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이 연구는 개인과 전체사회 간의 변증법적 연관에 주목하여 개인적 증오가 사회적으로 발현되고 재생산되는 과정과 형태를 살펴봄으로써 사회적 증오에 대한 효과적 대응양식을 프롬과 짐멜, 아도르노의 연구를 통해 이론적으로 탐색하였다. 연구결과, 프롬이 제시한 성격에 의한 증오 개념을 통해 개인적인 감정이지만 사회적으로 조건지어진 생활경험에 의해 생성되는 증오의 사회적 성격을 확인하였다. 또한 짐멜의 이방인 개념을 통해 친밀감과 거리감의 동시성이 이방인의 특성이며, 민족적으로 동일한 집단 속에서도 특정 집단이 이방인으로 지목되어 증오의 대상이 될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 그리고 증오를 정당화하는 편견과 이를 사회적-정치적으로 동원하는 선전선동에 대한 아도르노의 연구를 통해 편견이 민주사회의 가치를 거부하는 권위주의적 인성을 가진 사람의 소망을 강화하는 기능을 한다는 점을 밝히고, 편견을 동원하는 선전선동의 기술과 작동방식을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 편견과 그 동원의 사회적 조건 탐구와 편견과 박해의 현실적 결과를 알려 사람들을 설득하는 지성적 대항수단의 필요성을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 사회적 증오가 복잡한 이해관계와 사회심리학적 연관 속에서 단번에 해결될 수 없는 문제임을 지적하였으며, 꾸준한 분석과 비판을 통해 증오에 대응할 것을 제안한다.
성철 선사상의 서구철학과의 비교 [The Comparison of Seongcheol’s Seon-Thought with the Occidental Philosophy]
(2020)
필자는 성철 선사상의 현대적 의미를 탐구하고자 한다. 그래서 필자는 상호문화철학의 유비의 해석학을 이용하여 성철을 서구 철학과 비교한다. 비교는 한 쪽에 다른 쪽을 포섭시키는 것이 아니라, 양자 사이에 관계를 하나 형성하는 것이다. 우선 데카르트는 성철과 의심이라는 지점에서 겹친다. 양자 모두 모든 것에 대해서 주체적으로 그리고 극단적으로 의심한다. 그러나 데카르트가 의심을 확실한 지식을 발견하기 위한 수단으로 사용하는데 반해서 성철은 어디에도 안주하지 않는다. 그러므로 망상으로부터 해방되려고 한다는 측면에서 볼 때 성철은 근대의 시초인 데카르트보다 근대 비판가들인 마르크스나 프로이트와 더 많이 겹친다. 마르크스는 인간이 생산관계의 이데올로기적 반영과 반향에 사로잡혀 있음을 밝힌다. 그리고 프롬에 따르자면 사회가 의식을 구성한다. 성철은 혁명을 꿈꾸지 않는다. 다만 깨달음을 통해서 마르크스나 프로이트가 주목하는 것을 포함해서 온갖 망상으로부터 해방되기를 원한다.
본 논문은 구축과 해체의 공존에 초점을 맞춰 권오상의 정물 조각이 보여주는 형식과 주제를 연구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구를 위한 이론적 근거로는 존재와 소유, 인간의 욕망, 자본주의와 소비사회에 관한 에리히 프롬(Erich Fromm)의 이론과 기 드보르(Guy Debord)의 스펙터클(spectacle) 개념을선택했다. 스펙터클과 관련해 소비문화에 관한 장 보드리야르(Jean Baudrillard)의 논의도 일부 적용되었다. 연구의 방법은, 형식적인 면에서 사진과 조각, 이미지와 물질, 가상과 실재의 경계를 해체하면서도 조각의 정체성을 공고히 하는 이중성을 분석했다. 주제적인 면에서는 인간의 소유 욕망과 바니테(vanité)의 양가성을 고찰했다. 또한 고도로 추상화된 상품화가 일상생활에 침투하고 이미지 과잉이되어버린 사회를 지배하는 스펙터클의 재현과 해체도 살펴보았다. 결과적으로 일상의 사물을 촬영한사진, 잡지나 인터넷에서 선택한 이미지를 바탕으로 제작된 권오상의 정물 조각은 소비와 소유가 그자체로 욕망의 대상이 되고, 상품이 단순한 물적 대상이 아닌 자기 표현의 상징물로 존재하게 된 오늘날의 소비문화를 투영한다. 또한 소비문화의 견고한 위상을 확인시키는 동시에 그것의 허상을 드러내고, 인간의 욕망과 소유에 관한 근원적인 고찰뿐 아니라 스펙터클 시대에 대한 비판적 사유의 기회를제공한다. 이를 위해 권오상은 스펙터클의 압도적인 권력을 직관적으로 보여주지만, 실제 사물을 첨가하거나 이미지를 지워 물질성을 강조하는 등의 방법으로 스펙터클과의 단절을 시도한다. 이와 같은 연구를 통해 시대에 반응하며 다양성의 공존과 차이를 창출하는 동시대 조각의 특성을 확인하고, 소비문화에 대한 예술적 성찰이 가져오는 의미 생성을 숙고할 수 있었다.
フロムとフランクル,両者には深い共通点がある.両者とも,人間の《実存的特質》から生まれる《生きる意味を欲する》という根源的欲求との関連で人間の抱える精神的病理を解明するという視点に立つ.共にこう主張する.生きる情熱は生きる意味を掴むことによって生まれ,生きる意味を感得することは他者と深い愛の関係性(愛し愛される)を結ぶこと,いいかえると深い《応答の絆》を結ぶことによってのみ可能になる,と.この両者の観点から,現代日本の若者の精神状況を振り返るなら,我々は深い憂慮を感じざるを得ない.昨今の「拡大自殺」と名づけられた病理,自殺念慮者の増加,我が子虐待,イジメ,等々は今日の精神的荒廃を語るキーワードである.だからこそ,フロムとフランクルは若者によって再発見されねばならないし,実は両者との出会いを若者は待っている.
Статья посвящена феномену экзистенциального оптимизма. Авторы трактуют его как душевную установку, присущую отдельной личности и вклю¬чающую в себя положительную оценку мира, умение радоваться и волю к жизни. Экзистенциальный оптимизм не сливается с социальным оптимиз¬мом, он связан с определением индивидуальной траектории судьбы и способен помогать человеку проходить через трудные социальные обстоятель¬ства, сохраняя позитивный настрой и реализуя свои цели. Его стержнем выступает ощущение и выбор личного жизненного проекта, который существует не только в юности, но может в разных вариантах актуализироваться в любых возрастах. Авторы квалифицируют фигуру экзистенциального оптимиста с помощью понятий >продуктивности< (Э. Фромм) и >самоактуа¬лизации< (А. Маслоу), а также образа >победителя< (Э. Берн). Жизненные препятствия видятся такому человеку не только как нормальная характеристика действительности, но и как поле для игры наших сил, что приносит ему бытийную радость. В становлении подобного мироотношения боль¬шую роль играет воспитание и личный пример старших. Авторы обращаются также к теме смерти и разочарования, с которыми сталкивается любой человек, и подчеркивают, что смерть не находится в центре внимания экзистенциального оптимиста. Последней обсуждаемой в статье темой выступает тема практик >позитивного мышления<. В выводах подчеркивается, что позиция оптимиста не может быть никому навязана, а может быть лишь принята самостоятельно.
В статье обсуждаются теоретические и методологические проблемы изучения религии в творчестве Эриха Фромма. Анализируются социальнопсихологические аспекты темы религии в работах Э. Фромма. В статье делается акцент на психоаналитический подход (социокультурный вариант Э. Фромма) к религиозной проблематики.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Санкт-Петербург, Россия Аннотация. Во второй половине двадцатого века психология здоровья вышла на одно из лидирующих мест в общем перечне наиболее актуальных направлений развития психологической науки. Изначальная проблема, поставленная в статье, заключается в имеющем место в настоящее время рассогласовании между востребованностью психологии здоровья и дефицитом кадрового ресурса (психологов здоровья), ориентированного на разработку этого научного направления. Цель данной работы заключается в том, чтобы в соответствии с концепцией жизненного пути человека, раскрыть в первом приближении перечень тех практических задач, решение которых может входить в профессиональную компетенцию психологов здоровья в России. Представления авторов базируются на концепции здоровой личности, основные положения которой были впервые сформулированы в отечественной науке известными психиатрами и психологами С. С. Корсаковым, И. А. Сикорским, В. М. Бехтеревым, а также западными представителями гуманистической психологии Г. Олпортом, К. Роджерсом, А. Маслоу, Э. Фроммом. В рассмотрение вводятся этапы перинатального периода, дошкольный и школьный возраст, обучение в средних профессиональных и высших учебных заведениях, профессиональная деятельность и выход на пенсию. Каждый этап развития человека рассматривается авторами как самостоятельный и предполагает вариативность стратегий образа жизни в общей структуре здоровья, а значит и практик формирования здорового поведения. В статье впервые последовательно рассмотрены основные особенности и риски каждого этапа жизненного пути, определен круг профессиональных задач психолога здоровья. В конце работы ставится вопрос о вариантах профессиональной подготовки данных специалистов в высших учебных заведениях.
Zum Gefühl der Ohnmacht
(2020)
>The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933) was the first psychological inquiry into Fascism. In this work the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) explores how Fascists came into power, and explain their rise as a symptom of sexual repression. It was followed by other psychological interpretations of Nazism by Jewish exiles from the Third Reich, from Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1942), to Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949).
Sesambungan antarane sastra lan psikologi, ana maneka faktor kang wigati. Kapisan, sawijine sastra kudu nggambarake kakuwatan lan kapinteran pangriptane. Kaloro, karya sastra kudu nduweni kautaman sing babagan gagrag lan basa minangka piranti kanggo nyuntak pikiran lan rasane pangripta. Katelu, prakara gaya, struktur lan tema karya sastra kudu ana sesambungane karo elemen-elemen kang nggambarake pikiran lan rasane pawongan tartamtu. Panliten kanthi objek cerita sambung >Lodan Saka Segara Kidul< anggitane Kukuh S. Wibowo bakal nintingi prakara cacah telu. Kanthi ringkes underane panliten bisa dirumusake: (1) Tuwuhe sipat seneng nekad sajrone cerita sambung (2) Faktor-faktor kang njalari sipat seneng nekad lan (3) Problem saka sipat seneng nekad. Panliten iki nggunakake pendekatan Psikologi sosial teori kapribaden Erich Fromm. Fromm njupuk sikap tengah ing sadar nandhesake luwih sethithik babagan motivasi sadar lan saingan amarga salah sijine ciri unik manungsa yaiku kesadaran. Manungsa ora kewan amarga padha bisa nggawe alesan, mbayangno masa depan, lan kanthi sengaja nyoba nyedhaki tujuane urip. Nanging, miturut Fromm, yen kesadaran diri minangka campuran saka akeh wong sing nindhes wong-wong mau kanggo karakter dhasar supaya ora kuwatir. Ing masalah sosial, Fromm nerangake manawa manungsa bisa nduwe pengaruh luwih saka sejarah, budaya, lan masyarakat tinimbang biologi.
Vita activa
(2020)
Można przyjąć, że dwa biblijne mity – o wyjściu Adama i Ewy z ogrodu Eden oraz o budowniczych wieży Babel – są interesującymi ekspresjami wyobraźni utopijnej, ponieważ opowiadają o dwóch miejscach, w których na dwa odmienne sposoby realizowano projekty wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Współcześnie jednym z takich miejsc, które możemy rozumieć jako niejednoznaczny efekt realizacji utopii epoki rewolucji przemysłowej, jest szkoła – przestrzeń edukacji zaplanowana jako ważna część projektu wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Dwa oryginalne odczytania – autorstwa Ericha Fromma i George’a Steinera – przywołanych biblijnych mitów posłużą wzbogaceniu o nowe wątki i podejścia dyskusji o kondycji współczesnej szkoły oraz dyskursów pedagogiki krytycznej czy pedagogiki oporu i pedagogiki hermeneutycznej.
The authors describe a simple recurrent writing task called the >Two Page Paper Exercise,< designed to enhance candidates’ learning of analytic theory and technique. They set this task in the context of other analytic institutes’ writing programs and show that this exercise is unique. Their educational philosophy is that, as candidates confront multiple perspectives in contemporary psychoanalysis, this writing task develops their ability to conceptualize, reflect on their learning, integrate affect and cognition, and express their ideas to others in written form and in discussion with peers. The candidate group develops cohesion that reduces writing anxiety. As individuals they develop a writing habit that supports the eventual duty to develop the field of psychoanalysis through publishing. The authors present raw data from candidates’ writing for readers to make their own assessment of the usefulness of the task as a measure of candidates’ integration of learning, development of analytic sensibility and synthetic capacity, and communication of experience and ideas to others.
Psychotherapists currently find themselves considering the extent to which sociopolitical and economic issues in a globalized world can affect the evolutionary nature of the psychic organizations sustaining the individual. It seems we are mostly witnessing a weakening of the psychic structures that contain and maintain a sufficient and constant level of integration and unity of sense within the individual–world relationship. Patients frequently come into analysis with invalidating states of anxiety, panic attacks, and the explosion of sudden psychotic crises, accompanied by experiences of depersonalization and derealization. What I would like to examine in depth relates to the influence of the trans-subjective in us as psychotherapists, committed to dealing with psychic disorders that involve us as persons emotionally and intellectually present in our times, with a sense of awareness and responsibility. The quality of the treatment depends, among other things, on the effective elaboration of fullness and emptiness that one generates in the resonance emerging from the process of transference and countertransference. The word, the presence, and the absence, physically and mentally, of the psychoanalyst and the patient are recognized as those activators of potential transformation which are an appropriate form of medicine at an analyst’s disposal during the process of changing a pathogenic state.
By integrating data from general psychology and perinatal clinical psychology with neuroscience and psychoanalysis, the author discusses the relations between memory and consciousness, the aim being a unitary definition of the concept of unconscious. Nobody has a brain that can be the same as any other person's: the biology of memory lies in neural networks that have been constructed in the brain of that specific person by their experience. From the fetal stage, each brain progressively learns its own individual functions during its relational neuropsychic development. The author underlines how the continuous emotional biological work of the brain, together with a person's entire relational life, produces the construction of the whole functional and individual mindbrain. The whole construction is memory and this is unconscious; indeed it may be the true unconscious. From the continuous silent work of the mindbrain of a person, some forms of conscious level may emerge in his individual's subjectivity: some functioning of mindbrain makes what an individual person can consciously remember. The unconscious is only what appears in some form in an analyst's consciousness, at some specific moment in his relationship with a patient, and which the analyst translates into some form of his verbal interpretation.
Erich Fromm was an internationally renowned social psychologist and philosopher of the twentieth century. In order to analyze the social phenomenon of capitalism, he spent his life trying to combine Marxism with Freudian Psychoanalysis. Fromm hopes to find the master key to realize the spiritual freedom and perfect life of human beings by repeatedly questioning the various realistic dilemmas, conflicts and cultural crises of human existence in the western society. Starting from the realistic dilemma faced by the capitalist society, he introduced Freud’s psychoanalysis theory to the micro level of alienation, formed the theory of alienation with its own characteristics, and enriched the connotation of Marx’s alienation thought. Marx has pointed out clearly that the alienation of real life and the alienation of consciousness constitute two representative areas of alienation in human life. Starting from the most basic practical activity-labor, Marx develops his theory of alienation and discusses the alienation of the external world or real life. Fromm, on the other hand, made a supplementary study on alienation from the perspective of internal concept or subjective consciousness. And through the comprehensive analysis and criticism of the capitalist society, put forward the psychological revolution theory and social reform plan to save the human being and establish a sound society. In modern society, with the continuous development of economy, science and technology, people’s ultimate goal of social development is to better meet their own needs for development, and people’s awareness of increasingly prominent social subject status has been constantly enhanced. But at the same time, human existence also faces many new problems. How to effectively solve the dilemma of human development has become the primary task of contemporary society. Fromm’s theory of alienation actively focuses on the living conditions of human beings, attaches importance to the self-realization and creative development of human beings, and tries to find a way for the sound development of human beings.– Therefore, the study of Fromm’s theory of alienation is undoubtedly of reference significance to solve the survival crisis of modern people. Based on the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of Fromm’s dissimilation theory, this paper, on the basis of clarifying its theoretical connotation, captures its theoretical characteristics and makes a scientific analysis of its achievements and shortcomings. Finally, combining with the background of globalization and the reality of the whole social development, it points out the contemporary value of its theory, especially the practical significance to the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
The current era is often referred to as the era of big data. The development of information technology makes almost everything related to data. Different fields have different data. Everyone is generating data, and everyone lives in the data. While people enjoy the convenience of life brought by big data, the spiritual confusion has not been resolved. This article analyzes and thinks about Fromm’s human thoughts, and takes this as his starting point to reflect on the spiritual dilemma of people in the era of big data.– This article first gives a brief overview of the current research situation of Fromm’s human thoughts at home and abroad, and puts forward his own research goals. The first chapter makes a brief analysis on the background and sources of Fromm’s humanistic thought. The second and third chapters make a concrete analysis of Fromm’s anthropological thoughts: the second chapter focuses on the analysis of Fromm’s theories about human existence, and the third chapter focuses on his theory of social personality and social unconsciousness A brief explanation, and pointed out that these his theories are still applicable to the analysis of the social character and unconsciousness of people in the era of big data. Chapter 4 mainly clarifies the basic concepts of big data, and the reason why Fromm’s ideas are still valuable in today’s big data era. During these forty years, the major contradictions in Western society have not fundamentally changed, the living conditions of people have not improved much, and their capabilities have not been fundamentally exerted.– Combining this reality, this article takes Fromm’s humanistic thoughts as the starting point, deeply analyzes the morbid human phenomenon in the current era, and analyzes the mental dilemma of people in the era of big data from four aspects of catering to data, interfering with data, relying on data and possessing data. These pathological phenomena are also the contemporary portrayal of Fromm's ideas about the dichotomy and unproductive society of human existence 40 years ago. Similarly, his solution has similarities with Marx’s plan, and it has some reference significance. Based on this understanding, the author affirmed that Fromm’s anthropological thinking still has its significance in this era of big data. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
There exists a German-Jewish cultural discourse from the early 20th century that stands in dynamic tension between spiritual and material, sacred and secular, beyond the usual static dichotomies. Several key Jewish thinkers have sought to recover spiritual meaning, in direct interaction with the profane. Under different ways they developed a process of simultaneous secularization and sacralization, in a sort of >dialectic< combination of both. The first common characteristic of these authors is their deep attachment to the German romantic culture, with its ambivalence towards modernity, and its desperate attempt at re-enchanting the world through a return to past spiritual forms. This article will demonstrate these relationships through the work of young Erich Fromm.
新兴科技带来了机器自动化工具,不断地缩短了人类的必要劳动时间量,技术理性使人类过上了更具人格尊严的物质生活。人类开启了一个>更富裕、更舒适、更享受<的新纪元。但与物质丰裕相伴随的,人的生存却遭受到前所未有的压抑。在建构新的工具系统过程中,人类毫不顾及技术理性的威胁,甚至把技术理性作为生存追求的最高目标。人的创造能力被导向到征服自然和利用自然,为人类创造享受性物质的方向去了,从而也使人类自身沦为工具技术系统的>附庸物<。在技术理性的作用下,机械工具高度自动化,工人的分工不断细小化,导致社会群体也不断>原子化<,人成为了机械工具的>原子部件<。人的主体性日益弱化,有时人的自我体验到:自己是一件>商品<,目标是尽力使自身更具有>商品属性<,具有>使用价值的可售性<,这时人的理性和人格必定异化了。人们总是追求与大多数人意志一致性。人们没有自我尊严感,日常情绪表现为恐惧、焦虑或疑虑、特别渴望得到他人的认可。人们己经同自身分离或疏离了,转而崇拜自己创造的产品和物质技术力量。本文以弗洛姆对资本主义社会中人的境况批判为基点。首先,揭示资本主义社会中人的生存境遇的异化。人与人之间充满无情的竞争、人被当作工具而利用、人遭受来自权威的压抑,并且在技术理性的驱动下,权威变种为更加隐蔽的控制力量。人的劳动异化了,劳动的成果不再属于劳动者,而成为劳动者的对立物。其次,论述弗洛姆对社会性格的批判。包括人的理性不断异化,人日益抽象化和量化、民主的异化,使人无论在任何条件下不得不顺从、人的物质欲望的异化。再次,探究弗洛姆对资本主义社会极端伦理的批判,他批判了人的极度自私利己主义、人的异化良心、人的扭曲享乐价值倾向、人在资本主义社会中对极端信仰追崇、人的功利主义道德观等内容。弗洛姆正是在对资本主义社会的不良现象批判后,提出人通往健全社会并实现人的自由解放之路的。人摆脱异化后人格尊严得以回归,人应该从经济、政治、文化三方面获得相应的解放,最终实现建构健全社会与人的自由解放的有机统一。
This article presents a research on the reception of Erich Fromm’s ideas in Bulgaria. The criticism of Fromm’s ideas is presented and an attempt is made to evaluate it according to its context – ideological, psychological and philosophical. The author aims at explaining the theoretical and substantive side of the criticism.
The article analyzes the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the human heart, goodness and evil inclinations, sadism, the problems of freedom of worship, human destructiveness, various forms of aggression, contradictory necrophilia and biophilia. In the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the heart of the human soul is shown by the desire for destructive desires and the uplifting desires – love for humanity and freedom. Our goal is to analyze the souls of human minds based on the works of the intellectuals. From the Erich Fromm heart concept, the robotic personality and the character of the stranger are disclosed.
In the light of Philipp Sarasin's work in Darwin und Foucault: Genealogie und Geschichte im Zeitalter der Biologie, the article delineates a genealogically articulated naturally produced culture and a cultured nature and discusses the genealogical implications of a carnal, becoming self in a world that could rightly be justified >as an aesthetical phenomenon.< The article demonstrates the historicity and processual materiality as a conceptual platform for a combination of the notions of experienced carnality and a socially constructed body, demonstrating such a historically embedded carnal body as a binding agent for the >social constructivist< and >biologist< approaches in sciences. Thus, the article builds a framework for the articulation of senseful, processual materiality on the backdrop of a nature-culture continuum via genealogy, suggesting the necessity for change of tone in the communication of human and life sciences via the understanding of a culturally endowed biology.
This study aims to explore the meaning of love and love orientation of Catholic widows based on Erich Fromm’s theory. The research model used qualitative research with descriptive phenomenology, based on interviews among four widow members of St Peter Paulus church. This interview data was analysed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed the participants interpreted love as an effort to give what they have. Participant’s love orientation tends to be stronger towards children and God. Meanwhile, other orientations were also found namely grandchildren, nieces, neighbours, deceased spouses, friends and themselves. Productive love is experienced primarily in relationships with children, God, and people in their extended social spheres. Relationships with partners and themselves become the least dominant relationships in the life of a widow and less interpreted with productive love. Based on the results of this study it is advisable to the church to add a counselling for their member who has loss their partner (spouse) so that they regain a sense of self-worth.
石黑一雄作为英国当代小说家中的重要一员,凭借其作品深刻的思想内涵和独特的艺术风格在英国文坛占据重要一席,又因其日裔英籍的身份,石黑一雄与奈保尔和拉什迪并称为>英国文坛移民三雄<,并荣获2017年的诺贝尔文学奖,其颁奖词为:石黑一雄的小说,以其巨大的情感力量,发掘了隐藏在我们与世界联系的幻觉之下的深渊。孤独是人类存在的状态,关于>孤独<主题的追问与反思一直是世界作家创作的重要母题之一。日裔英籍的石黑一雄因其特殊的文化背景及成长经历,促使他对>孤独<有着独特的自我体验和深刻独到的理解,并且通过细腻的笔触在作品中生动地展现出来。石黑一雄的作品以人物经历为主要表现对象,描写了人类个体对自我存在缺失的内心恐惧,深刻表现了匿名权威下人类深陷孤独的精神状态,同时在其孤独书写中更传达出人类对孤独强烈的反抗意识。本篇论文主要围绕石黑一雄的四部作品,即《浮世画家》、《上海孤儿》、《无可慰藉》及《被掩埋的巨人》,并以艾瑞克·弗洛姆的孤独理论为支撑,运用文本细读法和归纳总结法,探究石黑一雄对>孤独<这一主题的追问和反思。绪论部分介绍了石黑一雄小说研究的现状,对艾瑞克·弗洛姆的孤独理论进行梳理并阐释选题的意义与局限。第一章讨论了石黑一雄笔下孤独人物的类型:始终无法进入社会的边缘人、被社会丢弃的多余人、记忆缺失导致缺少文化身份的无根者,基于三种不同类型的孤独人分析石黑一雄小说中孤独的本质。第二章主要在弗洛姆孤独理论的视角下。讨论石黑一雄笔下人物的孤独成因。家庭纽带断裂导致个体无法顺利成长;社会身份缺失让个体难以寻觅自己的社会位置;人无法同病态的社会正常地产生联系;匿名权威将个体同化使其丧失自我。石黑一雄表明人类与社会缺少本质联系,是导致人类个体普遍的孤独的根本原因。第三章从哲学层面分析人类孤独的源头,即个体缺少自我意义。同时分析弗洛姆提出>爱<作为对抗孤独的手段在石黑一雄小说中的体现,以及在>爱<难以获得的情况下,人类如何通过自身的行动与孤独和解。结语部分在总结全文的基础上,指出石黑一雄有意将孤独主题贯穿于自己的整个创作过程,不仅为了揭示现代人所面临孤独的生存困境,也是为同样站在孤独十字路口不知何去何从的人们走向积极自由提供参考。
In this study we collocate adolescence within a broader and more present-day scenario than has been the case in psychological and psychoanalytic literature in recent years. Our analysis of this evolutionary passage and its malaise includes contextual and other aspects that condition its real development. We consider the features of contemporary Western society and naturally place them within an increasingly planetary vision of the subject, given that the culture pervading the Western world, although complex, appears to be sufficiently uniform with some specific aspects. We propose a contemporary interpretation of the developmental process of the second decade of life and the forms of malaise it can produce. In this respect, two adolescent conditions are emblematic: self-closure and anorexiform eating disorders. These conditions express paradigmatically some characteristics of subjective adolescent malaise.
The subject of the analysis is the category of the inclusion as a process that does not only apply to people with special developmental or life needs, but also to social sciences, which as a result of the positivist research paradigm have divided and separated from each other. Meanwhile, human upbringing requires the inclusion of biophilic orientation towards life in all social sciences, whose achievements should be considered and applied to improve educational processes. The Author borrows inspiration from the typology of human attitudes of Erich Fromm, because it makes readers aware of the negative effects of necrophilia in interpersonal relationships. The Author analyses Fromm’s approach against the background of selected ideas of Polish pedagogical views.
The article deals with some of the most common fears that can manifest in young training analysands during clinical practice. Viewed using a theatrical metaphor, the psychoanalytic situation that develops is conceived as a representation of the conflicts and deep suffering that the patient wishes the therapist to understand and alleviate. The two can be seen as actors who bring to the stage a scene involving both deeply, and which requires the right balance between illusion and reality to be therapeutically effective. The analytic theatre evokes characters that desire to be brought to the stage, and gives life to a drama that demands to be represented through the characters themselves, as happens in the play Six characters in search of an author by Pirandello (1925). Therefore, analysts need to take on a role that they are implicitly required to perform and that can at times be perceived as rather uncomfortable, while in other instances it can be rewarding. Sometimes they are the main character, while in other situations they are the audience; they may be a travel companion or a persecutor.
The history of migrations to Brazil is the history of the country itself, since the original inhabitants of the territory - the natives - were almost completely exterminated by the Portuguese. In Brazil, any child of school age learns that our land is mestizo and welcoming, and that its population is the result of the mixture of Portuguese, Italians, Spanish, Germans and Japanese, among other peoples. Curiously, the majority immigrant group that formed the country usually does not appear on that list: the Africans. In that case, immigration was forced, originating one of the main traumas that still mark the Brazilian culture and society. This trauma were not left in the past: it was not overcome and it continues to be updated – according to the logic of traumatic functioning, that of the compulsion to repetition - present in the entire structure of social relations in the country. In this paper I intend to deal with the peculiarity of Brazilian racism, articulating the memory of the slavery regime to psychoanalytic concepts – such as repression, narcissism of minor differences, splitting of the ego, and disavowal – capable of denouncing silent segregation that the black population suffer in the country.
[Chinese abstract not available] In December 2017, the outline of improving the quality of ideological and political work in colleges and university was issued by the education ministry of the Communist Party of China, which listed “psychological education” into the top ten education systems of universities. College students can be regarded as one of the main citizen groups in the Internet society. Internet brings the fulfillment to young people’s life; however, it also brings the problem of individual alienation. From the perspective of Fromm’s Need theory and individual alienation, the individual alienation in internet society can be seen as the external alienation of individual demand and the internal psychological alienation, including Internet social rationality, consumption, relationship, spirit as well as personality alienation. The accumulative alienation of individuals may grow to substantive psychological issues, which hinders the sound development of college students’ personalities. Ideological and political workers and teachers in university hence should solve the problem of personality development from the aspects of constructing a healthy personality in order to achieve the all-around development of university students in morality, intelligence, physique fitness, beauty and labor, which lies in the core of mental health education in thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristic for a new era. [English version: www.cnki.net, 9/2021]
弗洛伊德提出梦境是了解人心理的重要途径,分析人物潜意识中的隐藏事件可治愈人物心理创伤。利用精神分析学理论分析人物梦境,可了解人物内心,从内而外完成对人物的塑造。短片《梦中人》讲述一个独自生活在城市里的青年林栋两天三夜的生活故事。在梦起梦落中回忆起儿时以自己内心的另一个人格身份夏桐成长的生活点滴。整个故事中穿插了二人很多奇幻的梦境,这些梦境将隐藏在两人内心深处的情感进行可视化展现。本文运用到了精神分析学家弗洛伊德的精神层次理论和释梦理论、荣格的人格面具理论和弗洛姆的社会潜意识理论。本文依托于精神分析学的整体理论框架下,分别从人物叙事空间的结构化表达、人物心理空间的具象化表达和人物的人格建构等方面针对创作中的叙事结构、叙事空间和叙述人进行分析阐述;针对电影视听语言中的镜头语言、光线色调、意象符号和声音的运用进行分析阐述;针对人物的人格建构、影响人物人格建构的环境因素进行分析阐述。
The Art of Loving [爱的艺术]
(2020)
In an era of environmental crises, geopolitical stresses, corporate misbehavior, and inequalities of wealth and power, a new moral vision for our world is vital. Klaus M. Leisinger, one of the world’s leading ethicists and experts in ethical business management offers an essential text for our times. This is a volume akin to Machiavelli’s The Prince, as it is a guidebook for leadership, but unlike Machiavelli, Leisinger teaches the leader how to find true purpose and value through leadership. Drawing upon his vast knowledge of philosophy and experience in global business, Leisinger offers an invaluable, persuasive, inspiring, and utterly practical guide for business with purpose in the 21st century. The timing is perfect. Leading CEOs in the U.S. Business Roundtable have finally acknowledged the social responsibility of the corporation. They will find no better roadmap to fulfilling that responsibility than Klaus Leisinger’s powerful text.
在先锋作家创造的小说世界中,少年成为一道别样的风景。他们一改传统文学作品中明媚阳光的正面形象,不再是作家形而上的精神寄托者,而成为非理性与原生态的代名词,展现出一幅人性深处的生存图景。先锋小说中的少年形象凝聚着作家的自觉意识,对这类少年的书写是先锋作家对自我的又一次认知和超越。本文对先锋小说中少年形象的探讨,有助于挖掘少年形象背后的深层意义内涵,探讨先锋作家的审美意蕴和少年情怀,揭示少年形象建构与个人体验、时代精神的互动关联,从而对先锋小说中的少年形象作出准确定位和客观评价,以期实现文本研究的学术价值。目前对于先锋小说的研究主要集中于语言研究、叙事结构研究、作家转型前后的对比等方面,较少涉及人物形象领域,即便有少数探究少年形象的文本,也难以形成具体的体系。本文主要采用文本细读法,从以下六个部分对先锋小说中的少年形象加以分析和探讨。绪论部分对自古以来的少年形象进行历时性梳理,从而引出先锋小说中少年形象的价值所在。同时,界定先锋小说和少年的概念和范围,综合分析当下学界对于少年形象的研究现状的不足与优势,进一步指出本文的创新点,即对先锋小说的少年形象进行整体梳理并找出他们的共通之处,从叙事学的角度对少年形象进行解剖,进一步解读先锋作家笔下少年形象独特的美学价值与文学史意义。第一章主要归纳并分析先锋小说中的少年形象类型及其内蕴。笔者运用詹姆斯·O·卢格在《人生发展心理学》中的相关理论,将先锋小说中的少年形象分为四类:伊甸园少年、病患少年、暴戾少年和追寻少年,通过对这些少年形象的分析,初步探寻少年形象背后的内蕴和寓意,为下文的研究作铺垫。第二章主要探讨先锋小说中少年形象的塑造方法。首先,福斯特的《小说面面观》中提及的扁平人物与先锋小说中的少年群像高度重合,少年的个性在小说中被极度淡化,体现出先锋作家寓言化写作的色彩;其次,弗洛姆的异化理论中提及人的异化乃是社会力量所致,这为本章研究生存环境的异化与人物异化之间的密切关联提供了理论依据;最后,叙事视角问题成为解读先锋作家笔下少年形象的可行路径。从全知全能视角向限知视角的转变,实则是后现代主义思维方式的外显。第三章主要探究先锋小说中少年形象的塑造根源。分为两个方面:其一是从文学思潮的影响进行探讨。>文学是人学<的观念被后现代主义思潮解构,少年的主体性失落;从>写什么<到>怎么写<的转变,预示着小说观念的根本蜕变,人物形象的弱化成了文体走向自觉的代价,叙事方法的变革为少年形象的塑造提供了另一种途径;其二是从具体作家的少年经历出发,选取先锋作家中的三位典型代表——余华、苏童和残雪,探讨先锋作家的少年情结对小说中少年形象塑造的影响,得出结论——书写少年意味着成年之后作家对自我的又一次认知和超越,是>此在<与>彼在<进行对话的独特方式。第四章主要阐述先锋小说中少年形象塑造的价值意义。先锋小说所塑造出的少年形象的美学价值主要体现在两个方面:其一是通过对少年身上>丑<的挖掘,扩大了艺术表现的范围,展现出少年原生态的本来面目和人性深处的生存图景;其二是作家的寓言化书写追求作品的深度寓意,这一方面强化了作者形而上的思考,另一方面又存在使文本变得生硬晦涩的弊端。同时,先锋小说中的少年形象具有反传统的文学史意义。通过和其他时期文学中少年形象的对比不难发现,先锋小说中的少年具有非理性的>本我<色彩,现实教育意义也不甚突出。对少年形象的刻画,不仅影响着先锋作家们转型之后的创作,也影响了张悦然、韩寒、郭敬明等>80后<作家的写作。结语部分对论文进行总体概括与升华,进一步阐释先锋小说中少年形象的独特意义和书写价值,指出先锋作家笔下少年形象塑造的不足之处,试图为后人的研究提供参考。先锋小说中的少年书写是一种寓言化书写,这个寓言由少年的暴力、死亡、欲望、追寻、疾病等各个方面组成,寓意隐藏在作家对于社会成规的颠覆中。先锋作家为读者揭示出少年生存的原生态面貌,通过刻意暴露写作痕迹的书写方式,反映了作家对文化困境的思考,为读者展现出人性被压抑、被碾压的惨痛状态,以此唤醒人们追本溯源的体悟。
Supervisors who wish to meet their supervisees’ needs to grow as clinicians will encounter two paradoxical knowledge-related needs of supervisees. On one pole of this paradox is their need to assimilate new knowledge into their existing clinical knowledge; on the other pole is their need for acknowledgement, validation, and formulation of their unique experiential and unarticulated knowledge. Meeting this need helps the supervisees to balance regressive states and painful gaps between their own and their supervisors’ knowledge, which might put the supervisory relationship at risk.
Sull’approccio psicoanalitico-sociale di Erich Fromm. Excursus su alcuni lavori inediti in italiano
(2020)
法兰克福学派基于对当代城市问题的关切,发展形成了独具特色和理论价值的城市理论。从纵向看,法兰克福学派的城市批判理论经历了历史哲学批判时期、交往行为理论批判时期和承认理论批判时期。在历史哲学批判时期,霍克海默、阿多诺和弗洛姆等从工具理性批判的视角审视城市的问题,从不同角度对发达资本主义社会中占支配地位的工具理性进行了批判。在交往行为理论批判时期,哈贝马斯开始关注公共领域的结构转型和主体的社会整合力量等>社会性的内部关系<,通过交往行为的力量从社会内部解决社会出现的问题。在承认理论批判时期,霍耐特认为必须走规范性和经验性批判相结合的道路,用承认理论去重新审视社会道德。从横向看,法兰克福学派城市理论批判的主题主要包括四个方面,经济、文化、空间和心理。经济作为整个城市批判理论的基础,体现在工具理性成为企业和人们活动的法则、企业和技术成为新的统治形式和当代资本主义社会的剥削程度和异化程度的加深。文化是法兰克福学派城市批判的重点,文化不仅倒退为欺骗大众的>文化工业<,而且文化为城市人提供逃避自由的模式。空间是法兰克福学派城市批判的重要组成部分,《巴黎拱廊计划》指出城市空间是受资本支配的含混空间,《启蒙辩证法》指出城市空间在理性退化为工具理性语境下具有同质化、欺骗性的特征,《公共领域的结构转型》指出城市空间>公<>私<领域的趋渐融合,《为承认而斗争》构建了自由展现个体自主性的城市空间。心理是法兰克福学派城市批判的新领域,弗洛姆揭示人们逃避自由与社会人本主义伦理的沦丧,马尔库塞指出发达社会人的单向度发展,霍耐特构建爱、法律和团结从而试图给个体提供基本自信、自尊和自重。法兰克福学派城市理论是对马克思城市理论的继承与发展,它批判资本主义城市的异化发展,重绘城市空间样貌,重建城市心理样态,提供解决当代城市问题的新视角,努力实现现代人的自由全面发展。法兰克福学派城市对我们规划、建设和发展中国特色的社会主义城市,具有重大的启示作用。
论文选取在思想政治教育视域下的慎独教育作为研究对象。是对当代教育的一个>纠偏<。慎独教育作为一种优秀的教育传统,在当代受到弱化是一种资源损失。当代思想政治教育面临这样一种困境:在应试教育大环境下,思想政治教育亦成为流于卷面分数、课堂考核为主要评价方式的课程。这样既不利于思想政治教育真正内化于心,亦不利于其教学内容外化于行,思想政治教育需要一场由>教<到>学<的转变。慎独教育的提出,旨在将>学习<还给学生,将>成人<这一教育目标转化为学生的人生目标。论文研究采用文献法,比较法,问题分析法等研究方法。就慎独教育而言,其理论基础贯通中西,这就需要我们对现存资料做大量的基础性工作。论文研究前提是做好文献搜集和整理,努力保证文献的真实性和准确性,在此基础上,尽量采用权威版本,以求更为忠实作者原意,进而能够实现对慎独教育的科学认识。而要准确地把握慎独教育思想及其价值,须在研究慎独教育之过程中,准确把握关于>自我<>自我教育<等概念在中西方思想史、文化史的传承,考察慎独教育内涵需要展开国内外比较研究,找到西方关于自我问题和自我教育问题中与慎独教育相似之处,或是能够为我国慎独教育提供借鉴方法和借鉴内容之处。在本论文的写作过程中,突出问题线索,以点带线,以线带面,从慎独教育的发生前提出发,研究其内涵,逻辑结构,发生机制,以期研究出一套适合我国国情的慎独教育方法论。论文的主要结构包括:慎独教育的理论基础,慎独教育的内涵,慎独教育的结构及在思想政治教育的视域下开展慎独教育的路径研究。慎独教育有着丰富的理论基础,马克思关于人的自由而全面发展理论充分论述了个体应该对其为>人<应做出的奋斗,以及如何处理个体与社会发展的关系;慎独教育有着深厚的传统文化积淀,作为儒家德化传统,>慎独<化育了一代代中华儿女,更加系统化、社会化的>慎独教育<在传承的基础之上致力于使之受众更广、更大众化。同时,西方哲学传统中对>自我<的认识亦对慎独教育理论之构建有十分重要的借鉴意义。弗洛姆作为西方马克思主义的重要代表人物,其构建的人道主义伦理学中将良心定义为内在权威,为慎独教育的重要方法:内省,提供合法性理论基础。思想政治教育本身就有深厚的自我教育内涵,而慎独教育正是一种特殊的自我教育,在思想政治教育视域域下开展慎独教育,有了合法性依据。慎独教育有着丰富的内涵。个体不能孤立于社会而须依赖于社会生存和发展,社会实践使个体获得社会身份和社会认同。但是这使个体容易陷入另一个危机:为获得社会认同而依赖外在权威,反而不利于自我成长。慎独教育之>知己<是对生活环境和个体价值观的全面了解;慎独教育之>内省<是个体以社会主流价值观为参照省察自我的价值观和实践行为,并在复杂多变的社会环境中客观、理性地认识自我、评价自我,并对自我价值观和实践进行修正,进而自我成长;>慎独<是一种自由的自律,是对个体社会性和自我性的平衡,体现在个体于教化中获得自我认识的评判标准,于社会实践中获得成长目标和成长规划,于社会交往中获得社会归属感,于社会评价中获得社会角色和社会定位。从而实现自主成长,自觉成人。论文结论是为解决在思想政治教育视域下开展慎独教育之路径。从个体角度出发,要求个体在社会中认识自我,在社会活动中积极调控自我,坚持独一无二的道德自我并在社会实践中成就独一无二的自我。同时,社会也应为个体之自由自觉发展提供尊重个性,注重社会主流价值观教育,以及民族精神之普及
弗洛姆的人本主义传播思想强调,人应当是传播活动乃至所有生命活动的中心,人类的一切造物都不应凌驾于人类自身之上。不同于法兰克福学派的其他成员,弗洛姆将对人性的心理分析和对纳粹极权主义及资本主义的社会文化批判有机结合,并在>诊断病因<的基础上,提出了人本主义的解决方案。弗洛姆认为,在法西斯社会和资本主义社会,人们只能通过一种不健康的方式来逃避孤独,个人与他人和世界的关系是扭曲的,>偶像崇拜<和>机械趋同<就是这种病症的典型表现。只有通过>爱<与>劳动<及对传播方式的改造,建立人和人、人与自然及世界的自发联系,实现>健康的传播<,才能真正克服孤独、焦虑和异化,促进人的自由发展。当今时代,20世纪弗洛姆的传播思想仍然值得我们珍视。从>人本主义<出发,最后回归到>人本主义<,即是弗洛姆传播思想对当下最大的启示。
The present paper addresses Baruch Spinoza’s radical affirmation of individual identity emergent from within the psychosocial tensions of group membership. Focusing upon psychological experience beginning with a lived history of fearful Inquisitional persecution, and continuing from conformity to rebellion within the constraints of the Amsterdam Jewish synagogue, we trace the psychological recognition of individual identity in Spinoza’s understanding of the self-determined, immanent acts of daily life. Spinoza’s multiple names are depicted as markers, corresponding to membership in mutually exclusive social groups, each constraining freedom of thought and action.
The author discusses some aspects of the impact of our changing society on the latency phase, while presenting a clinical case. At this age, children need a reliable environment, protecting them from sexual and aggressive overstimulation, as an essential condition for the work of latency to be carried out. As some authors point out, if post-Oedipal repression is hindered, children may be pushed towards an early, highly disruptive adolescence process. Strong and untimely anxieties may arise, requiring particular defensive and adaptive strategies. According to the author’s experience, concerns about death may be observed, these not usually being expected at the latency age. In some children, these seem to promote an early process of intellectualization. The patient described here was a violent, self-harming child from a disturbed family. As soon as his psychic state improved with psychotherapy, he expressed anxiety about mortality as a general human condition and was able to reason on the concept of infinity at a quite abstract level. The significance of this observation is discussed from a developmental point of view.
In this paper, we will analyze the dynamic and relational drivers behind the choice to embark on a therapy via Skype. The fear of relationships could be the origin of this choice. Can Skype be a means by which the patient’s difficulties manifest themselves? We suggest that this is possible, and we will use the case of Matilde to show it. Matilde uses relationships to see herself, as she is unable to do this alone. She tries to find herself through others and the virtual world. She prefers to skip a session because the therapist’s webcam is not working rather than having the session without them seeing each other. Can we speculate that Matilde feels lost when she is in contact with herself without an other’s mediation? What are her fears? In this case, has Skype helped or slowed down the process? How would her borderline emptiness manifest itself in a traditional session? And what does it mean to live in the virtual world for a patient who tries to find herself through others? We will try to answer all of these questions, thinking about the functionality that technology has for some patients, for the therapist, and for the therapeutic process.
Selbstsucht und Selbstliebe
(2020)
Betrachtet man die Kompetenzen, die ein Subjekt zur Bewältigung des Lebens und der beruflichen Anforderungen benötigt, so gehören dazu auch reflexive Kompetenzen. Diese bewegen sich in der Spannung zwischen Systemzwängen und Eigensinn. Der Mensch wird als verantwortungsvoller Akteur gedacht, der sich und seine Umwelt durch schöpferisches Handeln verändern kann. Bei den Handlungsspielräumen geht es zentral um das Menschenbild, das soziale Implikationen hat. Wichtig ist, Illusionen über das eigene Selbstbild zu verlieren und gesellschaftliche Zwänge und Soziopathologien aufzudecken. Die Kategorie des Eigensinns legt nahe, dass die subjektive Logik von Erfahrung und Handeln nie vollständig in gesellschaftlichen Sinnhorizonten aufgeht, sondern es einen freien Raum der Selbstorganisation gibt, der unvorhersehbar und unkontrollierbar ist. Dies gilt es zu erkennen und auszuschöpfen.
Selbstliebe und Selbstsucht
(2020)
Revisiting Authoritarianism
(2020)
This article traces the roots of the Authoritarian Personality (AP) project in the neo-Freudian/phenomenological tradition of the Frankfurt School (FS). It focuses on three of its major proponents (Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse) and examines the construction of the F-scale. It outlines how, according to FS-influenced scholars, the AP arose from the disciplinary measures inflicted on late 19th and early 20th century German middle-class youth, and details the sado-masochistic political style of the prototypical AP. It covers the critical reception of this characterization and explanation of authoritarianism by Bob Altemeyer and Anglo-American positivism. It concludes by arguing that in overlooking the inner life of the AP, positivism blinds us to compelling truths, about authoritarianism, and also about ourselves.
Review Fromm, E.: Wissenschaft vom Leben. Ein Lesebuch (2020a, German): Erschaffen, denken, lieben
(2020)
Review C. Kirchoff et al., Psychoanalytisch denken. Sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven
(2020)
>千年第一思想家<马克思在系列著作中对家庭进行了深刻的论述,本文正是以马克思的经典著作为基础,探寻马克思家庭思想的奥秘。本文的主体一共有五章,可归纳为以下三点:第一,马克思家庭思想的发展历程。在对马克思相关著作中家庭思想进行提炼的基础上,依据时间顺序和马克思思想的发展线索,将马克思家庭思想划分为萌芽时期、展开时期、成熟时期。在马克思家庭思想萌芽时期,马克思家庭思想受西方浪漫主义思想的影响,主要展开对爱情和婚姻的论述。在马克思家庭思想展开时期,马克思家庭思想经历从黑格尔的理性主义转向费尔巴哈的人本唯物主义,最终形成历史唯物主义的过程,主要展开对家庭、市民社会与国家的关系,家庭中的夫妻关系,家庭的未来,家庭起源和发展的论述。在马克思家庭思想成熟时期,主要展开对资本主义家庭的批判,无产阶级家庭现状的剖析以及家庭形式的分析。第二,马克思家庭思想的理论溯源及其内在张力。首先指出柏拉图的家庭思想、西方浪漫主义思想、黑格尔的家庭思想、费尔巴哈的家庭思想、摩尔根的家庭思想是马克思家庭思想的理论溯源;其次阐述马克思家庭思想在发展过程中产生的应有和现有、理性和现实、认识和实践之间的张力。第三,马克思家庭思想对西方马克思主义的影响,包括对艾瑞克?弗洛姆家庭之爱的思想的影响,结构主义马克思主义婚姻、家庭思想的影响和马克思主义女性主义的妇女解放思想的影响。总之,本文以马克思的经典文本为依据,对其家庭思想的发展历程、理论溯源、内在张力以及对西方马克思主义的影响进行详细的阐述,得出以下结论:第一,马克思家庭思想在发展过程中经历了由西方浪漫主义转向理性主义再转向人本唯物主义,最终确立历史唯物主义的演变过程。第二,马克思家庭思想中存在应有和现有、理性和现实、认识和实践之间的内在张力。第三,西方马克思主义对马克思家庭思想进行了一定程度的发挥。
埃里希?弗洛姆,著名的人本主义哲学家、精神分析学家,其技术人道化思想是人文关怀主义研究的哲学理论之一,他的一生都在为了建立以人的全面发展为中心、技术服务于人类的理想社会环境而奋斗。弗洛姆认为,随着技术的不断发展,现代技术社会中人的发展受到了制约,社会偏离了人道化的发展,是一个异化的、病态的社会,他结合了心理学和社会学两个维度,提出了实现技术社会人道化的具体措施,希望将技术重新置于人的控制之中,营造一个健康的社会环境,最终实现人的全面发展。本文首先从弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想产生的时代背景、形成过程、思想追溯以及理论基础等四个方面入手,力图深入剖析其>技术人道化<思想。其次,对该思想的主要内容进行分析,从人的存在方式的异化现象,得出导致异化现象形成的>病原<,再>对症下药<提出如何摒除>病原<实现技术人道化发展的改革方向。最后,弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想从人性论出发,希望将人们的关注点回归到人自身的发展上,把总体社会变革与道德变革相结合,以期改变社会异化现象。虽然弗洛姆提出的实现技术社会人道化的具体方案不具有可实施性,只是构建了乌托邦式的健全社会,存在唯心主义及对资本主义批判的不彻底性,但也体现了人类对美好生活的憧憬。我国目前处于社会主义初级阶段,对我国目前技术发展的情况而言,弗洛姆技术人道化思想具有重要的借鉴意义,值得深入研究。弗洛姆技术人道化思想可以指引我们面对现代化技术社会快节奏的生活时如何树立合理的消费观念、坚定文化自信等。
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie das Phänomen Religion aus psychoanalytischer Sicht gesehen und erklärt werden kann. Und zwar insbesondere aus der Sicht der beiden Vertreter Sigmund Freud und Erich Fromm. In der Arbeit sollen deren unterschiedliche Theorien aufgegriffen und verglichen, die Standpunkte zusammengeführt, die Unterschiede herausgearbeitet, eventuelle Widersprüche aufgezeigt, und schließlich die Ergebnisse in Bezug auf ihre ethische Bedeutung hin interpretiert werden. Der Begründer der Psychoanalyse, Sigmund Freud, übt in seinem Text >Die Zukunft einer Illusion< (1927) scharfe Kritik am Phänomen Religion. Sein Zugang ist sowohl aus psychologischer als auch aus philosophischer Perspektive interessant. Freud überträgt die von ihm entwickelte Theorie der menschlichen Psyche auf die menschliche Gesellschaft als ganzes und ortet dort dieselben defizitären Strukturen wie beim Individuum. Die Menschheit befindet sich laut ihm in einem andauernden Entwicklungsprozess – von kindlicher Naivität hin zu erwachsener Vernunft. Wobei das Stadium der Naivität für Freud jenem der religiösen Weltanschauung entspricht. Denn anstatt sich der Wirklichkeit wie sie ist zu stellen und sich ihr gegenüber adäquat zu verhalten, tendiere der religiöse Mensch dazu, in einer idealisierten Traumwelt zu verharren. Für Freud ist dies eindeutig neurotisch und unfrei. Freud kommt also zum Schluss: Religiöses Verhalten entspricht einer kollektiven Zwangsneurose. Interessant ist nun, dass Erich Fromm, ebenfalls Psychoanalytiker, einige Jahrzehnte später zu einem diametral entgegengesetzten Ergebnis gelangt als Freud. In seinen Texten >Psychoanalyse und Religion< (1950) und >Haben oder Sein< (1979) beschreibt Fromm Religiosität als ein Grundbedürfnis des Menschen, welches zu stillen für die psychische Gesundheit absolut notwendig, und nicht – wie von Freud behauptet – krankhaft sei. Denn Vernunft und Erkenntnis alleine würden laut Fromm nicht ausreichen, um glücklich zu sein. Der Mensch brauche auch ein Ziel und ein Objekt der Verehrung als Orientierung im Leben.
This article focuses on the role that the notion of temporality can and should play in the tradition of Critical Theory. Following an overview of the critical analyses of time found in the works of Marx, Lukács, Weber, Adorno, Fromm, and Marcuse, the article analyzes Hartmut Rosa’s critique of social acceleration and argues that this critique lacks a firm normative basis. This basis is required, however, for one to claim why certain processes of social acceleration are wrong. It is shown that Rosa’s analyses of acceleration contain two suggestions for such a basis: autonomy understood as a narrative identity, and autonomy as defended by Honneth’s theory of recognition. After an exploration of both suggestions, in which the ideas of MacIntyre and Ricoeur are briefly discussed as well, it is argued that a combination of both may result in a specific, normative understanding of reification, which is defended against Honneth’s definition of this concept. Based on an interpretation of passages in Horkheimer and Adorno’s >Dialectic of Enlightenment< and Adorno’s notion of >working through the past<, the article claims that reification should be understood as a forgetting of the narratives that have shaped the self and the social structures under which this self is formed, and therefore as the inability to recognize the temporal dimensions of the autonomous self.
基于弗洛姆《爱的艺术》的理论,对弗洛姆的两个观点提出不同看法:一是针对>爱主要是给予不在得取<(Love is primarily giving, not receiving.)的观点反思爱的动机。爱的普遍动机在于得取被爱,这是由人的生存需求和社会本质决定的。被爱是去爱的根本动力,这才有助于人们在爱上积极主动给予。二是针对>博爱是一切爱的基础<(The most fundamental kind of love, which underlies all type of love, is brotherly love.)的观点反思爱的基础。博爱作为所有爱的基础,其非排他性与性爱的排他性存在矛盾。爱的基础不是博爱,而是自爱。一个人必须首先学会自爱,才有能力实现其他形式的爱。以自爱作为爱的起点,不仅有利于培养爱的能力,而且有助于使人走向成熟成就爱,使爱作为人类生存问题的解答具有人道主义和现实实践的双重意义。