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Selbstliebe
(2003)
Assuming that psychic reality and social phenomena are two sides of the same social totality, this article attempts to discuss the building up of the concept of superego in the Freudian text emphasizing its social roots and the function it performs as the representative of the symbolic law. Critical turning points in the development of the concept are presented and possible theoretical consequences of Freud's argument in >Civilization and its Discontents< are questioned when considered against the background of our present society determined by globalization and consumption. The author concludes by suggesting that the contemporary superego may represent an erractic reaction against the conditions prevalent in the social realm. Thus it appears to
Auf die eigene Kraft bauen
(2003)
Review Bonvecchio, C. e Boris Luban Plozza: Il corragio di essere. L’esperienza di Erich Fromm
(2003)
Winnicott et la créativité
(2003)
Current Review [本期导读]
(2003)
张一兵先生撰写的《人是马克思哲学中的核心概念 ?》一文 ,通过对弗洛姆的《马克思关于人的概念》一书的解读 ,指出了弗洛姆在重新阐发马克思早期思想时存在的对马克思的曲解和误读。他指出 :弗洛姆颠倒了马克思关于人的自然属性和社会属性关系的历史定位 ,从而将历史唯物主义重新诠释为人本主义。作者对这种乖离了马克思主义整体理论取向的重新诠释进行了批评。人们解读和诠释经典时 ,常常会带着自己的问题在经典中寻找理论武器。因此 ,对同一研究对象的不同解读后面 ,也许就隐藏着解读者遭遇的时代问题或个体状况。对解读者的解读 ,或许也是一个有趣的题目。赵林先生对中西文化的各种源流传统进行了考察 ,指出了不同的文化源
Human Needs [人的需要]
(2003)
弗洛姆认为,为了摆脱或者克服种种>尴尬<的境遇,人类产生了与动物不同的社会性的五大心理需要。关联的需要人类为了克服个体的孤独,需要与他人联系起来,然而通过屈从或统治某人(或物)的方式是无法保持与世界的正常联系的,只有积极的爱才能体现>人同他人、自然和自身的一种积极创新的相关性<。超越的需要人类不满足于生物状态的被动性和生存的偶然性,产生了超越的需要,即主动地去创造和爱。寻根的需要人类的成长意味着与大自然的脱离,失去>根基<的恐惧使人类产生了?寻根的需要,即人需要得到大自然的庇护。同一感的需要人是有自我意识的动物,需要回答>我是谁<这个问题,以保持自我意识的统一。而人在社会生活中又需要得到他人的
Review Bonvecchio, C. e Boris Luban Plozza: Il corragio di essere. L’esperienza di Erich Fromm
(2003)
在目前我国改革开放和现代化建设过程中,存在着人性发展与制度创新的矛盾,表现为两个方面:体制创新先行与人性发展水平低下的矛盾;人性发展进步与制度创新滞后的矛盾。一方面,社会主义市场经济体制在我国确立以后,已经初步建立起了相应的制度、体制与相关机制,但是权大于法、情大于理、>关系<大于能力等现象依然存在;另一方面,随着社会主义市场经济体制取代传统计划经济体制,独立、自主、个性、民主、人权、平等、利益、能力、理性、创新、竞争等观念已经潜入人心,但是相对滞后的制度创新给逐步走向成熟的市场主体的积极性、主动性和创造性以极大的挫伤。在这两对矛盾中,主要矛盾是人性发展进步与制度创新滞后之间的矛盾,因为社会主义市场经济已经建立多年,人的主体意识不断增强,但是我们的产权制度、分配制度、管理制度、干部人事制度以及教育制度等都还保留着浓厚的传统计划体制的痕迹,严重束缚了人的创造精神和聪明才智的发挥。因此,人性发展进步与制度创新滞后的矛盾就是本文所要着手解决的重点问题。要解决这一问题,内在要求本文确立以下几种研究方法:唯物史观的方法论、价值原则与科学原则的统一、逻辑分析与历史考察的一致、批判原则与建构原则并用、贯彻主客体统一的历史辩证法。 本文指出,要解决人性发展进步与制度创新滞后的矛盾,根本的出路在于制度创新。那么如何进行制度创新?当代中国制度创新的总体路向是什么?一般而言,制度创新的过程是这样的:理念创新先行,以理论创新为支撑,以人与制度的矛盾为动力,按照价值性与科学性统一的原则,对那些不适合人性发展要求的部分进行调整和完善,从而达到人与制度的和谐发展。就当代中国制度创新而言,应当确立>利益<、>能力<、>理性<、>自立<等理念,以>能力本位<理论为支撑平台,并根据当代中国人性发展的总体要求及其发展趋势,构建出当代中国制度创新的整体框架。我们认为,随着社会主义市场经济的建立和完善,我国人性发展的总体水平已经取得了很进步,但是还只是处在刚刚走出人的依赖、正在进入物的依赖的阶段,是人的依赖关系与物的依赖关系的共时态存在状态。但是,其发展的总体趋势是:追求利益、崇尚能力、提倡理性、主张自立。所以当代中国的制度创新就是从制度上确立>能力本位<核心理念的实现,在产权、用人、分配、管理、教育等制度上将责权利落实到每个人身上,从而在根本上能保证和鼓励人充分正确发挥各种能力。 在分析和解决问题的过程中,本文获得了以下几点学术创新。第一,关于马克思>人与制度<思想的整理研究。本文系统整理了马克思在各个时期研究>制度与人<的理论成果,提出了>制度是个人交往的产物<、>制度为人而存在人是制度的目的<、>从人的交往活动的变迁理解制度变迁<是马克思关于>制度与人<研究的思想结晶。第二,关于人性发展的基本规律。本文从人的对象化这个命题出发,认为人性发展的过程就是人的对象化过程,并按照从个体到类的原则提出了人性发展的四个规律,即主客体相互建构规律、社会塑造与主体自觉建构相统一规律、类特性发展与个体人性发展辨证统一规律、人性发展在不同时期侧重于人性不同方面的规律。第三,关于人性发展与制度安排、制度创新之间的辨证关系以及匹配性规律。本文提出人性发展与制度安排之间是在实践的基础上相互影响、相互渗透的辨证统一的关系。一方面,制度安排源自人的行为和实践活动,人是制度安排的主持者,制度安排表现为人的作品,没有人及其交往活动,也就没有制度安排:另一方面,制度安排作为一种人的本质对象化的观念性存在,它的结构、规律以及它在历史中长期形成的各种关系和惯性等,又制约着人的活动,成为人的实践活动的构成机制。人性发展和制度安排之间存在着的内在的必然联系,可表述为制度安排一定要与人性发展状况(水平和发展要求)相匹配的规律。这一规律的内容就是:人性发展在相互作用中占据主导地位,制度安排是否应当进行创新以及创新的方向,取决于人性发展的状况;制度安排对人性发展具有反作用,制度安排之适合或不适合于人性发展,对于人性发展起着促进或阻碍作用。 本文在行文的过程中主要思路如下:第一部分是历史考察,回顾了西方近代哲学家霍布斯、卢梭、黑格尔等人的观点,挖掘了马克思>制度与人<的思想,并分析了现代西方人本主义代表海德格尔、萨特。马尔库塞和弗洛姆等人对资本主义制度下人的发展状况的揭露。第二部分是理论研究,从实践的观点出发,分析了人的本质、人性的基本特征及其发展的一般规律,并从人学的角度阐释了制度的本质、制度创新及其基本规律。在此基础上,重点剖析了人性发展与制度安排、制度创新在实践基础上的辩证统一关系,提出了>制度安排一定要与人性发展状况相匹配的规律<。第三部分是实践分析,总结了传统计划经济体制下制度设计与人性发展的矛盾以及社会主义市场经济体制对人性发展的双重作用,考察了当前我国人性发展的现实状况及其发展要求,并提出了当代中国制 […]
The author underscores the importance of Slochower's and Grand's papers on the misdemeanors and crimes committed by psychoanalysts during their clinical work. Both authors are described as being courageous in exploring the realm of analysts' secrets, small misdemeanors, and crimes as a valuable source of collecting and processing countertransference material. Instead of looking at every self-involved activity as a theft from the patient, the author suggests that an analyst may have to retreat to self-enclosed activities in order to be fully present for the patient. At the same time, the kind of activity in which an analyst is engaged while listening to a patient may encapsulate and foreshadow crucial aspects of the transference–countertransference dynamic.
The goals of contemporary psychoanalysis have been largely recast, deemphasizing symptom relief and character change and focusing on more fundamental yet elusive issues, like the quality of being itself. The interest shared by contemporary relational, progressive Freudian, and contemporary Kleinian authors in the concept of enactment holds promise for generating new models of therapeutic action to this end. Freud's description of the part played by day residue in the creation of dreams provides a basis for exploring formulations of energy and energy sharing between patient and analyst. This process, occurring by way of enactment, can facilitate the patient's breaking out of chronically crippling dynamics. A detailed clinical illustration emphasizes the analytic discipline that is essential to working with enactment as a largely nonverbal, mutually constructed clinical experience. The importance of the analyst's understanding the enactment is crucial the advantage of discussing the enactment with the patient is, in certain instances, open to question.
Reply to Discussants.
(2003)
In this paper the author discusses the multiple ways in which enactments emerge in the course of an analysis. She presents several clinical examples in which enactments were used to further the analytic process as well as an example in which the work of the analysis was temporarily stalled following an enactment.
Self-Disclosure of Serious Illness: The Impact of Boundary Disruptions for Patient and Analyst.
(2003)
Who Is the Psychoanalyst?
(2003)
Much psychoanalytic vocabulary is embedded in discourses, or languagegames, that involve philosophical assumptions that most post-Freudian, relational, and intersubjective systems analysts no longer accept. Terms like transference, projective identification, and representation, however carefully redefined for contemporary purposes, cannot escape their connotative history and loading. It is suggested that psychoanalytic thinkers and practitioners remain open to questioning and being questioned about our use of words, their impact on our attitudes toward our patients, and about our responsibility for disavowed assumptions about human nature and reality.
The desire for self-creation
(2003)
Although Gerhardt's commentary points to substantial points of agreement between us – the claim that human being is embodied being, the critique of rationalisms, and the resistance to relativisms – we also have important differences. The chief of these, from my point of view, concern (1) the functions of theoretical language, (2) the level of commitment psychoanalysts owe to traditional language for the sake of community and continuity, and (3) the issue of reification. My. Reply suggests that Gerhardt has confused the functions of expressive and theoretical language that, for the sake of a >gossipy connection,< she seems to deprive the psychoanalytic community of the self-reflective criticism of its own shared assumptions and that there is a difference between metaphor and the misplaced concreteness that is sometimes called reification.
This article examines the clinical and theoretical contributions of Stephen A. Mitchell. Relating his work to aspects of his character, it demonstrates a unifying theme in his life and work. Mitchell employed his methodological strategy both in navigating clinical stalemates and in his momentous theoretical breakthroughs. In working out theoretical entanglements, Mitchell first laid out before his readers two contrasting approaches to a problem and then showed how, by examining the problem from a different level of abstraction, one can find a third alternative reconciling the tension between the first two. Similarly, when dealing with therapeutic impasses, Mitchell learned to tolerate, sustain, and identify the entrapped states in which he found himself until he could free his imagination and gradually discover some third avenue along which to proceed. These methodological approaches were central to Mitchell's development of relational psychoanalysis.
Review Richard A. Gardner: Therapeutic Interventions for Children with Parental Alienation Syndrome
(2003)
Book Review. Rochelle G.K. Kainer, >The Collapse of the Self and Its Therapeutic Restoration.
(2003)
The Schizophrenic Person and the Benefits of the Psychotherapies – Seeking a PORT in the Storm
(2003)
Foucault challenged the unified, the foundational, and the codified system of knowledge because he believed that the epistemological privilege attached to >scientific< theory lead to a dominating discourse. This occurs, Foucault believed, not only through social institutions, but also through the language, rituals, and practices of ordinary communicative experiences, which are vehicles for the subtle domination of knowledge and all knowledge serves power and the dominant hierarchy. Engaging with Foucault, I challenge some traditional psychoanalytic views and indicate how the psychoanalytic discourse contributed to the shaping of female sexuality. Using a >genealogical< approach such as Foucault considered, I trace some of the historical factors as well as the Zeitgeist for women that shaped early psychoanalytic views. I offer, as well, challenges to Foucault's position because I maintain the relevance of truth claims for the advancement of a psychoanalytic theory of mind and behavior. Such claims, however, need to be held lightly, subject, as they inevitably are, to revision through the acquisition of new knowledge. I present the attachment system as a contrast, as well as an addition to some traditional theorizing, thereby expanding our notions of early development and its interdependent base. I especially challenge the concept of early-stage symbiosis and its role in limiting and constraining women's lives. In this article I focus primarily on the power relations that have shaped female sexuality and have influenced our knowledge and understanding of female development. I challenge some normative views. Such a challenge to normativity is consistent with Foucault's entire intellectual journey, as his biographer comments (Eribon, 1991). My vision includes a conviction about the importance of theory construction and its development, and it proceeds from my focus on research data about the organization of mind and the nature of early bonding. I structure my presentation of female sexuality around the inclusion of such knowledge. I concede that as I upend an old >truth< about the developmental line of female sexuality, I am establishing a new one that will need future interrogation. My hope is that the new narrative will offer another perspective to our view of female sexuality.
The Sculpture and the Dust.
(2003)
Psychoanalytic Peregrination VI: >The Effect on Countertransference of the Collapse of Civilization<
(2003)
This paper discusses clinical cases presented by Comins and Eliot within a paradigm of psychoanalytic supervisory work based on relational theory. Here, in making the medium of supervision more symmetrical with the message of contemporary psychoanalytic ideas about structure of mind health, pathology, and treatment, the relationship between the supervisor and supervisee is considered to contain crucial supervisory data to be delineated and discussed by both members of the dyad. The supervisory relationship is described using three dimensions: power and authority, the data held to be relevant for supervisory conversations, and the mode of the supervisor's participation in the supervisory process.
It is important for every treatment that we analysts feel some room for our own subjectivity and some recognition of this from our patients. But we may feel that our analytic ideals – part of what may be called our >preexisting analytic third<: our analytic inheritance – require that we expunge our subjectivity from view. A submissive attitude toward the preexisting third may result in our committing misdemeanors in an attempt to salvage some feeling of psychic existence in a treatment where we feel negated. We can also think of a different kind of analytic third – an >emergent third< – that is mutually created by the analytic couple. This kind of third can be a platform from which to develop a necessary active, independent, and critical stance toward that which we inherit. The emergent third can find expression through the play structures that may come to shape the analytic relationship. Misdemeanors, therefore, may reflect analysts' inevitably taking on certain roles in the unconscious, restitutive, and often sadomasochistic, scenarios that patients may play out in their analyses. The possible therapeutic value of playing out these scenarios – a possibility suggested by Grand's case material – tends to undermine a clear distinction between freely surrendering to a creative analytic process, and submitting in a self-negating, though potentially helpful, way.
Current understanding of the process of therapy and development focuses on the interactions between the partners. The interaction is a negotiation of differences and of change. The equilibrium of the relationship is inevitably subject to frequent destabilizations, by virtue of normal developmental processes, life events such as losses, and the divergence of aims as each process unfolds. The destabilizations are pivotal to the creation of new states. If a newly emerging state is to be advantageous for the development of the infant or the health of the patient, the associated toxic affects have to be tolerated and dealt with openly. If the analyst defensively hides, opportunities for change will be lost and the old patterns will persist. The therapist and patient, like the parent and child, are engaged together in this mutually altering process.
All understanding is context dependent, and one of the most significant contexts for clinical purposes is the self-state. How we understand the other, and ourselves, depends on the state(s) we occupy. Dissociations between an analyst's self-states can, therefore, limit or impede understanding of the analysand by depriving the analyst of a fitting context within which to grasp what the analysand says and does. Clinical understanding may require the breach of such dissociations. I lay out some of the implications of thinking about transference and countertransference along these lines, with detailed examples illustrating the consequences of the analyst's dissociations and their eventual resolutions. Among the advantages of this way of thinking is that it amounts to a psychoanalytic account of the hermeneutic circle.