos neurofisiológicos que permiten el saber del sí mismo y del entorno socio-natural que esta alrededor del ser. Por otra parte, se encuentra todo el fenómeno de lo inconsciente, lo que paradójicamente significa no saber del sí mismo. Conciencia (fenómenos neurofisiológicos) e inconsciente (lo existente no conocido por el sujeto) no se encuentran disociados, muy por el contrario; y es el motivo de este trabajo; hay una relación que no puede omitirse. Lenguaje, aprendizaje y memoria, áreas cerebrales y los fenómenos éticos son en sí una totalidad que se fundamenta en la naturaleza del ser.
Since 1999, the author has been working as a psychoanalyst in Munich, Germany, in the context of the German National Health Service, which covers psychoanalytic psychotherapy of up to 300 sessions with a frequency of up to three times a week. He has mostly been working with Italian patients in their common mother language. In other words, globalisation has made it possible to help patients heal the wounds of their old Italian self, develop a new German self, integrate them with each other, and thus allow foreign patients to become >citizens of the world.< After presenting the context of his clinical work, including the German Kassensystem and the characteristics of the Italian patients he works with, the author provides the reader with a review of the literature on migration and identity from a psychoanalytic point of view. Sociology and literature also offer an important key to the understanding of his patients. At this point in the paper, the author presents three patients, their history, the background of their migration to Germany, and the work he did with them. This allows him to come to the conclusion that psychoanalysis can help patients actualise the potentialities intrinsic in globalisation, in order to move towards a richer and more sophisticated identity.
Theodore J. Jacobs is training and supervising analyst at the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and the New York University Psychoanalytic Institute. He is also clinical professor of psychiatry at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the New York University School of Medicine. Furthermore, Dr Jacobs is on the editorial board of Psychoanalytic Quarterly (Editorial Board and Board of Directors), Psychoanalytic Inquiry, International Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, and Journal of Clinical Psychoanalysis. He has written over 50 papers and book reviews on a variety of psychoanalytic topics, as well as two books: The use of the self: Countertransference and communication in the analytic situation (Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1991) and On beginning an analysis (co-edited with Arnold Rothstein; Madison, CT: International Universities Press, 1998).
This paper tries to follow the historical development of the ideas related to the term >primary identification.< It is shown that Freud's thinking regarding primary identification was developed around the phenomenon of mass suggestion, which was explained using the concept of identification with the leader, >primary identification,< and Einfühlung. However, two false translations from Freud's German to English led to severe confusion in the subsequent literature. The most important one was that >Einfühlung< was translated as >empathy.< It is shown that Freud meant by Einfühlung something like affect contagion that was considered to be an inborn capacity to activate motoric patterns by just looking at the behavior of other human beings. This idea is a conceptual forerunner of mirror neurons. The activation of these is a prerequisite for empathy, but without separation between the self and the other, the attribution to which the feeling belongs is impossible. Kernberg, following Klein, uses the term >introjection< for the process of very early internalisations. We are proposing to discriminate interjections from identifications following Piaget's description of assimilation versus accommodation.
Attachment and the driving force of development: A critical discussion of empirical infant research
(2010)
Empirical infant research has led to an enormous expansion of our knowledge of the psychological functions of the infant. From a psychoanalytic perspective, however, it must be questioned whether this research has increased our knowledge of internal psychic life and helped answer the questions of what initiates and drives development. In the first part of this article, we argue that psychoanalysis must necessarily adopt a critical stance towards a scholarly ideal that rests on the positivist empirical tradition. Psychoanalysis has as its object unconscious processes that cannot be directly observed. In the following section, we take as our point of departure the project of attachment theory that Peter Fonagy and his colleagues have developed in an attempt to reconcile psychoanalysis with the empirical and experimental study of small children, and we demonstrate concretely the limitations of such a project vis-à-vis the exploration of the psychic reality of the child. Our line of reasoning continues to demonstrate how drive theory can be shaped so as to contain an object relations theoretical perspective – as has taken place in Jean Laplanche's reinterpretation of the theory of seduction – without abandoning the psychoanalytic theory of the drive and the unconscious.
The decline of the Liberal Arts in the 21st century is rooted in late 20th century trends, including grade inflation, the decline of rational authority, the rise of anonymous authority, and consumerism, which abets the tendency to elevate the pursuit of students’ >self-esteem< above scholarly rigor. While the Left and the Right are apt to blame their ideological opponents, both share some responsibility for this state of af-fairs, which can only be remedied if they own up to their own erroneous oversights, and agree to work together.
Ayer y hoy, la decadencia
(2010)
Existe una correlación entre los ideales o convicciones compartidas por el líder y la masa. Aquel no es más que la encarnación y ejecutor de tales convicciones. En el caso del tirano y del genocida se comparten la suprema indiferencia y el desprecio a la vida. Esto generalmente ocurre a nivel inconsciente ya que la apariencia conciente pudiera ser de oposición o desacuerdo a las ideas del líder. Las superestructuras sociales y especialmente los medios de comunicación al servicio del estado y sus intereses, juegan un papel decisivo en el manejo y condicionamiento de la conciencia de las masas. Hitler es el prototipo histórico del genocida, del carácter decadente, que encarnó los ideales o convicciones destructivas de miles de seguidores.
Begrüßung – Fromm-Preis 2010
(2010)
The fruitful philosophical thought of Erich Fromm reaching into the onto¬logical secrets of man’s native guaranteed essence by duality of possession and being in their dialectic opposition is important and yet sufficiently unexplored source of value paradigms of the social work science. Fromm’s thought opens up for the humanities of social work the issues of human totality and to him immanent existential teleology the aspects of which are practically met on a daily basis by social workers without them being aware of it. In that context social work (spontaneous through professional one) presents a particular type of prevailing/existing asceticism (self-abnegation) in which historical- civili¬zation roots have settled the principles of activity self-creation, inter-humanitarian sharing, commonness, mutuality, solidarity and love as pivotal bases of existential sense and joy.