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Marxist humanism and state capitalism continue to be relevant leftist movements despite political shifts in central and Eastern Europe. Popular disillusionment with democratic reforms and an implied movement away from capitalism are exemplified in the formerly communist countries of Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Russia, and the former East Germany. A critical assessment of statist communism reveals structural contradictions in its agenda to break with Stalinist and social democratic orthodoxy, which are both rooted in human emancipation through modernization and objective changes in the productive forces. A truly liberated society is the objective of a radically emancipatory strand of Marxist state capitalist theory and Marxist humanist philosophy, focusing on subjectivity in historical development, Hegelian dialects, and Marxist praxis. Such a theory draws from the writings of Raya Dunayevskaya, Frederick Pollock, Tony Cliff, Erich FROMM, and Karel Kosik. 76 References. J. Sadler.
This paper elaborates a >relational-perspectivist< view of interpretation as a complex intersubjective process that develops conjointly between patient and analyst. Interpretation is the principal process by which analysts position and reposition themselves interpersonally in relation to their patients, and in this sense interpretations contain aspects of the analyst's subjectivity that are made available for use by the patient. Inasmuch as the analyst has captured aspects of the patient's psychic life in a particular interpretation and insofar as the interpretation also expresses aspects of the analyst's subjectivity, interpretation is best thought of as the quintessential container and purveyor of intersubjectivity between patient and analyst. The paper defines two dimensions of the analytic process, symmetry-asymmetry, referring to the similarity or dissimilarity of the patient's and analyst's roles and functions in the analytic process, and mutuality-lack of mutuality, referring to how reciprocal the interaction and the experience of the interaction are. These two dimensions are used to examine the nature of the psychoanalytic process. Clinical illustrations are provided as points of departure for discussion.