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德裔美籍心里分析学家、哲学家和社会学家埃利希•弗罗姆(E(?) Fromm),1900年3月23日生于德国美因河畔法兰克福一个商人的家庭。他是一个独生子,双亲都是犹太人,母亲经常抑郁寡欢,父亲则只知赚钱,性格暴躁、喜怒无常。在这样的气氛中,他自述>成了一个孤独的孩子<。父母的神经质,加上他少年期间女友的自杀,以及二次大战法西斯主义的疯狂行径使他深人,也是法兰克福学派的重要代表人物之一。1980年3月18日于瑞士的洛迦诺逝世。 感孤独、苦闷,陷于沉思之中。1922年他在德国海德堡大学获哲学博士学位,曾在慕尼黑大学和柏林精神分析研究所工作;1929年到1934年,他在法兰克福心理分析研究所和社会研究所工作。纳粹夺取政权后,他流亡美国,曾在纽约社会研究所及美国心理分析研究所工作,并先后在耶鲁大学、墨西哥大学、密执安大学、纽约大学任教,是美国新弗洛伊德主义的创始
A Room for One's Own
(1993)
Foreword
(1993)
This study explored the role of authoritarianism in presidential decision-making regarding the use of force. Harry Truman's decision to fight in Korea, John Kennedy's decision to increase American military advisers in Vietnam, Lyndon Johnson's decision to increase American forces in Vietnam, Richard Nixon's decision to invade Cambodia, Ronald Reagan's decision to invade Grenada, and George Bush's decision to attack Iraq were studied using the Revised Authoritarianism Questionnaire (RAQ), designed for the study on the basis of earlier field studies using the F-Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and R. N. Sanford, 1950) and the RWA scale (Altemeyer, 1988). The RAQ was used to do a content analysis of writings about the six presidents' decisions to use force in order to determine the degree of authoritarianism in the decision making process. – Theoretical literature on authoritarianism including Wilhelm Reich, Erich FROMM, Max Horkheimer, Abraham Maslow and others was reviewed. Field studies of authoritarianism: the F-Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and R. N. Sanford, 1950), the Authoritarian-Equalitarian Scale (F. Sanford, 1950), and the RWA scale (Altemeyer, 1988) were also reviewed. Precis of writings about the decisions were taken from the writings of the presidents, their aides and advisers, and other sources with first-hand information. Balance was sought among supporters and opponents of each president in the precis. The RAQ is a twelve item scale which assesses directly the factors of authoritarianism. It is scored using a five-point Likert scale. Using the RAQ an overall authoritarianism rating as well as ratings on each of the scale items was obtained for each president studied.
Geschichte der Selbstanalyse
(1993)
The Bureaucratic Machine
(1993)
What Is Politics?
(1993)