Art of Feelings [感情艺术]
(2013)
生活中人们有着各种各样的体验,有的体验并不是所有人都要经历,而有的体验却是所有人都必须经历的。爱,就是所有人都必须经历的体验。我对爱的理解很简单就是无私地给予奉献,爱自己,爱别人,被人爱,爱是伟大的,但爱到底是什么?弗洛姆说:>不成熟的爱是我爱你,因为我需要你。而成熟的爱是我需要你,因为我爱你。<爱的本质是创造,爱是人与人之间的创造力,爱是真诚地渴望对方幸福、自由与独立发展。肤浅的人的爱是占有,深邃的人的爱是探索,占有是追求结果,探索却是过程。正如弗洛姆所说>如果爱是一门艺术,那就要求想要掌握这门艺术的人有这方面的知识并付出努力<。通过这本书我懂得了爱不是简单地接受和遇到,爱是需要通过学习、领悟和实践才能获得。
This article deals with the six German-Jewish psychoanalysts who fled from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands in the 1930s. Watermann and Landauer perished in the German concentration camps. Levy-Suhl survived the German occupation of the Netherlands but died soon after. Reik went on to the USA before World War II. Lampl and Keilson lived and worked in the Netherlands for the rest of their lives.
Taking Freud's >Beyond the pleasure principle< as a case in point, the author draws attention to how Freud had a tendency to develop different theories simultaneously and to neglect to state how they were related to each other. The theory of traumatic neurosis, which he explains by both the theory of the two egos and the theory of the mental apparatus and the energies at work within it, is cited as an example. Similarly, Freud's definition of the death instinct is also not reconcilable with his previous definition of the instinctual drives. A third example is that of Eros, important parts of whose definition are at variance with Freud's previously formulated definition of the sexual drives. In none of these cases, the author argues, did Freud replace the >old< theory >with the >new< one. He simply retained the old theory and added the new one, without integrating them.
马克思的异化理论在20世纪得到重视,并引发了东西方学者对于现代社会各种弊病的诸多思考,而弗洛姆作为一个人道主义学者,自始至终都非常关注人的异化问题。但是,由于学术背景和所处时代的不同,马克思与弗洛姆在异化问题上的阐述方式有很大的差异,这使得对两者的异化观点进行准确的比较成为极具挑战性的事情。而在商品经济高度繁荣却又危机深重、人类生活水平不断提升却又面对着愈发严重的全球问题的今天,对人的生存状况进行反思是使我们得以保持谨慎态度的重要途径。马克思与弗洛姆分别从人的外部世界的生活实践角度和人的意识领域的心理规律角度对异化的产生、发展和前景进行了考察,这为我们揭示了异化的原理。两者不同之处在于,马克思的劳动异化是建立在人的矛盾本性对象化表现的层面,而弗洛姆的心理异化是建立在人的矛盾本性的反思性体验层面的。马克思认为劳动的历史展开过程也就是异化的现实发展过程,因此他从分工和私有制两个角度分析了这一过程,而弗洛姆将理性或自我意识当做人之为人的本质特征,认为理性使人渴望独立并在独立中体会孤独,所以,健全人的理性是人摆脱内在束缚从而达到积极自由的唯一途径。整体而言,弗洛姆对马克思关于人的社会属性的观点的接受和继承使两者的异化观点有了一个共同的前提,也使得对两者观点进行比较成为可能。但是弗洛姆在对异化的现实根源进行分析并作出消除异化之途径的表述时,却由于学科倾向而部分地重归唯心思路了。可以说,对两者的理论进行比较可以得到形而上与形而下以及理想与现实的统一。
The journal >Psyche – Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse und ihre Anwedungen<: A historical overview
(2013)
The author presents a historical overview of the evolution of the German journal Psyche, starting from its foundation by Alexander Mitscherlich, Felix Schottlaender, and Hans Kunz in 1946. After the gradual reorientation of Psyche in the direction of being a purely psychoanalytic journal, Mitscherlich became its sole editor in 1969. In the 1980s, Psyche played a central role in the discussion and working-through of the German analysts' involvement in the National Socialist Regime. In 1997, Werner Bohleber followed Margarete Mitscherlich as editor-in-chief. Psyche, the only monthly psychoanalytic journal in the world, keeps not only documenting, but also shaping the main developments taking place in our field, on both a national and an international level. As far as the last 20 years are concerned, the journal has also played a central role in the debate conducted in and outside Germany in terms of empirical research in psychoanalysis and the dialogue with the neurosciences.
Die Kunst des Liebens
(2013)
Ist Lieben eine Kunst?
(2013)
Angst vor dem Sterben
(2013)
Globalization
(2013)
Glück & Glas
(2013)
This paper aims to present the body as a possible psychic retreat in the face of annihilation anxiety. The sensations produced on the body seem to be a preferable place of psychic retreat in the patient's efforts to assuage her tormented intrapsychic reality. In such cases, unconscious phantasies are experienced mostly on the bodily level because of their intensity and primitive nature. Accordingly, self- and object representations tend to reside in the body and are accessible via the body. In this regard, bodily sensations offer a sense of continuity and cohesion, and allow for the further psychic elaboration of the unconscious conflicts.
Yeah, Erich, totally yeah!
(2013)
The long term perspective
(2013)
Postmodernity
(2013)
Como interpretar os sonhos
(2013)
Since the concept of imaginative elaboration of body functioning, which is essential to Winnicott's idea of psyche-soma, has rarely been investigated up to now, this article sets out to do this and tries to pursue the meaning and articulation of that concept in the corpus of Winnicott's theory. In this way, it contributes to bringing the body to the core of psychoanalytical theory.
This article probes psychoanalytic theory regarding the repercussions of traumatic experiences in memory function. Both memory and trauma are fundamental to psychoanalysis and lead to the psyche's constitution as well as to its limits. The relationship between trauma and memory, based mainly on an aspect beyond the pleasure principle, points toward a function at the limits of the psychic, something between the body and the psyche, between perception and representation – all of which is responsible for psychic differentiation. Trauma has been associated with death drive dynamics and automatic anxiety, which constantly require a prior link to the establishment of the pleasure principle. When there is no possibility of linking and transcribing an event, its effects are negative, that is, it causes narcissistic damage. Ferenczi considers the object's role to be the determinant as far as an event's traumatic fate is concerned. When the object cannot accommodate the subject's needs or assign some meaning to the traumatic experience, introjection and psychic inscription are interrupted. We suggest that the lack of intersubjective recognition occasions the nonrepresentation and the meaninglessness that emerge as corporeal acts during psychoanalytic treatment.
I present and analyse here the phenomenon of a specific language that was spoken within the walls of a maximum security prison in the south-east of England between 2006 and 2007. In doing so, I look at the adolescent who becomes an offender, and how his language is thereby altered, here exploring language in groups and drawing on Freud and Bion, as well as the sociological contributions of Emery, Goffman and Messerschmidt, and the linguistic contribution of Teresa Labov. Examining the social structures that the language enforced, I examine my own role within and outside the prisoners' language, and explore what the prisoners learned from me and my language, and vice versa. I explore the nature of learning a language inside a prison, and examine the need for a homogeneity of language and the social adhesive in the language used. I look at my experience of one-to-one teaching versus group teaching: specifically, the differences in language used by the prisoners in these different scenarios, and try to determine to what extent language comes from outside influences and what to extent it forms and permutates inside. Using actual examples, I argue that despite the exuberance and inventiveness of the language, its usage follows Freud's >“Beyond the pleasure principle,< in that there is an attempt to reduce excitation. Finally, I regard prison language as a psychic retreat, drawing on the work of Steiner, Meltzer, Emanuel, and Leader (among others); and I ask questions not only about the prisoners, but also about the function of learning inside a prison itself, while regarding the language used as a depressive defence. No identifying reference to any single prisoner, or any specific crime, has been included in these pages. The people and the place that are alluded to throughout have been rendered anonymous.
Complex dynamics of forgiveness: Psychological, interpersonal, and psychotherapeutic implications
(2013)
The distinctive correlates of forgiveness are studied and analyzed in this paper. It is concluded that superficial and hasty forms of forgiveness might have a harmful impact on self-respect, self-concepts, self-complexity, and authenticity. Even deep forgiveness might not completely free the individual from negative side-effects, and there is some doubt whether complete forgiveness is possible. The paper also examines what place forgiveness should have in therapeutic settings and how it could be practiced in an accurate and safe manner.
The intention of the author is to further the knowledge on pain, based on a review of the concept of psychic pain as found in Freud, Klein, Bion, and French authors, with the objective of clarifying as far as possible the nature and vicissitudes of pain. After this review, the author describes a case in which she proposes that psychic pain is made up of three essential elements: the first is the overflowing of great quantities that cannot be contained; the second is an intense and immediate defense to protect the psychic apparatus from destruction; and the third is the >return of the foreclosed.< At the end of the paper, the author makes her final, subjective considerations.
The author discusses countertransference in relation to the impact of training institutions on the therapist as a person. The author claims that therapist's feelings and experiences determine the diagnosis of the personality. It is neither the behavior nor the psychopathological phenomena, which have a diagnostic value, but how the relationship is experienced in terms of the therapist's feelings. The author speaks about the problems connected to of “as if” personalities as a starting point. This concept originated with the psychopathological studies of Helene Deutsch, who associated it with schizophrenia. Later, Paul Roazen transported the concept to the social dimension of politics and to the personality of politicians. In this article, the author treats the “as if” personalities as a concept of unification, in contrast to current attempts to fragment diagnostic personality disorders, as in many psychoanalytic concepts in relation to the medicalization of psychoanalysis. Some clinical vignettes are briefly presented in order to sharpen this focus.
Afterword: Apollo’s chariot
(2013)
On psychic reality and neutrality: Empathy and the work of construction in countertransference
(2013)
The clinical challenges faced in encountering patients who do not fit the standard treatment of Oedipus conflicts clearly show the limitations of the interpretative method, thus making indispensable the study of clinical concepts and techniques as a way to broaden the psychoanalytic horizons. In order to analyse the different psychopathological problems resistant to traditional clinical approaches, it is necessary to reorganise the technique on the basis of a better understanding of the ways in which subjectivity is rooted in early psychic constitution. In this way, empathy becomes important as a clinical tool. The use of empathy must be understood as a decisive factor in handling clinical cases and situations in which the treatment encounters obstacles that restrict the power of the analyst's verbal interventions.In this case, can we say that the use of empathy interferes directly with and changes the position of the concept of psychic reality? Moreover, as we use empathy, can we also say that the concept of neutrality is transformed, without being abandoned? The intention of this paper is to discuss these questions using clinical material taken from the analysis of borderline clinical cases and situations.