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In this article, I interpret Hezbollah’s birth and role in Lebanon’s sociopolitical life from a group and family psychoanalytic perspective. In particular, I examine whether Hezbollah, as one of Lebanon’s >children,< can be seen as the >designated patient< and >symptom< of its large family, nation-state >incestual< dynamics and complicated separation and individuation process. As a designated patient, Hezbollah performs the double-sided function of gluing its fragmented nation-state together while carrying the weight of being its breaking force. In this logic, Hezbollah’s paradoxical role in the Lebanese nation-state family would be similar to that of a >scapegoat/Messiah,< who carries both the family’s incestual dynamics and internal tensions and its hope for a solid and cohesive nation-state identity. To build a cohesive nation-state identity, Hezbollah’s ideology acts as a prosthesis for Lebanon’s narcissistic fragility, which replenishes the narcissistic hemorrhage of its perforated bodily and psychic envelopes. I also reflect on whether a national mediation process informed by a group psychoanalytic approach could help Lebanon constitute a more functional ego-nation-state and thus renounce the need for a designated patient. Hezbollah would be better capable of giving up its pathological ideological position.
Penelitian ini berjudul >Konsep Cinta Erich Fromm sebagai Dasar Relasi Autentik Sesama Manusia dalam Perspektif Relasi Aku-Engkau Martin Buber<. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keterasingan dan kesepian yang dialami oleh manusia modern, akibat kerusakan dan kekacauan hubungan yang sejati antar manusia. Penelitian ini akan mengusulkan konsep cinta Erich Fromm sebagai solusi terhadap permasalahan tersebut. Konsep cinta Erich Fromm akan dikaji lebih dalam menggunakan pemikiran Martin Buber mengenai dua mode relasi manusia yang menunjukkan relasi autentik dan tidak autentik, yaitu relasi Aku-Engkau dan relasi Aku-Itu. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mendeskripsikan konsep cinta Erich Fromm serta menganalisis konsep cinta tersebut sebagai dasar relasi autentik subjek dengan subjek menggunakan perspektif relasi Aku-Engkau sebagai relasi yang sesuai dengan kodrat eksistensi manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif di bidang ilmu filsafat. Model penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan (library research). Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari data utama dan data pendukung yang terdiri dari buku, jurnal, maupun sumber kepustakaan lainnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui langkah-langkah yang meliputi persiapan, kemudian klasifikasi data, dan terakhir analisis data. Analisis data menggunakan metode analisis kefilsafatan dengan unsur metodis yang terdiri dari deskripsi, interpretasi, heuristika, dan refleksi kritis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep cinta Erich Fromm atau dikenal juga dengan konsep cinta produktif merupakan solusi yang tepat untuk mengatasi keterasingan dan kesepian yang dialami oleh manusia modern, karena sesuai dengan kodrat eksistensi manusia. Konsep cinta Erich Fromm mengandung prinsip-prinsip seperti perlindungan, tanggung jawab, rasa hormat, dan pengetahuan yang tidak ada dalam bentuk cinta lainnya. Konsep cinta Erich Fromm menegaskan akan adanya elemen relasi yang autentik seperti keterlibatan timbal balik, keterbukaan, mutualitas, penegasan atas keliyanan (otherness) yang lain, serta penerimaannya atas konflik.
Erich Fromm
(1988)
This descriptive summary of sociological theories is a text, designed primarily for use in undergraduate sociology courses, and presented in 11 Chpts, with an author's Preface. Emphases are on the interplay between theory and methodology and the range of theories of social structure. Chpt (1) What Is Sociological Theory? – defines six different meanings of theory, explains their diverse characteristics, and differentiates between speculative vs grounded and macro vs micro types of theory; also examined are theoretical models and theoretical functions. (2) Theory and Sociological Inquiry – describes the lasting conflict between theory and empiricism, the reciprocal interplay between theory and research, and emphasizes the value of middle-range theories in encouraging research. (3) System Theory – discusses mechanistic, organismic, and structural models of systems theory and their use in research, explaining the contributions of Vilifredo Pareto, Claude Levi-Strauss, Pitirim A. Sorokin, and others; it presents Talcott Parsons's typology of systems, ie, social, cultural, personality, and behavioral. (4) Functionalism – offers historical and critical perspectives on functionalism, and summarizes Robert K. Merton's postulates in functional analysis, eg, of the functional unity of society and of the indispensibility of established patterns. (5) Conflict Theory – identifies the competitive-economic and political power traditions, the theories of Karl Marx, Ralf Dahrendorf, and C. Wright Mills, the contributions of the Frankfurt school to critical theory, and radical positions. (6) Exchange Theory – relates the origins of exchange theory in anthropology, economics, and psychology, and points to the essential roles of James Frazer, Bronislaw Malinowski, Marcel Mauss, and Claude Levi-Strauss; the behavioral approach of George Homans and Peter Blau's structural analysis of social exchange are compared, and norms of justice and reciprocity are illustrated. (7) Theories of Anomie and Alienation – uses classic texts, eg, Emile Durkheim's Suicide and Merton's Social Structure and Anomie to explore the relation between anomie and class structure, and examines theories of alienation of Karl Marx, Erich FROMM, Richard Schact, and others. (8) Symbolic Interactionism – defines interaction in relation to the individual and society, and summarizes the part played by Charles Horton Cooley in focusing theoretical attention on the individual and the primary group; basic notions in George Herbert Mead's social psychology are defined, and interactionist perspectives of Herbert Blumer, Manfred Kuhn, and Erving Goffman are summarized. (9) John H. Morgan – Phenomenological Sociology – characterizes the interpretive function of phenomenology and ethnomethodology, which are focused on the individual social actor's perspective. The original views of Edmund Husserl and Karl Mannheim, later synthesized by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann and others in a sociology of knowledge, are explained. (10) Continuing Debate on Behaviorism, Structuralism and Quantitativism – describes four general categories of theories of the individual's relationship with society, ie, nominalism, interactionism, neo-nominalism, and realism. Also included are attempts to integrate psychological and structural views, eg, by Alex Inkeles; neopositivism, and the reaction against its exclusive use in social analysis, are characterized. (11) Two Macro Theoretical Approaches – traces the origins and development of ecological and evolutionary views of society. The pioneering work of the Chicago school in articulating ecological/environmental views is noted. Within a typology of evolutionary theories, the ideas of Herbert Spencer, Lewis Henry Morgan, Emile Durkheim, Oswald Spengler, Pitirim Sorokin, and others are elaborated. 3 Tables, 6 Figures, Notes. (Copyright 1984, Sociological Abstracts, Inc., all rights reserved.)