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Review Charles C. Hogan: Psychosomatics, Psychoanalysis, and Inflammatory Disease of the Colon
(1996)
Review Jeffry A. Simpson and W. Steven Rholes (Eds.): Attachment Theory and Close Relationships
(1999)
Several years ago, I talked about a case in a clinical seminar. I presented the work in a style that is different from usual because I was experimenting with how to best evoke the experience of being with this patient for my listeners. This paper is a continuation of that presentation, now through written rather than spoken word. In writing it, I struggled with the same dilemma of how to evoke the ambience, the feel of being with this patient. I begin with a discussion of some of the dilemmas involved in writing up clinical work when the aim is to stay close to the experience rather than to illustrate theoretical or technical points. I present a few sample vignettes of my work with this patient and then an analysis of how my writing style, including use of sounds, grammar, and word placement, contributes to evoking experience. I continue with a brief discussion of my experiences in presenting the case in the seminar and use these experiences to highlight aspects of the case. I ask the reader to become personally involved in the experiment by paying attention to what is evoked when reading the material.
Review Derek Miller: Attack on the Self: Adolescent Behavioral Disturbances and their Treatment
(1988)
In this article, I critique the empirically supported treatment (EST) movement and discuss the limitations of traditional psychotherapy research from a psychoanalytic perspective. The EST movement is based on a medical model that assumes that a psychotherapeutic treatment can be conceptualized independent of the human relationship in which it takes place. Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are, however, treatments only in a metaphorical sense and are more akin to educational processes than medical treatments. Every therapeutic dyad is unique, and research that treats therapy as a standardized, disembodied entity will not contribute to our understanding. Nevertheless, there is a real need for psychoanalysts to become more actively involved in psychotherapy research both for political and scientific reasons. Although I do not believe that >empirical validation< in the form envisaged by the American Psychological Association task force is a realistic goal, I do believe in the value of microscopic studies of therapeutic process, particularly in the context of research-informed case histories.
Review Michael H. Stone et al.: Treating Schizophrenic Patients: A Clinical/Analytical Approach
(1984)
Review Ethel Spector Person (Ed.): On Freud's >Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego,<
(2003)
Review Michael H. Stone: Healing the Mind: A History of Psychiatry from Antiquity to the Present
(1997)
Review Phyllis Grosskurth: The Secret Ring: Freud's Inner Circle and the Politics of Psychoanalysis
(1993)
Review Michael H. Stone: Essential Papers on Borderline Disorders: One Hundred Years at the Border
(1988)
In this commentary, I discuss Anthony Bass's humane, courageous article about the unconscious connection between analyst and analysand. His focus on the meeting of unconscious minds lends a refreshingly democratic tilt to the treatment relationship. His primary emphasis on the unconscious, however, seems to de-emphasize the vital role of consciousness and its capacity to engage the revelations of the unconscious. Similarly, Bass's theoretical focus on a fundamental underlying unity, though of great significance, seems to minimize the importance of separateness and the fact that the analyst and analysand have discrepant experiences. Bass's treatment of Ralph, a patient with terminal cancer, highlights the differences in the experiences of both participants as well as the underlying human frailties they have in common. In this light, I suggest that Ralph's relationship with Bass enabled him to >live before dying,< to separate and gain a sense of integrity before returning to the whole.
Book Review : Sophia Richman, >A Wolf in the Attic: The Legacy of a Hidden Child of the Holocaust.<
(2005)
Louis Sander's bold and ambitious theoretical synthesis deserves careful attention from psychoanalysts of all persuasions. Sander's cutting-edge approach draws on infant observation research, nonlinear dynamic systems theories, and current biology, physics, and other >hard< sciences. He is rethinking the psychoanalytic approach to psychic structure, motivation, and therapeutic action. In so doing, he updates Freud's project of linking psychoanalysis with scientific paradigms, but without reductionism, epistemological naivete, or an implicit antipsychological attitude. Sander emphasizes the dynamic relationships between elements in systems. His method draws parallels between the different levels of the functioning of natural systems, starting with the basic >biological< level of cells and organs and moving toward the psychic and interpersonal phenomena that are of greatest interest to psychoanalysts. In this way, he opens a window for a broad and inclusive >relational metapsychology.<
Review Russell Jacoby: The Repression of Psychoanalysis: Otto Fenichel and the Political Freudians
(1985)
As a way of integrating emerging knowledge of biological systems, developmental process, and therapeutic process, we identify principles in the process of exchange between organism and its context of life support that are present at all levels of complexity in living systems, from the cellular to the organization of consciousness. These principles range from specificity, rhythmicity, recurrence, and pattern to coherence, wholeness, and a relative unity in the organization of component parts. By proposing that these principles are also governing the exchange between mother and infant as they negotiate a sequence of essential tasks of adaptation, or >fitting-together< between them over the first years of life, the author suggests that the biological level becomes integrated with the developmental. A sequence of adaptive tasks extends from specificity of recognition in the newborn state, to recognition of inner awareness, purpose, and intention – shaping conscious organization. The bridge to the therapeutic level is constructed as therapist and patient build increasingly inclusive and coherent moments of recognition between themselves at the level of conscious organization, which act as corrective experiences, bringing the patient's own senses of >true self< and of >agency-to-initiate< to new levels of validity and competence.
This introduction to the symposium explores the key features of the American Psychological Association empirically supported treatment (EST) guidelines, the forces leading to their development, and some of the potential implications of these guidelines for the future of psychoanalysis. The EST guidelines consist of (a) a set of criteria for identifying psychotherapeutic treatments that can be considered effective on the basis of research evidence and (b) a list of treatments that meet these criteria. These guidelines are an outgrowth of a more general trend in the health care system – the shift toward an evidence-based practice model. Although the EST movement clearly has important professional implications for psychoanalysis, categorizing and possibly dismissing the relevant concerns as exclusively political or territorial would be a mistake. At issue are fundamentally important epistemological and ethical concerns.
In this conclusion, I synthesize and elaborate on some of the central threads running through the contributions to the symposium on the implications of the empirically supported treatment (EST) controversy for psychoanalysis. I argue that the EST controversy brings increased urgency to discussions about the role that empirical research should play in the development of psychoanalysis and about the potential contributions of different research paradigms to the field. Different research paradigms are associated with different epistemologies and worldviews, and the dialogue between these worldviews is critical to the vitality and health of the field. On one hand, the EST movement embodies limited, mechanistic, and one-sided values, and psychoanalysis has an important role to play in challenging these values. On the other hand, the EST movement can offer an important corrective to the more insular and rarefied strands within psychoanalysis and to its tradition of argument on the basis of authority.
Review Stephen M. Weissman: His Brother's Keeper: A Psychobiography of Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(1993)
Review Jeffrey Victor Diller: Freud's Jewish Identity: A Case Study in the Impact of Ethnicity
(1993)