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Acts of terrorism seem to never run out of Indonesia, from independence to the present day. Including the ideals of the establishment of an >Islamic State< that gave rise to a new wave of terrorism. The JAD group affiliated with ISIS clearly states that the Indonesian republic is thogut, so it is haram to be obedient to it, and they commit an act of terror some time ago. ISIS cleverly uses religious propositions to recruit new members. The verses of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet became his legitimacy. The concept of Hijra, Necrophilia and millenarism became the main doctrine of the ISIS. ISIS uses this narrative to facilitate and call for action in Indonesia. Suicide bombing, police station attack carried out by sympathizers, either JAD members or lone wolf. ISIS also utilizes social media well, this facilitates the idea of necrophilia, millenarism of ISIS is practiced by its sympathizers. Through qualitative and text analysis and the idea approach, necrophilia from Erich Fromm and millenarism from Norman Cohn, and other narrative this research is intended to make counter narrative of ISIS, so that the emergence is the concept of biophilia and optimism against the times and build a better future.
Статья посвящена феномену экзистенциального оптимизма. Авторы трактуют его как душевную установку, присущую отдельной личности и вклю¬чающую в себя положительную оценку мира, умение радоваться и волю к жизни. Экзистенциальный оптимизм не сливается с социальным оптимиз¬мом, он связан с определением индивидуальной траектории судьбы и способен помогать человеку проходить через трудные социальные обстоятель¬ства, сохраняя позитивный настрой и реализуя свои цели. Его стержнем выступает ощущение и выбор личного жизненного проекта, который существует не только в юности, но может в разных вариантах актуализироваться в любых возрастах. Авторы квалифицируют фигуру экзистенциального оптимиста с помощью понятий >продуктивности< (Э. Фромм) и >самоактуа¬лизации< (А. Маслоу), а также образа >победителя< (Э. Берн). Жизненные препятствия видятся такому человеку не только как нормальная характеристика действительности, но и как поле для игры наших сил, что приносит ему бытийную радость. В становлении подобного мироотношения боль¬шую роль играет воспитание и личный пример старших. Авторы обращаются также к теме смерти и разочарования, с которыми сталкивается любой человек, и подчеркивают, что смерть не находится в центре внимания экзистенциального оптимиста. Последней обсуждаемой в статье темой выступает тема практик >позитивного мышления<. В выводах подчеркивается, что позиция оптимиста не может быть никому навязана, а может быть лишь принята самостоятельно.
It is well known that the occurrence and disclosure of perquisite consumption has concealment, which gives the corresponding profit gainers room to manipulate. In reality, unreasonable perquisite consumption events occurred from time to time. These events have aroused a great deal of public opinion and social concern. In the past, the research on the influencing factors of perquisite consumption mostly focused on the company’s internal governance characteristics and external regulatory characteristics, which belongs to the category of formal system. Formal and informal systems usually have a comprehensive effect on the cognitive level and values of individuals. Combined with the Upper Echelons Theory, the informal system also affect the perquisite consumption behavior of senior executives to a certain extent. In recent years, the research on specific culture and corporate executives’ financial behavior has become a hot topic of corporate governance. Therefore, this article decides to focus on perquisite consumption and collectivism to studies the impact of different farming culture patterns formed in different regions on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. China has been in an agricultural society for a long time in history, and Chinese production and survival are closely related to the land. It is precisely because of the close relationship between land and the Chinese people for thousands of years, the impact of land on the Chinese people can not be ignored. In China, with the Yangtze River as the boundary, there is a planting difference between the south and the north with the main tillage of rice or wheat (or other non-rice crops.– Different crops in different regions have gradually formed different agricultural methods and farming habits in the local area. According to Fromm’s Human Existence Theory, diverse farming life would subtly form different unique regional culture with the passage of time. Once the culture was formed, it would be deeply rooted in the local society and affects the psychology and behavior of people who lived there in a long time. Due to differences in farming irrigation method and the amount of labor, people who live in rice growing areas or live in wheat growing areas have formed different agricultural production methods and habits. People in rice growing areas are used to cooperative labor and pay attention to the commitment and relationship between people, while people in wheat growing areas are relatively used to completing farming work independently. Different agricultural production methods and habits have brought people with very different regional cultural models: collectivism in rice areas and individualism in wheat areas.– Talhelm and his research team referred to the above-mentioned regional farming culture as >Rice Culture<. People in rice growing areas affected by >Rice Culture< tend to think in collectivism and integrity, pay attention to relationship and commitment, and get used to accommodating the environment to change themselves. But people affected by >Wheat Culture< is different than people who living in rice growing areas. In other words, people who living in areas where non-rice crops are grown is different than people who living in rice growing areas. People affected by >wheat culture< tend to be individualistic, analytical thinking and relatively independent of themselves. And they like to change the environment and adapt the environment to themselves. In connection with the existing research on the causes of perquisite consumption and Upper Echelons Theory, it is feasible to study senior executives’ perquisite consumption and collectivism. This article collects the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2017. Through data analysis, this article explores whether the farming culture pattern of the senior executive’s birthplace, origin-place and location of the company would affect the degree of perquisite consumption. Empirical results show that senior executives born in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those born in the rice growing region. The senior executives whose origin place is in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those origin place is in the rice growing region. Senior executives of wheat regional companies are more likely to make unreasonable perquisite consumption than those who employed in the rice growing area companies. That’s to say, the >Rice Culture< could inhibit the perquisite consumption of senior executives. Based on the above, this article carries out further research to compare the influence of >Rice Culture< of senior executives’ birthplace, origin place and company location on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. It is found that the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace is greater than that of the senior executives’ origin place, while the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is greater than senior executives’ origin place. And the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is slighter than the suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace. It means that the >Rice Culture< in the individual’s living environment has a significant impact on the individual, especially in long-term living areas. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Kazuo Ishiguro(1954 –) is a British-Japanese novelist and playwright. In 2017, Kazuo Ishiguro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Most of his works focus on the universal value of human beings in contemporary society, and emphasize the trend of integration and coexistence of multiple cultures in the era of globalization. At present, Ishiguro is one of the most famous writers in the English-speaking world today. He has written 7 novels and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize four times. His work >Never Let Me Go< in 2005 was listed on Time magazine’s list of the 100 greatest English language novels since the magazine’s first publication in 1923. >Never Let Me Go< also marks the first time that he attempted to write sci-fi novels.– The novel centers on the eternal literary theme of >destiny< and >freedom< in the context of human genetic technology. Through her memory flashback, the protagonist, Kathy, recalls the story between Ruth and Tommy, who grow up in Hailsham. Adopting a temperate and sentimental tone, Ishiguro traced the cloned group’s growth from childhood to adulthood, revealing their struggle with the >destiny< of organ donation and the end of life. >Never Let Me Go< contains the science-fiction elements that has not been involved in the previous novels of Ishiguro, and touches on the topic of morality and ethics of human cloning, which is a contentious issue in contemporary society. Critics have shown strong interests in this novel. In-depth studies of surrealism, genetic engineering, reflection of science and technology, have introduced many new interpretation methods. For the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel, many studies are limited to the reasons for its occurrence, and many readers question its rationality.– This thesis attempts to start with an understanding of Ishiguro’s consistent writing style and early life experience. Through analyzing the >constraints< and >freedom< in the novel, the thesis tries to explore the nature of the clones’ >non-resistance< with Fromm’s theory of freedom, thus, uncover Ishiguro’s reflection on human’s living condition. The first chapter explores the >constraints< in the novel. In the process of the clones’ growth, they suffer from various kind of constraints, like spatial isolation, social exclusion. This living state of the clones mirrors the condition of modern people in general. The second chapter mainly studies the >freedom< in the novel. In all kinds of >constraints<, the clones can still obtain a certain level of >freedom<. They create artworks, establish friendship and pursue love. Although they finally accept the doomed fate in the end, their short lives still triumph. The third chapter compares the clones’ choice of facing >death< with human beings’ choices and analyzes the positive meaning of the clones’ >non-resistance< approach. The thesis argues that the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel is not >escape from freedom<. Their behavior, thoughts and destiny are circumscribed, which makes them the >others< of the society, but they have not resisted in a violent way. Through positive artistic creation and establishing emotional ties, they find a sense of belonging, value of existence, thus gaining >positive freedom<. >Never Let Me Go< is not a typical science fiction novel with the theme of >cloning<. The novel’s concern is the ordinary people’s confrontation with futility and fate. It is in this sense that Ishiguro is a humanist writer with >compassion<. In >Never Let Me Go<, Ishiguro affirmed ordinary people’s value of existence when confronting the deter¬mi¬nistic force, which shows his concern for the living condition of modern people. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Edward Albee(1928 – 2016), one of the most outstanding avant-garde American playwrights, has acquired spectacular achievements in his life. Generally recognized as an eminent spokesman of the American theatre, Albee’s plays provide a key to understanding the capitalistic society. >At Home at the Zoo< combines Albee’s classic work, >The Zoo Story<, with its prequel, home-life, to form a complete story of Peter, Ann, and Jerry. Based on the theory of alienation, this thesis analyzes the alienation in individuals, families and society reflected in the play.– The thesis consists of three parts. The introduction reviews the achievements of Edward Albee and the style of his plays, with a particular focus on his work >At Home at the Zoo<. This part also demonstrates the development of the theory of alienation, with the focus on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation, laying the solid foundation for the textual analysis. Erich Fromm defines alienation as a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself/herself as an alien. Due to the lack of communication resulting from over production and consumption, rampant inequality and alienation emerges in one’s relationship with another. The main body of this thesis is composed of three chapters. Chapter One analyzes the defective individuals who are alienated inside themselves. In the alienated society, everyone has an increasing sense of alienation. The three main characters in the play are without exception. While both Peter and Jerry feel powerless in their life, Ann feels anxious all the time. Chapter Two examines the dysfunctional families in which the relationships between husbands and wives as well as parents and children are alienated. As a couple, Peter and Ann are isolated from each other. Jerry’s father and mother are completely estranged. In the meantime, the relationships between parents and children are greatly worsened as in Peter’s family and Jerry’s family. Chapter Three delves into the problematic society. The confrontation between Peter and Jerry and the domination of Jerry over >the dog< reflect the alienation of the whole society.– The last part is the conclusion which points out that alienation is pervasive in the modern capitalist society after analyzing alienation reflected in the play. In the capitalistic society, people are no longer active and creative beings. They become cogs in the machine. Family is no longer a shelter for people, which is characterized by indifference and estrangement. This kind of problem can be solved by taking into account of the factors leading to alienation. Therefore, the social significance can be seen in the play based on Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
埃里希?弗洛姆,著名的人本主义哲学家、精神分析学家,其技术人道化思想是人文关怀主义研究的哲学理论之一,他的一生都在为了建立以人的全面发展为中心、技术服务于人类的理想社会环境而奋斗。弗洛姆认为,随着技术的不断发展,现代技术社会中人的发展受到了制约,社会偏离了人道化的发展,是一个异化的、病态的社会,他结合了心理学和社会学两个维度,提出了实现技术社会人道化的具体措施,希望将技术重新置于人的控制之中,营造一个健康的社会环境,最终实现人的全面发展。本文首先从弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想产生的时代背景、形成过程、思想追溯以及理论基础等四个方面入手,力图深入剖析其>技术人道化<思想。其次,对该思想的主要内容进行分析,从人的存在方式的异化现象,得出导致异化现象形成的>病原<,再>对症下药<提出如何摒除>病原<实现技术人道化发展的改革方向。最后,弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想从人性论出发,希望将人们的关注点回归到人自身的发展上,把总体社会变革与道德变革相结合,以期改变社会异化现象。虽然弗洛姆提出的实现技术社会人道化的具体方案不具有可实施性,只是构建了乌托邦式的健全社会,存在唯心主义及对资本主义批判的不彻底性,但也体现了人类对美好生活的憧憬。我国目前处于社会主义初级阶段,对我国目前技术发展的情况而言,弗洛姆技术人道化思想具有重要的借鉴意义,值得深入研究。弗洛姆技术人道化思想可以指引我们面对现代化技术社会快节奏的生活时如何树立合理的消费观念、坚定文化自信等。
Epilogue
(2020)
Recent decades have witnessed a surge of important studies dealing with intellectuals’ confrontation with fascism and Nazism, and the societal roles that they can play, especially during such “dark times.” This is an area that is close to my study, and it is therefore important to mark the difference between some of these studies and mine in terms of content and form and with regard to the meaning and significance intellectuals assigned to their works.
Erich Fromm was a German social psychologist and psychoanalyst who was associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. He was known for developing the concept that freedom was a fundamental part of human nature and for challenging the theories of Sigmund Freud. In his works he presented the view that understanding of basic human needs is essential to the understanding of society and mankind. In >Escape from Freedom< Fromm explores humanity’s shifting relationship with freedom, with particular regard to the personal consequences of its absence.
>The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933) was the first psychological inquiry into Fascism. In this work the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) explores how Fascists came into power, and explain their rise as a symptom of sexual repression. It was followed by other psychological interpretations of Nazism by Jewish exiles from the Third Reich, from Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1942), to Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949).
Introduction
(2020)
>Jewish Exiles’ Psychological Interpretations of Nazism< examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their places of exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind: Wilhelm Reich’s >The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933), Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1941), Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949). While scholars have examined these authors’ individual legacies, no comparative analysis of their shared concerns has yet been undertaken, nor have the content and form of their psychological inquiry into Nazism been seriously and systematically analyzed. Yet, the sense of urgency in their works calls for attention. They all took up their pens to counter Nazi barbarism, believing, like the English jurist and Judge Sir William Blackstone, that >scribere est agree< (to write is to act).
Examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind.– Provides an introduction, a biographical sketch, a historical discussion of the development of each individual’s thought, and an explication of each of the four major works.– Includes discussions of Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm, Siegfried Kracauer, and Erich Neumann.
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell is considered to be one of the most influential British female writers in the 19th century, whose works are famous for reflecting the labor conflicts between the bourgeoisie and the working class, such as >Mary Barton<, >North and South<, >Ruth<, and so on. Mrs. Gaskell published her first novel >Mary Barton< in 1848. Taking the British Chartist Movement and the worker's strike as its background, the novel which has high realistic value profoundly describes the real social life and ideological situation of the workers in Manchester under the oppression of capitalists. In the 19th century, in terms of the English literature which reflects the daily life of the working class vividly and carefully, the achievements of this novel are incomparable with any other works. In recent years, with the rise of western feminism and the emergence of some criticisms of literary and cultural which focus on the social historical background, the classic novel >Mary Barton< has aroused people‘s interests and attentions again. Taking Mrs. Gaskell‘s >Mary Barton< as the research object, on the basis of Fromm‘s alienation theory, this thesis explains the theme of alienation in the novel.– The thesis consists of three parts including introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction part mainly presents the life of Mrs. Gaskell, the principal content of >Mary Barton<, as well as the literature review and thesis statement. The main body of this thesis is composed of five chapters. The first chapter mainly introduces the origin and development of alienation theory, especially the main contents of Fromm‘s alienation theory, including man‘s self-alienation, the alienation between man and man, and the alienation between man and nature. The second chapter analyzes the self-alienation of the characters in the novel, mostly including Mary‘s absurd view of love, John‘s twisted character, and Old Carson‘s vulgar view of interest, etc, which reveal the far-reaching impact of self-alienation on the characters, and ultimately lead to the tragic endings of these characters. The third chapter discusses the alienation between man and man from the aspects of family and work relations in the novel. The fourth chapter expounds the alienation between man and nature, that is, the opposite relationships between man and nature in the novel. On the one hand, the two metropolises of Manchester and London are gradually declining due to human activities. On the other hand, the disease outbreaks and the depletion of natural resources also have an indelible impact on people‘s lives. The fifth chapter explains the main reasons of the alienation in >Mary Barton<, which are the influence of the Chartist Movement, the rule of class consciousness and rights consciousness, the prevalence of egoism and the spread of Anthropocentrism. The conclusion part makes the summary of this thesis and briefly introduces the significance. Based on the analysis of the specific alienated images of characters in the novel, this thesis discusses the essence of alienation of human nature and estrangement of interpersonal relationship in capitalist society described by Mrs. Gaskell, and sparks thoughts about the nature of human, the relationships between man and nature and the relationships between people in contemporary society, which will further strengthen the confidence in building a healthy and harmonious society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] What is the unique feature of China’s model of development? Upon reviewing the >dialectics of development< that draws on both Amartya Sen and Erich Fromm, this paper argues that the China Model may have a particular strength in reconstructing its Confucian tradition towards social solidarity. In China, like other countries with a rapid development, swift social transformation has brought to fore as many positive as negative consequences, on the basis of which a mixed record of development in modern society can be pathologically diagnosed. Following the Durkheimer's premise that these social ills may be cured by a shift from mechanical solidarity (characteristic of a traditional society) to its organic counterpart, this paper, drawing on both Fisk and Confucius, proposes the idea of >civitas homini<as the core concept to anchor such transition. It defines the linking of individuals to each other in particular and to society in general via voluntary associations that are based on multiple cohesive factors, whether it be modern or traditional. It emphasises the respecting of individual rights to choice and liberties based on informed reasoning faculties. Different forms of >civitas homini<, when combined together, shall reach a stage of >res publica latium< (commonwealth) that ensures both individual liberties and social solidarity, with different communities entering into terms of intersubjective recognition, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence. Through this >civitas homini<, we can rewrite the paradigm of development as one that aims at solidarity rather than purely individualistic freedom. [Author's English]
In the 1960s, with the rise of the >thawing< trend of Soviet literature, a group of works of Soviet writers that had been banned for a long time returned to the public, among which Mikhail Bulgakov’s works were the most representative. Bulgakov’s work is closely connected with social reality, he reveals the dark side of the society with sharp strokes, and gives an insight into the distorted humanity with keen eyes. His fantastic art form arouses people’s thinking on morality and shows himself the profound humanistic thought. Erich Fromm, humanistic ethicist in the West in the 20th century, he analyzes thoroughly various morbidities in modern society and the alienation of humanity, putting forward a complete method of saving human spiritual dilemma and building a sound society. Fromm’s research on human provides us with a more scientific and objective perspective to deeply understand the humanistic thought in literary works.– This article attempts to analyze the humanistic ideas contained in Bulgakov’s novels by adopting Fromm’s humanistic theory. The paper consists of four chapters: Chapter One analyzes the morbidity and crisis in the society represented in the novel, mainly including the shortage of survival materials, the prevalence of authoritarianism, and the abuse of science and technology. Chapter Two explores the morbid personality of the individual under the social discipline and oppression, which is manifested as a crazy possessiveness, a mentality of escaping freedom, and a numbness and indifference of rationality. Chapter Three summarizes the way of construc¬ting the ideal moral spiritual world that the author reposes in the novel, combined with Fromm’s views on good, evil, love, faith and truth, etc., further confirming the profoundness of Bulgakov’s novel humanistic thinking and deep humanistic care. Chapter Four evaluates the humanistic thoughts in Bulgakov’s novels. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of humanistic thoughts, it also discusses the limitations and significance in contemporary society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Można przyjąć, że dwa biblijne mity – o wyjściu Adama i Ewy z ogrodu Eden oraz o budowniczych wieży Babel – są interesującymi ekspresjami wyobraźni utopijnej, ponieważ opowiadają o dwóch miejscach, w których na dwa odmienne sposoby realizowano projekty wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Współcześnie jednym z takich miejsc, które możemy rozumieć jako niejednoznaczny efekt realizacji utopii epoki rewolucji przemysłowej, jest szkoła – przestrzeń edukacji zaplanowana jako ważna część projektu wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Dwa oryginalne odczytania – autorstwa Ericha Fromma i George’a Steinera – przywołanych biblijnych mitów posłużą wzbogaceniu o nowe wątki i podejścia dyskusji o kondycji współczesnej szkoły oraz dyskursów pedagogiki krytycznej czy pedagogiki oporu i pedagogiki hermeneutycznej.
Sesambungan antarane sastra lan psikologi, ana maneka faktor kang wigati. Kapisan, sawijine sastra kudu nggambarake kakuwatan lan kapinteran pangriptane. Kaloro, karya sastra kudu nduweni kautaman sing babagan gagrag lan basa minangka piranti kanggo nyuntak pikiran lan rasane pangripta. Katelu, prakara gaya, struktur lan tema karya sastra kudu ana sesambungane karo elemen-elemen kang nggambarake pikiran lan rasane pawongan tartamtu. Panliten kanthi objek cerita sambung >Lodan Saka Segara Kidul< anggitane Kukuh S. Wibowo bakal nintingi prakara cacah telu. Kanthi ringkes underane panliten bisa dirumusake: (1) Tuwuhe sipat seneng nekad sajrone cerita sambung (2) Faktor-faktor kang njalari sipat seneng nekad lan (3) Problem saka sipat seneng nekad. Panliten iki nggunakake pendekatan Psikologi sosial teori kapribaden Erich Fromm. Fromm njupuk sikap tengah ing sadar nandhesake luwih sethithik babagan motivasi sadar lan saingan amarga salah sijine ciri unik manungsa yaiku kesadaran. Manungsa ora kewan amarga padha bisa nggawe alesan, mbayangno masa depan, lan kanthi sengaja nyoba nyedhaki tujuane urip. Nanging, miturut Fromm, yen kesadaran diri minangka campuran saka akeh wong sing nindhes wong-wong mau kanggo karakter dhasar supaya ora kuwatir. Ing masalah sosial, Fromm nerangake manawa manungsa bisa nduwe pengaruh luwih saka sejarah, budaya, lan masyarakat tinimbang biologi.
Grenzgänger haben es oft schwer, da sie sich zwischen den Stühlen einen Platz suchen müssen. Das galt auch für Erich Fromm, heute bekannt als einer der bedeutendsten Humanisten des 20. Jahrhunderts. Seine intellektuelle Biografie bewegt sich zunächst zwischen der Frankfurter Schule und der Psychoanalyse ...
The author presents the concept of man in the philosophy of Erich Fromm. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author presents how Fromm characterised the existential situation of man; in the second part he describes love as the main factor in the action and development of a human being. Man is part of nature, subjected to the rules of its laws, but he also transcends nature by the ability to use mind. A human subject is aware of his/her limitations and weaknesses with regard to nature. He/she feels lost and lonely in relation to other people and the natural world. Therefore, s/he looks for the frame of orientation and references. This search is the most important existential problem. Love is the solution to all problems of human existence. According to Fromm, man is the subject of love.
Erich Fromm was an internationally renowned social psychologist and philosopher of the twentieth century. In order to analyze the social phenomenon of capitalism, he spent his life trying to combine Marxism with Freudian Psychoanalysis. Fromm hopes to find the master key to realize the spiritual freedom and perfect life of human beings by repeatedly questioning the various realistic dilemmas, conflicts and cultural crises of human existence in the western society. Starting from the realistic dilemma faced by the capitalist society, he introduced Freud’s psychoanalysis theory to the micro level of alienation, formed the theory of alienation with its own characteristics, and enriched the connotation of Marx’s alienation thought. Marx has pointed out clearly that the alienation of real life and the alienation of consciousness constitute two representative areas of alienation in human life. Starting from the most basic practical activity-labor, Marx develops his theory of alienation and discusses the alienation of the external world or real life. Fromm, on the other hand, made a supplementary study on alienation from the perspective of internal concept or subjective consciousness. And through the comprehensive analysis and criticism of the capitalist society, put forward the psychological revolution theory and social reform plan to save the human being and establish a sound society. In modern society, with the continuous development of economy, science and technology, people’s ultimate goal of social development is to better meet their own needs for development, and people’s awareness of increasingly prominent social subject status has been constantly enhanced. But at the same time, human existence also faces many new problems. How to effectively solve the dilemma of human development has become the primary task of contemporary society. Fromm’s theory of alienation actively focuses on the living conditions of human beings, attaches importance to the self-realization and creative development of human beings, and tries to find a way for the sound development of human beings.– Therefore, the study of Fromm’s theory of alienation is undoubtedly of reference significance to solve the survival crisis of modern people. Based on the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of Fromm’s dissimilation theory, this paper, on the basis of clarifying its theoretical connotation, captures its theoretical characteristics and makes a scientific analysis of its achievements and shortcomings. Finally, combining with the background of globalization and the reality of the whole social development, it points out the contemporary value of its theory, especially the practical significance to the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
V. S. Naipaul is widely recognized as one of the most outstanding novelists in the history of English literature. With the multicultural background and unique writing angles, he was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001. As a representative work in his early time, >A House for Mr. Biswas< provides us with firsthand materials to understand the living dilemmas of the immigrants. In the novel, the cultural estrangement and identity displacement faced by the exiled people are vividly presented through a comical description of the protagonist, Mohun Biswas’s persistent striving for his own >house< under the duel impact of the intrusion of the suzerain culture and the bondage of the tradition. This thesis intends to explore the alienated image of Mr. Biswas and probe into the intrinsic reasons in light of Erich Fromm’s psychological alienation theory. Besides, Naipaul’s affirmative attitude to the question that whether people from the third world can establish their home and realize their identity in suzerains is discussed and revealed in the thesis. The thesis holds that Naipaul, through a detailed depiction of Mohun Biswas’s pursuit of the >house< in his life, endows his rather modest achievement with a heroic dimension, transforming himself into a self-made hero who conquers difficulties and achieves success >through failures<. Compared with escape, an excitement hidden in the engulfing and repulsive world is eventually grasped by Mr. Biswas. He confirms such possibility through his perseverance and struggles. The ending also reflects Naipaul’s own dream of a utopian society that can accommodate self-realization pursued by the immigrants. [English: www.cnki.net, 6/2022]
The subject of the analysis is the category of the inclusion as a process that does not only apply to people with special developmental or life needs, but also to social sciences, which as a result of the positivist research paradigm have divided and separated from each other. Meanwhile, human upbringing requires the inclusion of biophilic orientation towards life in all social sciences, whose achievements should be considered and applied to improve educational processes. The Author borrows inspiration from the typology of human attitudes of Erich Fromm, because it makes readers aware of the negative effects of necrophilia in interpersonal relationships. The Author analyses Fromm’s approach against the background of selected ideas of Polish pedagogical views.
The article explains the importance of forming identity for the psychological and spiritual development of an individual. The author notes that the role of folk culture in the formation of national identity in modern society has diminished, and it analyzes the socio-psychological conditions in which the specific role of folk culture can be restored: modern economic and socio-cultural activities of new cultural functions; acquisition by assimilation by species; creation of favorable environment, including information environment; unifying the community around the main objectives of the educational process; to look for new educational practices and to consider cultural and historical psychology. Indeed, >one of the worst forms of psychological suffering is boredom, not knowing what to do with yourself and your life<, concluded Fromm. The consequences of the state not formed by individuals or the loss of identity become a crisis of national identity, which is a prerequisite for the loss of national sovereignty (national self-consciousness). Problem researchers tell us that the >living< of our native culture, the deep emotional connection with it, and the understanding of the meanings of it, are made by the individual, the customs, values, special forms of cultural, historical, social and spiritual life of the motherland. Book publishing centers, Russian culture of all nations, etc. Their self-awareness in difficult financial conditions made people think not only about survival, but also to adopt a language and culture that was alien to them.
Relacionado con la historia de la arquitectura mexicana del siglo XX, este artículo expone y entrelaza la trayectoria del psicoanalista Erich Fromm y el cineasta Luis Buñuel con los arquitectos Arturo Sáenz de la Calzada y Oscar Coll Alas, quienes fueron los encargados de crear los hogares de estas figuras en México. Se explora el proceso de diáspora de los personajes y su exilio en tierras mexicanas, así como el momento y circunstancias de encuentro, sus preconcepciones en el ámbito arquitectónico, las características de las construcciones que diseñaron, construyeron y habitaron para finalmente entrelazar su propuesta teórica o estética con los hogares elegidos. Palabras clave: exilio español en México, arquitectos del exilio, casas del exilio, arquitectura mexicana del siglo XX.
Cílem předkládané diplomové práce Filosofie Ericha Fromma a její přesah do současnosti bylo zasadit odkaz Ericha Fromma do filosofického kontextu. Diplomová práce obsahuje 4 hlavní oddíly. V prvním oddíle definuji klíčová slova potřebná k vykreslení filosofického pozadí, a to Privace; Hédonismus; Blaženost a Ctnosti. V oddílu druhém uvádím životní cestu a dílo Ericha Fromma. Úvodní biografie je následována oddílem třetím a nejzásadnějším, a to distinkcí dvou životních orientací. Frommovy existenční módy vlastnění a bytí seznamuji za pomocí podkapitol Řeč; Autorita a její uplatňování; Sebepoznání a rozvoj; Rozhovor a Strach ze smrti. Ve čtvrtém oddílu se věnuji vizi nové společnosti dle Fromma. V posledku nabízím kritické zhodnocení představených tezí.
Film merupakan salah satu bentuk cara menikmati karya sastra, Genre cinta merupakan karya film yang banyak diminati dari berbagai golongan usia. Rasa cinta insan manusia selalu memiliki makna seperti cinta terhadap Tuhan-Nya, rasa cinta terhadap orang tua ataupun teman, dan rasa cinta yang membuat hari selalu berbeda dan tidak terbatas yakni jatuh cinta terhadap sesama insan lelaki dan perempuan yang memiliki keinginan untuk menyatu sejak awal perkenalan hingga kisah cinta tersebut berakhir sesuai dengan takdir. Penelitian ini membahas tentang Analisis cinta erotis Qīng Mò Yán青墨颜dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚 dalam film >I’m Pet In Dali Temple< >我在大王里寺当宠牛勿<. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori kajian psikologi oleh Erich Fromm, dengan metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni deskriptif kualitatif yakni diawali dengan mengunduh data film, menonton film secara berkala dan berulang, mengumpulkan data, menganalisis data kemudian menyimpulkan data.Tujuan penelitian ini yakni menganalisis bagaimana bentuk cinta erotis tokoh青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚melalui tindakan ataupun ujaran yang ada dalam dialog film I’m Pet In Dali Temple >我在大王里寺当宠牛勿<. Hasil dan simpulan data yakni cinta erotis antara tokoh 青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚 yakni mengacu pada objektivitas reaksi tokoh 青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚 seperti reaksi spontan berkorban dan menolong, emosional mengungkapkan perasaan satu sama lain, simpati dan empati dan puncaknya yakni tokoh 青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán ingin menikahi Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚. Berdasarkan simpulan tersebut, sejalan dengan Teori psikologi Erich Fromm yakni Cinta erotis dalam bukunya yang berjudul >Seni Mencintai<.
Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar de que forma o poder disciplinar atinge diretamente o corpo sexualizado do indivíduo e quais são as implicações desta realidade no mundo contemporâneo. Para isso, será utilizado como fundamentação teórica Erich Fromm, com o objetivo de analisar as implicações emocionais relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da sociedade capitalista e principalmente, os livros de Foucault: >Vigiar e Punir< (1999) e >História da sexualidade: a vontade de saber< (1977). Por meio deste estudo, pôde-se perceber que a demasiada preocupação com o corpo presente na sociedade contemporânea denota o imperativo do corpo sexualizado, resultado do exercício no domínio e controle efetuados pela sociedade sobre o indivíduo. Isso não ocorre em consequência de um poder centralizado, mas sim por um controle exercido de forma periférica, no qual a própria sociedade estrutura padrões de condutas assumidas pelos sujeitos que lhe constituem.
This article focuses on the role that the notion of temporality can and should play in the tradition of Critical Theory. Following an overview of the critical analyses of time found in the works of Marx, Lukács, Weber, Adorno, Fromm, and Marcuse, the article analyzes Hartmut Rosa’s critique of social acceleration and argues that this critique lacks a firm normative basis. This basis is required, however, for one to claim why certain processes of social acceleration are wrong. It is shown that Rosa’s analyses of acceleration contain two suggestions for such a basis: autonomy understood as a narrative identity, and autonomy as defended by Honneth’s theory of recognition. After an exploration of both suggestions, in which the ideas of MacIntyre and Ricoeur are briefly discussed as well, it is argued that a combination of both may result in a specific, normative understanding of reification, which is defended against Honneth’s definition of this concept. Based on an interpretation of passages in Horkheimer and Adorno’s >Dialectic of Enlightenment< and Adorno’s notion of >working through the past<, the article claims that reification should be understood as a forgetting of the narratives that have shaped the self and the social structures under which this self is formed, and therefore as the inability to recognize the temporal dimensions of the autonomous self.
This paper argues that identity which is the locus of emotional and social phenomena of an individual becomes problematic particularly in postmodern society. Postmodern society calls for a socio-cultural and epistemological revolution which permeates the very core of our social existence. Coupled with the immensity and massive effects of the market industry, postmodern culture affects our lives through the dissolutions of boundaries, geographies, and our ethnicities so that our sense of personal and social identity is left into perpetual disintegration, struggles and contradictions. The so-called >inner< and >outer< community which we once cherished inevitably dissolved into the arena of the market industry. Consequently, the sense of >I-am< which Fromm considers as an existential human need already deeply roots itself towards commodity fixations rather than in our group or in our ethnic communal relationships. It is in these contexts that this paper contends a necessity to redeem identity not only as a psychological base but more of an existential human need. Further, this paper maintains that Fromm’s notion of relatedness and rootedness are necessary elements in identity formation since they serve as the existential psychic cores that lead towards being truly at home amidst a fragmented social world.
The purpose of this study was to analyze problems related to the mechanism whereby students can accept corporal punishment during extracurricular sports activities with reference to the books Escape from Freedom and Man for Himself that were central to Erich Frommʼs authority theory. Specifically, the author focused on the concepts of >authoritarian character<, >authoritarian ethics< and >authoritarian conscience< Fromm pointed out that anxiety prompted Germanyʼs citizens to give up their freedom in order to obey authoritarian powers such as Hitler and the Nazis. Students taking part in extracurricular sports activities were considered from the viewpoint of Frommʼs authority theory. It was revealed that students comply with a leaderʼs authority in order to relieve anxiety, and have positive thoughts about corporal punishment. Furthermore, it was found that such acceptance of corporal punishment succeeded in eliminating conspicuous suffering, but not in removing any underlying conflicts. Fromm pointed that fear of anxiety was relieved by spontaneous activity. To achieve spontaneous activity by students, it was suggested that some form of measure that does not create the type of partnership that occurred between Germanyʼs citizens and Hitler would be desirable for any relationship between the leader of extracurricular sports activities and the students.
This paper was inspired by the documentary >The Act of Killing<, directed by an American-born, British filmmaker Joshua Oppenheimer and released in 2012. Provoked and appalled by what is described as one of the worst mass murders in the 20th century, the movie director focuses not so much on the crime itself but the perpetrators of the crimes and the ensuing consequences. A part from the need to bring to open and discuss this part of Indonesian history, as well as the consequences of the communist and subsequent anti-communist political rules, this paper deals, on the one hand, with the question and the essence of human nature capable of such monstrosity and on the other, with the role that art must take in understanding and healing of the open wounds in any nation’s history as well as individual perpetrators of the crimes. For this purpose, the ideological framework of Erich Fromm as given in his study >Anatomy of Human Destructiveness< and also philosophical ideas of Hanna Arendt, specifically concerning the nature of evil itself were used as theoretical framework.
En este artículo consideraremos el vínculo entre la obra de Erich Seligmann Fromm (1900-1980) y la relación educativa. Fromm aportó una perspectiva humanista fundamental al pensamiento contemporáneo y su obra se caracterizó por hilvanar variadas influencias culturales, tales como el Antiguo Testamento, el Budismo, el Marxismo, la Sociología y, desde luego, el Psicoanálisis. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es el de comprender mejor esta relación, considerando sus características principales. La obra de este emblemático autor invita a reflexionar sobre aspectos diversos relacionados con la educación que van desde su concepto, sus finalidades, así como diferentes características de una buena relación educativa, temática que abordaremos en este artículo. Fromm aporta una perspectiva singular y sumamente interesante que abre espacios de reflexión a partir de variados aspectos sobre la existencia humana en sus textos. En este estudio hemos analizado doce de sus obras que van desde >El miedo a la libertad< (1941), >El arte de amar< (1956) o >El arte de escuchar< (1995). Este análisis ha permitido seleccionar aquellos contenidos vinculados a la relación educativa. Así consideraremos lo que Fromm entiende por educación, para posteriormente concretar cuáles serían las cuestiones más esenciales en una óptima relación educativa y qué la debe caracterizar.
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Санкт-Петербург, Россия Аннотация. Во второй половине двадцатого века психология здоровья вышла на одно из лидирующих мест в общем перечне наиболее актуальных направлений развития психологической науки. Изначальная проблема, поставленная в статье, заключается в имеющем место в настоящее время рассогласовании между востребованностью психологии здоровья и дефицитом кадрового ресурса (психологов здоровья), ориентированного на разработку этого научного направления. Цель данной работы заключается в том, чтобы в соответствии с концепцией жизненного пути человека, раскрыть в первом приближении перечень тех практических задач, решение которых может входить в профессиональную компетенцию психологов здоровья в России. Представления авторов базируются на концепции здоровой личности, основные положения которой были впервые сформулированы в отечественной науке известными психиатрами и психологами С. С. Корсаковым, И. А. Сикорским, В. М. Бехтеревым, а также западными представителями гуманистической психологии Г. Олпортом, К. Роджерсом, А. Маслоу, Э. Фроммом. В рассмотрение вводятся этапы перинатального периода, дошкольный и школьный возраст, обучение в средних профессиональных и высших учебных заведениях, профессиональная деятельность и выход на пенсию. Каждый этап развития человека рассматривается авторами как самостоятельный и предполагает вариативность стратегий образа жизни в общей структуре здоровья, а значит и практик формирования здорового поведения. В статье впервые последовательно рассмотрены основные особенности и риски каждого этапа жизненного пути, определен круг профессиональных задач психолога здоровья. В конце работы ставится вопрос о вариантах профессиональной подготовки данных специалистов в высших учебных заведениях.
Strains on professional resources and complex experiences of isolation and despair have taken their toll on communities, adding to the challenges for social workers and social work as a profession. In a context of austerity and locational stress, communities are increasingly relied upon to enhance or, indeed, replace the need for state intervention. However, grass-roots and mutual aid collectives have the potential for both community support and resistance. Using original qualitative data, this article explores how some groups based in Scotland’s most deprived locales provide collective and mutual aid, and, in doing so, attempt to address some of the challenges of modern life (such as overcoming addiction, isolation and mental anguish). Importantly, this article revives and develops Erich Fromm’s discourse on the importance of ‘love’ and Marx’s concept of ‘spiritual emancipation’ to explore the potential for transforming individual experiences into collective resistance.
Resumo Neste artigo, procuro problematizar a crítica de Erich Fromm à cultura do capitalismo contemporâneo. Para tanto, faço uma releitura especialmente, mas não apenas, de uma de suas principais obras maduras, o livro Psicanálise da sociedade contemporânea (>The Sane Society<), no qual o autor sedimenta seu projeto analítico de uma >psicanálise humanista<. Na primeira parte o artigo reconstrói, através da ideia de >patologia da normalidade<, a crítica de Fromm aos fundamentos culturais do capitalismo contemporâneo. Na segunda parte, a reconstrução é levada adiante através dos conceitos de >caráter social<e >alienação<, de modo a compreender como o capitalismo tardio do século XX aprofunda, como nunca antes, uma cultura anti-humanista. Na conclusão, procuro argumentar como a obra de Fromm pode ser de grande valia para a compreensão dos problemas tanto individuais quanto coletivos da atualidade.
Humanistická psychologie jako sekularizovaná teologie [Humanist Psychology as Secularized Theology?]
(2020)
The aim of this article is to evaluate quasi-religious elements in humanist psychology with a special focus on Erich Fromm, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The study analyses concepts which may be denoted as a secularized >humanist theology<. It refers to the fact that the authors of those concepts were originally connected with the Jewish or Christian faith and after their apostasy radically reinterpreted it or replaced it with a new religion. The humanist >cult of self-worship< explicitly or implicitly locates godhood into man and at the same time excludes the possibility of a personal relationship between man and God. The rise of this new religiosity connected with sacralised psychology was paradoxically made also easy by certain forms of modern Jewish and Christian thinking.
There exists a German-Jewish cultural discourse from the early 20th century that stands in dynamic tension between spiritual and material, sacred and secular, beyond the usual static dichotomies. Several key Jewish thinkers have sought to recover spiritual meaning, in direct interaction with the profane. Under different ways they developed a process of simultaneous secularization and sacralization, in a sort of >dialectic< combination of both. The first common characteristic of these authors is their deep attachment to the German romantic culture, with its ambivalence towards modernity, and its desperate attempt at re-enchanting the world through a return to past spiritual forms. This article will demonstrate these relationships through the work of young Erich Fromm.
This paper takes Erich Fromm’s exposition on faith crisis as the research object, and places the background of worldwide faith crisis as the entry point, trying to discuss the negative effect of faith crisis. As a psychologist and psychoanalyst, Fromm studied the formation and development of the belief crisis theory from the perspective of >human<, fully explained the theoretical core of Fromm’s faith crisis theory, and conducted a dialectical analysis and discussion of Fromm’s faith crisis theory.– First of all, the article analyzes the formation background of Fromm’s faith crisis theory and introduces the historical background and current status of development from a historical macro perspective and a micro personal perspective, by analyzing the changes in Fromm’s personal faith patterns, we can have a holistic overview of his faith crisis theory. Fromm’s faith crisis theory inherited and developed Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis and Karl Heinrich Marx’s theory, especially inherited Freud’s character theory, and then it created social character theory, and provided research for the crisis of faith. The connection between Fromm’s faith crisis theory, Marx’s alienation theory, and historical materialism theory lay a solid basis of this paper.– The second is to sort out the content of Fromm’s faith crisis theory and analyze the concepts related to faith, including the definition of faith, religion, and faith crisis. By analyzing the subject of faith crisis, Fromm carefully sorted out Fromm’s exposition of >the birth of man<, reflecting Fromm’s principle of paying attention to the subject status of man. By analyzing the social character structure and spiritual structure in Fromm’s faith crisis theory, it is found that the theory of human spiritual structure and character structure is not only a standard for dividing faith types, but also an important basis for solving the crisis of human faith.– Thirdly, it makes a dialectical evaluation of Fromm’s faith crisis theory. On the one hand, it explains the rationality of inheriting and applying Marxist theory in Fromm’s faith crisis theory, On the other hand, it explains the limitations of the theory.– Finally, it discusses the practical enlightenment of Fromm’s faith crisis theory, and mainly explains how to play the role of social personality theory in the process of cultivation and shaping of creative personality as well as rational faith. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Toni Morrison(1931 – 2019), a renowned and influential African-American literary giant who enjoys univer¬sal acclaim, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993, making her the first black woman who ever receives this distinction ever since the award started. Throughout her literary career, her novel achievement has undoubtedly become a monument in the history of African-American literature. Morrison’s novels are deeply concerned about the destiny of African-Americans and the survival of their cultural identity in the white mainstream society. >God Help the Child< is Morrison’s 11th novel which officially came out to public in 2015. Contrary to her previous works that are based on the American histories, >God Help the Child< is her first novel that is set in contemporary American life in the 1990s. Main characters of the novel are Bride, Sweetness and Booker. The novel mainly reveals the various injuries and crises encountered by different characters in society, and reveals the complex relationship between family, couples, and friends. The society is developing rapidly nowadays, whereas, people can’t feel the existence of love and the value of self-existence, only to find themselves deeply shrouded in the cage of loneliness. As a result, people are eager to find a way to re-establish connections with others and to rediscover the meaning of life. Social theorist and psychoanalyst Fromm once lamented the fact of people’s spiritual crises and the collapse of traditional values. In response to this phenomenon, by making love the core of his study, Fromm puts forward his love theory to help human beings get rid of the plight of loneliness. In Fromm’s eyes, love is the only answer to solve human beings’ existential problems. Combined with Fromm’s theory of love, this thesis intends to analyze Bride’s predicament of loneliness in >God Help the Child<, and how she successfully escapes from loneliness by connecting love with other people.– This thesis consists of five parts. The first part is the introduction to Toni Morrison, >God Help the Child<, Fromm and his theory of love. In the second part, combined with Fromm’s theory of motherly love, erotic Love and brotherly love, this thesis points out Bride’s dilemma of loneliness by analyzing Bride’s relationship with her mother, her ex-boyfriends, and her friends. The third and the fourth parts deeply analyze the reasons that have engendered Bride’s plight of loneliness by thoroughly demonstrating the social as well as Bride’s personal causes. The fifth part demonstrates how Bride succeeds in getting rid of the shackles of loneliness and successfully regaining the value of her self-existence and the meaning of life by nurturing love to other people. The last part is the conclusion part, which points out that in the contemporary society where spiritual crises are widespread, only by proactively looking for effective solutions and establishing healthy love connections with other people, can human beings eliminate loneliness and regain the meaning of life. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
본 논문은 구축과 해체의 공존에 초점을 맞춰 권오상의 정물 조각이 보여주는 형식과 주제를 연구하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구를 위한 이론적 근거로는 존재와 소유, 인간의 욕망, 자본주의와 소비사회에 관한 에리히 프롬(Erich Fromm)의 이론과 기 드보르(Guy Debord)의 스펙터클(spectacle) 개념을선택했다. 스펙터클과 관련해 소비문화에 관한 장 보드리야르(Jean Baudrillard)의 논의도 일부 적용되었다. 연구의 방법은, 형식적인 면에서 사진과 조각, 이미지와 물질, 가상과 실재의 경계를 해체하면서도 조각의 정체성을 공고히 하는 이중성을 분석했다. 주제적인 면에서는 인간의 소유 욕망과 바니테(vanité)의 양가성을 고찰했다. 또한 고도로 추상화된 상품화가 일상생활에 침투하고 이미지 과잉이되어버린 사회를 지배하는 스펙터클의 재현과 해체도 살펴보았다. 결과적으로 일상의 사물을 촬영한사진, 잡지나 인터넷에서 선택한 이미지를 바탕으로 제작된 권오상의 정물 조각은 소비와 소유가 그자체로 욕망의 대상이 되고, 상품이 단순한 물적 대상이 아닌 자기 표현의 상징물로 존재하게 된 오늘날의 소비문화를 투영한다. 또한 소비문화의 견고한 위상을 확인시키는 동시에 그것의 허상을 드러내고, 인간의 욕망과 소유에 관한 근원적인 고찰뿐 아니라 스펙터클 시대에 대한 비판적 사유의 기회를제공한다. 이를 위해 권오상은 스펙터클의 압도적인 권력을 직관적으로 보여주지만, 실제 사물을 첨가하거나 이미지를 지워 물질성을 강조하는 등의 방법으로 스펙터클과의 단절을 시도한다. 이와 같은 연구를 통해 시대에 반응하며 다양성의 공존과 차이를 창출하는 동시대 조각의 특성을 확인하고, 소비문화에 대한 예술적 성찰이 가져오는 의미 생성을 숙고할 수 있었다.
The focus of this study is the authoritarianism and positive freedom on the main character in the novel >Sans Famille<. The theory in this study used humanistic psychology of Erich Fromm. The aim of this study is to find out and to describe the existence of the main character in the novel. Data of this study is the novel >Sans Famille< by Hector Malot. The method of the study is the qualitative descriptive method. Data analysis in this study in three pieces: The authoritarianism on the main character; the positive freedom on the main character, relation between of the authoritarianism and positive freedom on the main character.
이 연구는 개인과 전체사회 간의 변증법적 연관에 주목하여 개인적 증오가 사회적으로 발현되고 재생산되는 과정과 형태를 살펴봄으로써 사회적 증오에 대한 효과적 대응양식을 프롬과 짐멜, 아도르노의 연구를 통해 이론적으로 탐색하였다. 연구결과, 프롬이 제시한 성격에 의한 증오 개념을 통해 개인적인 감정이지만 사회적으로 조건지어진 생활경험에 의해 생성되는 증오의 사회적 성격을 확인하였다. 또한 짐멜의 이방인 개념을 통해 친밀감과 거리감의 동시성이 이방인의 특성이며, 민족적으로 동일한 집단 속에서도 특정 집단이 이방인으로 지목되어 증오의 대상이 될 수 있음을 밝혔다. 그리고 증오를 정당화하는 편견과 이를 사회적-정치적으로 동원하는 선전선동에 대한 아도르노의 연구를 통해 편견이 민주사회의 가치를 거부하는 권위주의적 인성을 가진 사람의 소망을 강화하는 기능을 한다는 점을 밝히고, 편견을 동원하는 선전선동의 기술과 작동방식을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 편견과 그 동원의 사회적 조건 탐구와 편견과 박해의 현실적 결과를 알려 사람들을 설득하는 지성적 대항수단의 필요성을 제시하였다. 이 연구는 사회적 증오가 복잡한 이해관계와 사회심리학적 연관 속에서 단번에 해결될 수 없는 문제임을 지적하였으며, 꾸준한 분석과 비판을 통해 증오에 대응할 것을 제안한다.
フロムとフランクル,両者には深い共通点がある.両者とも,人間の《実存的特質》から生まれる《生きる意味を欲する》という根源的欲求との関連で人間の抱える精神的病理を解明するという視点に立つ.共にこう主張する.生きる情熱は生きる意味を掴むことによって生まれ,生きる意味を感得することは他者と深い愛の関係性(愛し愛される)を結ぶこと,いいかえると深い《応答の絆》を結ぶことによってのみ可能になる,と.この両者の観点から,現代日本の若者の精神状況を振り返るなら,我々は深い憂慮を感じざるを得ない.昨今の「拡大自殺」と名づけられた病理,自殺念慮者の増加,我が子虐待,イジメ,等々は今日の精神的荒廃を語るキーワードである.だからこそ,フロムとフランクルは若者によって再発見されねばならないし,実は両者との出会いを若者は待っている.
This paper provides a historical overview of the reception of the superego concept in sociology and psychoanalytic social psychology. Central to the discussion are the ways in which classical and contemporary approaches (e.g. Parsons, Elias, Bourdieu) have responded to Freud’s theories concerning the genesis of the superego and its changes in the course of psychic development, to his suppositions concerning anthropology and psychopathology, and to later psychoanalytic extensions of the concept (e.g. Klein, Erikson and Loewald). With reference to Freud’s works of cultural critique, special emphasis is given to conceptions of the superego in studies on authoritarianism, adaptation and morality, notably by the Frankfurt School (Fromm, Horkheimer, Adorno). The authors also discuss the historical changes undergone by the superego concept and examine by way of examples the benefits of concept for achieving a clearer understanding of recent societal trends associated with contemporary phenomena such as digitization and optimization.
Background: This is the last in a series of four articles scheduled for publication in this journal. In the first article (Kapustin, 2015a), I proposed a new >existential criterion< for the normal and abnormal personality that is implicitly present in the works of Erich Fromm. According to this criterion, normal and abnormal personalities are determined, first, by their position regarding existential dichotomies, and, second, by particular aspects of the formation of this position. Such dichotomies, entitatively existent in human life, are inherent, two-alternative contradictions. In the other articles (Kapustin, 2015b, 2016a), I showed that this criterion is also implicitly present in the four famous personality theories of Freud, Adler, Jung, and Rogers. Objectives: To provide evidence that this criterion is present in the personality theory of Viktor Frankl and to present a comparative analysis of all six theories of personality. Results. The existential criterion for the normal and abnormal personality based on the works of Fromm is also implicitly present in theoretical conceptualizations of personality, predisposed and non-predisposed to developing various psychological problems and to mental disorders, by Freud, Adler, Jung, Rogers, and Frankl, although in more particular forms, related to more specific existential dichotomies, characterizing the nature of human life. Conclusion: The fact that the existential criterion is present in these six theories of personality, developed within totally different approaches to psychology and psychotherapy, is evidence of a high degree of its theoretical justification and of the possibility of their integration.
The paper first discusses two documentaries by Donna Read, >Signs Out of Time< (2004) and >Goddess Remembered< (1989), that focus on the pacific tradition of the female centered settlements on the territories of modern Eastern Europe in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Read depicts significant findings of a world-renowned archeologist Marija Gimbutas who claims that a peaceful image of Old Europe embodied in the omnipotent Great Mother changed radically towards the end of the third millennium when violent Indo-European nomads came from Russia and shattered the matriarchal utopia of equality and natural harmony. These tribes introduced the principles of hierarchy and violent male-rule. Read’s and Gimbutas’ findings are further developed and examined in the studies by Riana Eisler and Erich Fromm who also claim that conspicuous material aggrandizement of patriarchal culture severely damaged a blissful matriarchal bond between man and nature. These theoretical insights are applied to Williamson’s compre hension of nature vs. nurture issue in >Mary and the Seal< (1997). In portraying a tender relationship between Mary and the seal, as well as its tragic and totally unnecessary shooting, contemporary patriarchal culture is brought to a trial. The mere existence of the bond between Mary and the seal, an embodiment of an idyllic matriarchal unity between man and nature, testifies to the prevalent need for the return to its substantial but long-forgotten values. The theoretical insights of Graves, Althusser, Freire, Fiske and Miller will also be used in the interpretation of the story.
성철 선사상의 서구철학과의 비교 [The Comparison of Seongcheol’s Seon-Thought with the Occidental Philosophy]
(2020)
필자는 성철 선사상의 현대적 의미를 탐구하고자 한다. 그래서 필자는 상호문화철학의 유비의 해석학을 이용하여 성철을 서구 철학과 비교한다. 비교는 한 쪽에 다른 쪽을 포섭시키는 것이 아니라, 양자 사이에 관계를 하나 형성하는 것이다. 우선 데카르트는 성철과 의심이라는 지점에서 겹친다. 양자 모두 모든 것에 대해서 주체적으로 그리고 극단적으로 의심한다. 그러나 데카르트가 의심을 확실한 지식을 발견하기 위한 수단으로 사용하는데 반해서 성철은 어디에도 안주하지 않는다. 그러므로 망상으로부터 해방되려고 한다는 측면에서 볼 때 성철은 근대의 시초인 데카르트보다 근대 비판가들인 마르크스나 프로이트와 더 많이 겹친다. 마르크스는 인간이 생산관계의 이데올로기적 반영과 반향에 사로잡혀 있음을 밝힌다. 그리고 프롬에 따르자면 사회가 의식을 구성한다. 성철은 혁명을 꿈꾸지 않는다. 다만 깨달음을 통해서 마르크스나 프로이트가 주목하는 것을 포함해서 온갖 망상으로부터 해방되기를 원한다.
The current era is often referred to as the era of big data. The development of information technology makes almost everything related to data. Different fields have different data. Everyone is generating data, and everyone lives in the data. While people enjoy the convenience of life brought by big data, the spiritual confusion has not been resolved. This article analyzes and thinks about Fromm’s human thoughts, and takes this as his starting point to reflect on the spiritual dilemma of people in the era of big data.– This article first gives a brief overview of the current research situation of Fromm’s human thoughts at home and abroad, and puts forward his own research goals. The first chapter makes a brief analysis on the background and sources of Fromm’s humanistic thought. The second and third chapters make a concrete analysis of Fromm’s anthropological thoughts: the second chapter focuses on the analysis of Fromm’s theories about human existence, and the third chapter focuses on his theory of social personality and social unconsciousness A brief explanation, and pointed out that these his theories are still applicable to the analysis of the social character and unconsciousness of people in the era of big data. Chapter 4 mainly clarifies the basic concepts of big data, and the reason why Fromm’s ideas are still valuable in today’s big data era. During these forty years, the major contradictions in Western society have not fundamentally changed, the living conditions of people have not improved much, and their capabilities have not been fundamentally exerted.– Combining this reality, this article takes Fromm’s humanistic thoughts as the starting point, deeply analyzes the morbid human phenomenon in the current era, and analyzes the mental dilemma of people in the era of big data from four aspects of catering to data, interfering with data, relying on data and possessing data. These pathological phenomena are also the contemporary portrayal of Fromm's ideas about the dichotomy and unproductive society of human existence 40 years ago. Similarly, his solution has similarities with Marx’s plan, and it has some reference significance. Based on this understanding, the author affirmed that Fromm’s anthropological thinking still has its significance in this era of big data. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
自18世纪工业革命以来,全球现代化进程高歌猛进,人们生活水平显著提高的同时,环境治理问题和生态危机也在蔓延全球。如何应对生态危机、加强生态文明建设成为中国乃至全世界共同关注的焦点问题。学术界也围绕如何改善人与自然的关系问题从不同领域展开研究,形成了诸如生态现代化、生态后现代主义、生态中心主义等阵营不同的理论学派,大都倡导技术创新改变世界的观点。生态马克思主义者特别是法兰克福学派则以技术批判理论而闻名,在此基础之上,埃里希·弗洛姆将马克思的生态思想、弗洛伊德的精神分析理论以及犹太传统中的环境思想相结合,分析当前的生态问题,形成独特的环境思想理论。首先,弗洛姆以人走出自然为出发点,结合圣经神话故事,提出人类自我保护的生存欲望和存在的二律背反的观点,进而剖析人与自然必然产生矛盾的最初心理起源。其次,资本主义社会下重占有的生存方式导致消费异化的现象,以及当权者运用核武器的态度,迫使弗洛姆引入心理学分析人与自然产生矛盾的原因,认为资本主义社会下的人们形成的市场性格的控制论崇拜、逃避机制和其他心理论断,阻碍了人与自然和谐相处,是造成当前生态环境危机的幕后推手。最后,弗洛姆创新环境危机解决方案,将爱护自然作为一门艺术来指导人与自然的关系,在转变资本主义社会消费模式的基础上,发挥教育的作用,开展心理变革,构建一个健全的社会,以此来解决当前的生态环境危机。本学位论文以唯物史观为指导,通过对弗洛姆环境思想的时代背景和理论渊源进行考察,结合弗洛姆的文本著作,尝试在系统梳理并全面把握其环境思想的同时,对其环境思想做出客观的评述。弗洛姆关于人与自然关系的论述丰富和发展了马克思主义环境思想,在重新评估犹太教环境观的同时,创新环境危机解决方案。但是,弗洛姆的环境思想以人本主义为出发点,对>人<的分析不够全面,对资本主义社会抱有幻想,改革措施没有涉及根本的社会变革,难以下沉。总之,弗洛姆的环境思想不仅在理论上丰富发展了马克思主义的环境观,深化了对于资本主义消费观的批判,对于我们推动当今的生态文明建设也提供了有益的启示。
Extremely important and basic category of Marx’s ideological system, the part of Marxist theories about human value, starting from the >realistic person< and aiming at realizing human value, is formed by examining the nature, alienation, liberation and all-round development of human from the perspective of human itself and its subjectivity, socially and practicality. Theoretically speaking, studying on Marxist human value thought provides theoretical support for contemporary China in the transition period on how to scientifically understand human nature and human development; practically speaking, this part is put forward on the basis of criticizing capitalist commodity economy so that studying it is of great significance to guide, further promotion of all-round development of human being.– First of all, Marx’s ideas of human value are raised under the realistic background of a series of unfairness existing in the capitalist private ownership system. They are based on such a social context, with severe class contradictions between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and poor workers trapped in extreme misery in the era of booming capitalism, as well as the theoretical background of the utopia socialism and the viewpoints of the German classical philosophers. These ideas derive mainly from three aspects of Hegel’s view of human nature and Feuerbach’s theory of humanism: human nature, human development and value targets. Marx admitted the significance, and content differentiation. Secondly, it analyzes the forming process of Marx’s value thought of human being, and divides the forming process into four stages. The period from the doctoral dissertation to the >German French Yearbooks< […] is the embryonic period of Marx’s value thought on human beings. Under the influence of Hegel’s self-consciousness and Hegel’s thinking on abstract human nature with Hegel’s language, Marx discussed the values of >human freedom< […]. Through the criticism of civil society and the research and >Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right<, Marx revealed the social reality of cannibalism under the capitalist private system. In the period from >Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844< to >The German Ideology<, Marx analyzed the alienation of human and its origin from the perspective of economics It is the first time to use the concept of >realistic individual< to criticize the abstract values of human beings, to discuss the >realistic person<, to make new regulations on the values of human beings, and to point out that the essence of human beings is the sum of all social relations; >The Communist Manifesto< is the rich period of Marx’s values of human beings. In this period, Marx’s Historical Materialism has been developed the basic formation, using the weapon of Historical Materialism, analyzes the process of the development of human society, and further puts forward that the ultimate goal of human values is to achieve the free and all-round development of human beings, and the future society of human beings is a communist society; the period of >Capital< and the >three Manuscripts< is the sublimation period of Marx’s human value thought, during which Marx makes in-depth analysis. The relationship between the development of >real man< and the social development, points out the three stages of the realization of man’s value, and finds out the factors that hinder man’s development.– Finally, Marx’s thought of human value has a significant impact on Western Marxism humanism, which has triggered the Western Marxism humanism thoughts. At the same time, it has important theoretical foundation significance and practical guidance significance for China, which is currently in a period of social transformation. It is still an indispensable >critical weapon< of our era. No matter the representative of Western Marxism such as Fromm and Marcuse, who start from the early manuscripts of Marx >Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844<, or those persons who start from the mature texts of Marx >The Communist Manifesto< and >Capital<, such as Lukács and Gramsci. Although there are big differences in their ideas, it can be found that an axis and the theme around them is that there is only one Marx, that is, Marxism with the highest purpose of eliminating alienation as the realization of human value, human liberation, free and all-round development. The influence of Marxist human values on the theory of western capitalism is also enlightening to China in the transition period. Under the background of faster and faster social development and accelerated economic globalization, we should draw on the attention of Western Marxists to human beings, pay attention to the development of human subjectivity, adhere to the people-oriented ideology, and strive to achieve human value and the true existence of human create sufficient social conditions for the free and all-round development and liberation of human beings. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Love plays an important role in people’s daily life. Sufficient research on the theme of >love< is helpful to promote the harmonious and friendly interpersonal relationship and the improvement of social civilization. Erich Fromm as a western Marxist, after the objective analysis and observation of the capitalist society, He thinks that with the development of capitalist society, love has become a relatively rare phenomenon. Its expression is the phenomenon of dissimilation and decay of love. Fromm systematically expounded his theory of love through a series of works such as the art of love. The formation of Fromm’s thought has profound social background and theoretical source. The two world wars, the mechanization tendency of social life and other problems caused by capitalist society had a profound influence on the formation of Fromm’s theory. The theories of Marx and Freud constitute the ideological source of Fromm’s theory of love. The capitalist social environment also has a profound negative impact on relationships and love.– Based on this, Fromm explains his theory of love in detail from four aspects: the source, elements, form and how to obtain love, and points out various manifestations and problems of the alienation of love in capitalist society. Fromm’s theory of love, it can provide theoretical reference for helping people to set up correct ideas and promote harmonious and friendly interpersonal relationship and social development, but Fromm was a psychoanalytic psychologist and a Freudian Marxist, his exposition of the theory of love focuses on the aspects of psychological analysis and social culture. To some extent, it ignores the influence and restriction of objective practice, social life development level on people’s psychological consciousness and the relationship between people’s emotion-love. He advocated social reform and psychological revolution to solve the problems in capitalist society, without seeing that its essence is the reflection and expression of the inherent contradictions of a capitalist society. This is the limitation of his theory of love. The harmonious development of the society needs the harmonious and friendly interpersonal relationship and the promotion of family affection and friendship. Today, we are advancing the socialist modernization drive, Fromm’s theory of love has some reference significance in this respect. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
There are important studies that have directly focused on how, in times of conflict, it is possible for previously law abiding people to commit the most atrocious acts of cruelty and violence. The work of Erich Fromm (>Escape from Freedom<), Hannah Arendt (>Eichmann in Jerusalem<), Zygmunt Bauman (>Modernity and the Holocaust<) and Ernest Becker (>Escape from Evil<) have all contemplated the driving force of aggression and mass violence to further our understanding of how people are capable of engaging in extreme forms of cruelty and violence. This paper specifically addresses these issues by focusing on C. P. Taylor’s play >Good<. This provocative play examines how a seemingly >good< and intelligent university professor can gradually become caught up in the workings of the Third Reich. Taylor highlights the importance of appreciating how people can be steadily incorporated into an ideologically destructive system. I argue that the theatre is a powerful medium to explore these complex issues. The audience of >Good< find themselves confronted with the following question – >What would you have done?<
Ron Rash’s >Serena< (2008) is about the clash between northern industrialists who cut timber in southern Appalachia and conservationists who want the area converted into a national park. Set during the Depression, it also addresses our own times of unchecked greed and environmental holocaust. This article relates the situation of internal colonialism, which turns the region into a sacrifice zone, with the theme of the wasteland. The latter is related in the novel not only to T. S. Eliot’s poem but also to other works that Rash acknowledges as influences, including >Moby-Dick<, >The Great Gatsby< and Christopher Marlowe’s tragedies about the will to power. Characterized by what Erich Fromm calls the exploitative orientation, Serena Pemberton wields hard power and embodies the rapaciousness of economy, in contrast to a local female character, who stands for ecology and soft power.
La reflexión que en este espacio se presenta aborda la contemporaneidad del pensamiento del sociólogo, psicólogo y filósofo alemán Erich Fromm para el estudio de la salud mental. Las crecientes preocupaciones por esta área de la salud, tanto en la agenda de las ciencias médicas como sociales y políticas, dentro y fuera de nuestra región, constituyen una de las principals motivaciones de estas líneas. El interés fundamental de la autora ha estado en intentar visualizar la utilidad teórica y metodológica de los estudios de este autor para el análisis empírico de dicha problemática, en tanto este favorecería los acercamientos a la misma desde una comprensión que no parcele la totalidad humana y su relación con la naturaleza. Constituye este artículo el resultado de los primeros avances de los estudios doctorales de la autora, enfrascados en un análisis de las relaciones que se tejen entre diversos factores sociales y el continuo salud-enfermedad mental en una cohorte de población en edad laboral de la capital cubana. Las dimensiones estadísticas de esta problemática en Cuba y los incipientes acercamientos hechos desde la sociología en el contexto cubano a la misma devienen también en razones que han impulsado este inicio.
Erich Fromm (1900–1980) was a Marxist psychoanalyst, philosopher, and socialist humanist. This article asks: How can Fromm’s critical theory of communication be used and updated to provide a critical perspective in the age of digital and communicative capitalism? In order to provide an answer, this article discusses elements from Fromm’s work that allow us to better understand the human communication process. The focus is on communication (the second section), ideology (the third section), and technology (the fourth section). Fromm’s approach can inform a critical theory of communication in multiple respects: His notion of the social character allows to underpin such a theory with foundations from critical psychology. Fromm’s distinction between the authoritarian and the humanistic character can be used for discerning among authoritarian and humanistic communication. Fromm’s work can also inform ideology critique: the ideology of having shapes life, thought, language, and social action in capitalism. In capitalism, technology (including computing) is fetishized and the logic of quantification shapes social relations. Fromm’s quest for humanist technology and participatory computing can inform contemporary debates about digital capitalism and its alternatives.
Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Herausarbeitung des autoritären, sadomasochistischen Charaktersyndroms, ferner soll untersucht werden welche Aspekte, welche Charakterzüge des autoritären Charakters sich in den späteren Studien 1950 wiederfinden, die zuvor von Fromm beschrieben wurden und weitergehend, welche >neuen< Persönlichkeitsmerkmale bzw. Charakterzüge von der Forschungsgruppe rund um Adorno ergänzt wurden. Zuvor sollen jedoch die zwei Werke vorgestellt werden, um einen Einblick in die unterschiedlichen Forschungskonzepte zu gewinnen. Am Schluss werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und es wird versucht grundlegende Unterschiede beider Autoren in ihren spezifischen Zugängen herauszuarbeiten. Die Autoritarismusforschung gilt als der erste empirische Beitrag dessen, was heutzutage unter dem kontrovers diskutierten Begriff der Rechtsextremismusforschung verstanden wird. Die durch Le Bon und Willhelm Reich, besonders aber Karl Marx und Sigmund Freud beeinflussten systematischen Forschungen des Frankfurter Instituts für Sozialforschung (IfS), gelten hierbei als die wegweisendsten Untersuchungen. Als bahnbrechende Innovation gilt der Versuch, den historischen Materialismus und die Psychoanalyse Freuds zu verknüpfen. Die in dieser Hausarbeit betrachteten Werke des IfS, die Studien zu >Autorität und Familie< (1936), sowie die >Studien zum autoritären Charakter< (1950) gelten aus unterschiedlichen Gründen als Meilensteine der Sozialforschung, gleichwohl sie den hohen Anspruch des Institutsleiters Horkheimer, die >Durchdringung konstruktiver und empirischer Verfahrensweisen< mithilfe interdisziplinärer Fachvertreter, zugunsten einer sich annähernden Kombination aus Theorie und Empirie, nie wirklich erreichten. Einer der theoretisch prägendsten Mitarbeiter der Anfangszeit des IfS war Erich Fromm, dessen Ausführungen im Gemeinschaftswerk >Autorität und Familie< ein besonderer Stellenwert zugesprochen wird. [Amazon.co.uk]
This study aims to explore the meaning of love and love orientation of Catholic widows based on Erich Fromm’s theory. The research model used qualitative research with descriptive phenomenology, based on interviews among four widow members of St Peter Paulus church. This interview data was analysed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed the participants interpreted love as an effort to give what they have. Participant’s love orientation tends to be stronger towards children and God. Meanwhile, other orientations were also found namely grandchildren, nieces, neighbours, deceased spouses, friends and themselves. Productive love is experienced primarily in relationships with children, God, and people in their extended social spheres. Relationships with partners and themselves become the least dominant relationships in the life of a widow and less interpreted with productive love. Based on the results of this study it is advisable to the church to add a counselling for their member who has loss their partner (spouse) so that they regain a sense of self-worth.
Given the current juncture in history, humanity is faced with the herculean task of adapting to a tumultuous present and a glimmer future. Should climate projections be accurate, there is little time to waste. This work makes the claim that we are not only in a political gridlock but also in an academic one. Researching climate philosophy from its inception, the concluding view is that no major progress, outside of a standardized descriptive analysis, has been achieved. Thus, the work evaluates an array of climate philosophers e.g. Stephen Gardiner, James Garvey, Peter Singer, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, etc., with specific emphasis on the economic philosopher John Broome, suggesting that their recommendations and assessments fall short of being totalizing in scope and therefore of producing viable theories that, if practically sought after, can achieve social sustainability. To fix the problem of a lack of social and strategic trajectory, I offer up Erich Fromm's humanistic philosophy as a suggestive model. In doing so, the argument is made that this can aid in reorienting our external/empirical obsession by shifting our focus toward our ‘interiority – our internal worlds and psyches –, since a necessary condition in achieving sustainability is changing our mindset. By focusing on the human psyche, its structure and needs, can our behavior finally shift in a way that compliments scientific recommendations and ecological demands. Hence, Fromm lends the climate philosophy discussion an ontological framework from which to better direct and more readily navigate toward less socially precarious and more ethical inclined waters.
This paper criticizes the emphasis placed by contemporary social theory and political philosophy on institutionalism as the basis for the understanding, legitimation and changing of institutions, or social systems, and society as a whole. The more impactful characteristic of institutionalism is its technical-logical structuring, based on an impartial, neutral and formal proceduralism that autonomizes social systems in relation to political praxis and social normativity, depoliticizing these social systems. Here, they are no longer depoliticized, but assume political centrality as the fundamental social subjects of the legitimation and evolution of institutions and society. The paper’s central argument is that it is necessary to re-politicize the institutions and the social subjects or social classes in order to ground and streamline a direct political praxis and the civil society’s social-political subjects as the basis for framing and legitimizing the current process of Western modernization. Recovering the politicity and the carnality of institutions, of social classes and of the evolution of society, is the fundamental task for a contemporary critical social theory that faces the strong institutionalism based on systemic theory. Such politicization is the unforgettable teaching of Karl Marx and Erich Fromm: the institutions have political content and political subjects, they are the result of social struggles for hegemony between opposed social classes which are political. Now, such politicity-carnality must be unveiled and used for an emancipatory democratic political praxis as the route for social analysis and political change, in opposition to the technical-logical understanding both of the institutions and of the social subjects.
Fromm is one of the well-known .humanistic ethicists. His whole life had focused on people. In his view, loving is an art that can guide people to better survive and promote liberation. The existing researches on the ethical thought of loving mainly revolve around his theory of love and his practice of love, while relatively few studies are conducted from the perspective of overall humanistic ethics. It would help us, investigating his ethical thought of love into a humanistic perspective of ethics, so this paper attempts to grasp the ethical thought of love and its ideological implication with comprehensively. The tradition of Judaism love planted the seeds of loving in Fromm’s heart, while the difference of Johann Jakob Bachofen’s parental love inspires him to extend love from family to society, and Zen’s enlightenment method and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory helped him cast his psychological basis, Marx’s theory of humans and the critical theory of Frankfurt School provided him with theoretical weapons to criticize the abnormal phenomena of human being and society. Thanks to these theoretical basis from the great thinkers and schools, Fromm put forward his own theory on people, setting out a logical kick-off for his discourse on ethics of love. Fromm highlighted that loving was the answer to human existence. He underwent explorations of human survival dilemma and spiritual needs, approached a >prescription< that rooted in human beings, and prescribed his medication->recipe for love< involving both theory and practice, in which >giving< is the heart of love, and >caring about oneself<, >knowing oneself<, >respecting oneself<, >taking responsibility for oneself< treated respectively as motivation, prerequisite, necessary condition and fruits, forming the basic substances of his loving. When facing different practitioners, Fromm also called their differences. The general and specific requirements of the art of loving constituted his practicing of love. Fromm believed that only a combination of the two requirements could achieve the ethical goal of self-love and of a healthy society. First of all, the people who acts >self-love< is the ideal >moral newcomer<. He must have a productive character in this way, maintain independence as well as be integrated with others in the process of >assimilation< and >socialization<. Also, he should have good interpersonal relationships, and be able to cultivate a way of survival that emphasizes existence instead of possession, so as to realize the all-round development of people. Second, a healthy society, from Fromm’s perspective, was not only the prerequisite for real love, but also the goal of love of ethics. Fromm did not only carry out ethical criticism of various fields of society, but tried to present reform plans also. He made attempts to save people and restore human nature, and love was one of his criteria and conditions for measuring and achieving goals. In addition, Fromm’s love of ethics was not only a critique of authoritarian ethics or a supplement to scientism ethics, and it’s good for us to view the development of capitalism objectively. At the same time, this Paper is based on the reality of our country, trying to explore the beneficial factors for individual liberation and social development, in order to approach its realistic value. As could be seen, these values cannot erase the limitations of Fromm’s love of ethics, his utopian nature, the bias of the individual and the fragility of the theory of human nature, etc. up to a point, all of which had blocked his ethical purpose from realizing. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Autor przedstawia perspektywę społeczno-kulturową uczenia się agresji i przemocy z głównym odniesieniem do kultury sportowej. Proble¬my agresji i destrukcyjności analizowane są w świetle koncepcji Aronsona, Fromma i innych teoretyków. Ukazano też historyczną perspektywę brutaliza¬cji sportu i instytucjonalnej tego akceptacji. Podjęto dyskusję dotyczącą traf¬ności eksplikacji zjawiska agresji. Od teorii ludzkiej destrukcyjności Ericha Fromma autor przechodzi do jej aplikacji – propozycji przeciwdziałania agre¬sywności z wykorzystaniem środków kultury fizycznej. Otóż „Humanistyczna Teoria Sztuk Walki”, komplementarna wobec koncepcji Fromma, i same umie¬jętnie nauczane sztuki walki w ich tradycyjnej postaci są drogami przeciwdziałania agresywności i dobrym sposobem profilaktyki przemocy.
O presente artigo aborda a concepção de amor de Erich Fromm na sua relação com a fé. O ato de amar, segundo o autor em foco, deve ser considerado uma atividade produtiva e interna, que se fundamenta em um aprimoramento das potencialidades psíquicas e emocionais do sujeito. Além disso, de acordo com Fromm, para amar verdadeiramente, é necessária a fé, que é concebida como um traço de caráter, sendo, assim, passível de desenvolvimento. No que tange à metodologia, este estudo pretende empreender uma leitura analítica das obras A arte de amar, Análise do homem e A revolução da esperança, todas de autoria de Erich Fromm, além de recorrer a trabalhos de comentadores do psicanalista humanista. Como objetivo principal, este artigo pretende elucidar as contribuições do pensamento frommiano no que diz respeito à relação entre a fé e o ato de amar. Pretendemos mostrar que, de acordo com Fromm, para o domínio da arte de amar, é necessário que o sujeito aprimore o seu caráter em favor de uma orientação produtiva, ou seja, é preciso que o indivíduo rompa com o narcisismo por intermédio da fé racional, desenvolva a humildade de reconhecer suas próprias limitações e potencialidades, e utilize a razão como um instrumento que o permita visualizar a pessoa amada como de fato ela é, e não como gostaria que ela fosse.
Wer von Erich Fromm nur >Die Kunst des Liebens<und >Haben oder Sein< kennt, weiß nur wenig von den Quellen, aus denen sich sein Denken speist. Beide Bücher sind für ein großes Publikum geschrieben. In beiden geht es um Kulturkritik: darum, dass die Art und Weise, wie wir unser gesellschaftliches Zusammenleben auf Wettbewerb und Profitmaximierung gründen, den Einzelnen und damit die Gesellschaft als Ganzes krank macht; aber auch darum, Alternativen aufzuzeigen, wie man sich in einer verrückt gewordenen Welt eine auf Liebe und schöpferische Kreativität gegründete Menschlichkeit bewahren kann.
In Zeiten zunehmender psychischer Erkrankungen soll sich in vorliegender Arbeit mit den Ansichten Erich Fromms auseinandergesetzt werden und deren Aktualität für die gegenwärtige praktische Ausführung der Sozialen Arbeit.
Das Ziel der Arbeit bildet die Ausschau neuer Möglichkeiten Sozialer Arbeit, zur Neugestaltung der Makro-, Meso- und Mikroebene, um politisch aktiv zu werden, die Gesellschaft neu zu formen, dabei an der Wurzel des Geschehens anpacken zu können und sich als Disziplin weiterhin zu professionalisieren. Am Ende der Arbeit soll ein Resümee bezüglich der Aktualität Fromms im Kontext der Sozialen Arbeit gezogen werden. [Lehmanns.de]
The article analyzes the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the human heart, goodness and evil inclinations, sadism, the problems of freedom of worship, human destructiveness, various forms of aggression, contradictory necrophilia and biophilia. In the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the heart of the human soul is shown by the desire for destructive desires and the uplifting desires – love for humanity and freedom. Our goal is to analyze the souls of human minds based on the works of the intellectuals. From the Erich Fromm heart concept, the robotic personality and the character of the stranger are disclosed.
The article analyzes the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the human heart, goodness and evil inclinations, sadism, the problems of freedom of worship, human destructiveness, various forms of aggression, contradictory necrophilia and biophilia. In the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the heart of the human soul is shown by the desire for destructive desires and the uplifting desires - love for humanity and freedom. Our goal is to analyze the souls of human minds based on the works of the intellectuals. From the Erich Fromm heart concept, the robotic personality and the character of the stranger are disclosed.
Revisiting Authoritarianism
(2020)
This article traces the roots of the Authoritarian Personality (AP) project in the neo-Freudian/phenomenological tradition of the Frankfurt School (FS). It focuses on three of its major proponents (Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse) and examines the construction of the F-scale. It outlines how, according to FS-influenced scholars, the AP arose from the disciplinary measures inflicted on late 19th and early 20th century German middle-class youth, and details the sado-masochistic political style of the prototypical AP. It covers the critical reception of this characterization and explanation of authoritarianism by Bob Altemeyer and Anglo-American positivism. It concludes by arguing that in overlooking the inner life of the AP, positivism blinds us to compelling truths, about authoritarianism, and also about ourselves.
В статье обсуждаются теоретические и методологические проблемы изучения религии в творчестве Эриха Фромма. Анализируются социальнопсихологические аспекты темы религии в работах Э. Фромма. В статье делается акцент на психоаналитический подход (социокультурный вариант Э. Фромма) к религиозной проблематики.
Penelitian ini berjudul >Konsep Cinta Erich Fromm sebagai Dasar Relasi Autentik Sesama Manusia dalam Perspektif Relasi Aku-Engkau Martin Buber<. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keterasingan dan kesepian yang dialami oleh manusia modern, akibat kerusakan dan kekacauan hubungan yang sejati antar manusia. Penelitian ini akan mengusulkan konsep cinta Erich Fromm sebagai solusi terhadap permasalahan tersebut. Konsep cinta Erich Fromm akan dikaji lebih dalam menggunakan pemikiran Martin Buber mengenai dua mode relasi manusia yang menunjukkan relasi autentik dan tidak autentik, yaitu relasi Aku-Engkau dan relasi Aku-Itu. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mendeskripsikan konsep cinta Erich Fromm serta menganalisis konsep cinta tersebut sebagai dasar relasi autentik subjek dengan subjek menggunakan perspektif relasi Aku-Engkau sebagai relasi yang sesuai dengan kodrat eksistensi manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif di bidang ilmu filsafat. Model penelitian dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kepustakaan (library research). Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari data utama dan data pendukung yang terdiri dari buku, jurnal, maupun sumber kepustakaan lainnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui langkah-langkah yang meliputi persiapan, kemudian klasifikasi data, dan terakhir analisis data. Analisis data menggunakan metode analisis kefilsafatan dengan unsur metodis yang terdiri dari deskripsi, interpretasi, heuristika, dan refleksi kritis. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa konsep cinta Erich Fromm atau dikenal juga dengan konsep cinta produktif merupakan solusi yang tepat untuk mengatasi keterasingan dan kesepian yang dialami oleh manusia modern, karena sesuai dengan kodrat eksistensi manusia. Konsep cinta Erich Fromm mengandung prinsip-prinsip seperti perlindungan, tanggung jawab, rasa hormat, dan pengetahuan yang tidak ada dalam bentuk cinta lainnya. Konsep cinta Erich Fromm menegaskan akan adanya elemen relasi yang autentik seperti keterlibatan timbal balik, keterbukaan, mutualitas, penegasan atas keliyanan (otherness) yang lain, serta penerimaannya atas konflik.
埃里希·弗洛姆立足于人本主义立场,融合马克思异化说及弗洛伊德精神分析学说等相关理论观点,揭示资本主义社会表面经济繁荣、物质丰裕,实则出现了消费异化现象,并对如何摆脱异化进行积极探索,做出了重大贡献。本文论述了弗洛姆消费异化建构消费异化理论的理论渊源、基本内容及其扬弃路径,在此基础上立足于我国具体现实情景,探讨其思想的当代意义与现实价值。第一,梳理并论述弗洛姆建构消费异化理论的理论渊源。弗洛姆融合马克思异化说及卢卡奇物化理论等相关观点,同时还学习借鉴弗洛伊德相关理论,在分析人的心理时引入异化观思想,在这基础上提出其著名的消费异化理论。第二,分析并论述消费异化理论基本内容。具体包括产生消费异化理论的前提、产生根源、异化核心等,分别从社会与个体两个层面分析异化表现形式以及产生异化的后果,为扬弃消费异化提供理论上的依据支持。第三,论述弗洛姆扬弃消费异化所进行的路径探索。对此,弗洛姆主张应从心理变革与社会整体变革来实现。首先在社会变革方面,弗洛姆认为,整个社会各个方面协同变革才能取得良好效果。其次在心理变革方面,强调应消除异化对人心理层面上造成的侵蚀,促使人最终不受物的控制或统治,最终走出生存困境。弗洛姆主张重生存人道消费观,同时还注重建立生产性人格。第四,结合弗洛姆消费异化理论评析并立足于我国具体现实情境,归结出当代中国消费领域所存在的问题,对这些问题进行深入分析及提出思考。随着弗洛姆消费异化理论的提出及获得逐渐完善,极大丰富马克思的异化理论,关照现实生存的困境问题,彰显人文主义关怀,具有其一定的合理性。结合我国现阶段现实情境,新时代中国特色社会主义制度建设生态文明,构建绿色生活方式和绿色消费观等,从多个层面等进行共同努力,以期能共同营造良好的消费氛围,进而促使我国消费领域实现健康及和谐发展。
埃里希?弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派代表人物之一,延承社会批判理论传统,秉承人道主义思想,以西方资本主义社会尤其是美国社会中现代人的全面>异化<为理论分析的出发点,对西方资本主义社会进行了点线面结合的全方位的理论深思与批判,在西方哲学界产生轰动一时的影响。在科学技术日新月异并且全球化趋势下,对弗洛姆的相关思想的研究不仅能在理论上丰富当代马克思主义的思想资源,更加认清资本主义制度与社会主义制度的本质区别,坚信社会主义制度的优越性。也有利于我们展开对当今资本主义社会种种异化现象的马克思主义批判。本文第二章追溯了弗洛姆最初的人本主义的思想渊源,分析了其思想生成的个人因素和社会背景。弗洛姆将弗洛伊德的精神分析与马克思主义相结合,坚守人本主义的立场,批判西方资本主义社会,试图建立弗洛伊德主义的人道主义的马克思主义。本文第三章对弗洛姆秉持人本主义立场对西方资本主义社会中人的生存境遇的研判进行了细微考察和理论分析,结合对弗洛姆多种文本的解读研究,从弗洛姆人本主义立场的出发点即人是什么,围绕人类的需要以及人应该如何生活,对比西方资本主义社会人的生存状态,探究人类真正的幸福应该如何实现。本文第四章通过对弗洛姆《健全的社会》重要著作的重点研究,整理了其对克服西方资本主义社会的各方面异化的表现及其提出的对应举措,包含经济领域最初的劳动异化、生产异化与消费异化,以及由此决定的政治领域的民主制度异化、文化领域的人的心理异化的表现、危害和实质的分析论述;弗洛姆的对策性思考虽然近乎无所不包具体细微,但是纵观各领域的措施,都包含着理性主义色彩,不具备马克思主义的实践性特征。第五章对弗洛姆的人本主义思想以及对西方资本主义社会的批判理论做了评价,他对西方社会的批判理论提供了新视角与新观点,但他仍然是局限于西方资本主义私有制的框架之内进行微观心理革命,根本不能克服西方资本主义社会的异化,实质上属于乌托邦主义的西方马克思主义,不是真正的马克思主义理论。
新兴科技带来了机器自动化工具,不断地缩短了人类的必要劳动时间量,技术理性使人类过上了更具人格尊严的物质生活。人类开启了一个>更富裕、更舒适、更享受<的新纪元。但与物质丰裕相伴随的,人的生存却遭受到前所未有的压抑。在建构新的工具系统过程中,人类毫不顾及技术理性的威胁,甚至把技术理性作为生存追求的最高目标。人的创造能力被导向到征服自然和利用自然,为人类创造享受性物质的方向去了,从而也使人类自身沦为工具技术系统的>附庸物<。在技术理性的作用下,机械工具高度自动化,工人的分工不断细小化,导致社会群体也不断>原子化<,人成为了机械工具的>原子部件<。人的主体性日益弱化,有时人的自我体验到:自己是一件>商品<,目标是尽力使自身更具有>商品属性<,具有>使用价值的可售性<,这时人的理性和人格必定异化了。人们总是追求与大多数人意志一致性。人们没有自我尊严感,日常情绪表现为恐惧、焦虑或疑虑、特别渴望得到他人的认可。人们己经同自身分离或疏离了,转而崇拜自己创造的产品和物质技术力量。本文以弗洛姆对资本主义社会中人的境况批判为基点。首先,揭示资本主义社会中人的生存境遇的异化。人与人之间充满无情的竞争、人被当作工具而利用、人遭受来自权威的压抑,并且在技术理性的驱动下,权威变种为更加隐蔽的控制力量。人的劳动异化了,劳动的成果不再属于劳动者,而成为劳动者的对立物。其次,论述弗洛姆对社会性格的批判。包括人的理性不断异化,人日益抽象化和量化、民主的异化,使人无论在任何条件下不得不顺从、人的物质欲望的异化。再次,探究弗洛姆对资本主义社会极端伦理的批判,他批判了人的极度自私利己主义、人的异化良心、人的扭曲享乐价值倾向、人在资本主义社会中对极端信仰追崇、人的功利主义道德观等内容。弗洛姆正是在对资本主义社会的不良现象批判后,提出人通往健全社会并实现人的自由解放之路的。人摆脱异化后人格尊严得以回归,人应该从经济、政治、文化三方面获得相应的解放,最终实现建构健全社会与人的自由解放的有机统一。
法兰克福学派基于对当代城市问题的关切,发展形成了独具特色和理论价值的城市理论。从纵向看,法兰克福学派的城市批判理论经历了历史哲学批判时期、交往行为理论批判时期和承认理论批判时期。在历史哲学批判时期,霍克海默、阿多诺和弗洛姆等从工具理性批判的视角审视城市的问题,从不同角度对发达资本主义社会中占支配地位的工具理性进行了批判。在交往行为理论批判时期,哈贝马斯开始关注公共领域的结构转型和主体的社会整合力量等>社会性的内部关系<,通过交往行为的力量从社会内部解决社会出现的问题。在承认理论批判时期,霍耐特认为必须走规范性和经验性批判相结合的道路,用承认理论去重新审视社会道德。从横向看,法兰克福学派城市理论批判的主题主要包括四个方面,经济、文化、空间和心理。经济作为整个城市批判理论的基础,体现在工具理性成为企业和人们活动的法则、企业和技术成为新的统治形式和当代资本主义社会的剥削程度和异化程度的加深。文化是法兰克福学派城市批判的重点,文化不仅倒退为欺骗大众的>文化工业<,而且文化为城市人提供逃避自由的模式。空间是法兰克福学派城市批判的重要组成部分,《巴黎拱廊计划》指出城市空间是受资本支配的含混空间,《启蒙辩证法》指出城市空间在理性退化为工具理性语境下具有同质化、欺骗性的特征,《公共领域的结构转型》指出城市空间>公<>私<领域的趋渐融合,《为承认而斗争》构建了自由展现个体自主性的城市空间。心理是法兰克福学派城市批判的新领域,弗洛姆揭示人们逃避自由与社会人本主义伦理的沦丧,马尔库塞指出发达社会人的单向度发展,霍耐特构建爱、法律和团结从而试图给个体提供基本自信、自尊和自重。法兰克福学派城市理论是对马克思城市理论的继承与发展,它批判资本主义城市的异化发展,重绘城市空间样貌,重建城市心理样态,提供解决当代城市问题的新视角,努力实现现代人的自由全面发展。法兰克福学派城市对我们规划、建设和发展中国特色的社会主义城市,具有重大的启示作用。
发条橙》是英国作家安东尼·伯吉斯的代表作。这本小说被评为>20世纪最值得阅读的100本小说<之一,并且使安东尼·伯吉斯名声大噪。《发条橙》讲述了一个生活在未来英国社会的问题少年,由于青春期躁动走上消极自由道路,并受到政府的改造,重新融入社会期间,他自我意识逐渐觉醒,选择通过爱和劳动两种方式来追寻积极自由的故事。本篇论文应用弗洛姆的自由理论解读《发条橙》,探讨了以下两个问题。首先是消极自由如何在《发条橙》的主人公身上有所体现得;其次是在被改造后,主人公又是如何追寻积极自由的。这篇论文以对安东尼·伯吉斯及他的《发条橙》的介绍和对《发条橙》国内外学术研究成果作为论文开端,以对弗洛姆的自由理论的研究为理论框架,深度挖掘了《发条橙》中的造成主人公追求消极自由的因素。弗洛姆认为当人脱离原始纽带,并开始个体化进程后便会感到孤独和无助,为了躲避这些令人不安的感觉,现代人踏上了消极自由之路。消极自由有三种机制,一是权威主义,二是破坏欲,三是异化。而后弗洛姆又提出,现代人如何才能获得真正的自由?针对这一问题,弗洛姆认为只有人们的自我意识苏醒,并且通过自发性活动比如爱和劳动才能获得积极自由,即真正的自由。《发条橙》中主人公因种种原因,不得不踏上消极自由之路,在经过改造后,随着他自我意识的苏醒,他开始顿悟,于是,他又不顾一切地踏上了寻求积极自由的道路。本文运用弗洛姆的自由理论来解读《发条橙》,旨在阐述原本处于消极自由中的主人公,在经历种种后终于醒悟了只有积极自由才能给他带来真正的自我和归属感。这启发我们消极自由只能给人们带来表面的享受和快乐,实际上则是无尽的空虚与无助,只有积极自由才能带给人们幸福。同时,亦希望本文能引发更多人们对当下社会消极自由的关注和思考。
早期法兰克福学派是西方马克思主义流派中的一个极其重要的学派,消费文化批判理论是该学派文化批判理论的重要组成部分。早期法兰克福学派消费文化批判理论是在霍克海默、阿多诺、马尔库塞和弗洛姆等主要代表立足历史传统和现实情况,采取多学科交叉融合的研究方法的基础上逐渐形成的。早期法兰克福学派是一个由众多具有不同个性的理论家组成的研究团体,但贯穿其中的通过理论的批判来对抗资本主义统治的学术主旨始终没有改变。霍克海默和阿多诺认为启蒙理性虽然反对了神话但却使自身走向了“神话”,当启蒙理性渗透到文化生产中时,形成了一种文化工业,在这种文化工业下,人们的消费是单一的、盲目的,消费成为统治阶层蒙蔽和欺骗大众的手段,人的个性、主体性甚至连人的情感全都在这种文化工业下丧失殆尽;马尔库塞则认为,发达工业社会中的消费是一种异化消费,对技术理性的批判是关于消费问题分析的理论基础,压抑性的心理机制是消费问题产生的内在机理,人的单向度的生存方式是异化消费的突出表现,这样的社会是单向度的消费社会;弗洛姆则注重对个体的心理与性格结构生成过程的分析,认为异化已经泛化到人类生活的各个方面,使得本应是实现人幸福的消费如今却成为人自身的目的,人外在表现为贪婪的消费机器,内心深处实则为一种异化的文化模式。早期法兰克福学派消费文化批判理论是深刻的,但也并非是放之四海而皆准的。他们的消费文化批判理论虽是一种多维视角的、贴近现实的、怀有人文关怀的文化批判,但由于该学派主要理论家极力推崇精英文化,过度贬低人自身的独立性,采取了浪漫主义的全盘否定的立场,使得该学派理论是一种片面的理性批判,提出拯救消费的方案存在脱离现实之嫌。
一直以来,存在是西方哲学、西方人文思想所关注的核心问题,在这一问题上,西方马克思主义者在马克思经典文本的启示下,深入探究、阐发存在问题,形成了丰硕的研究成果,其中,埃里希·弗洛姆的存在观具有典型意义。就其思想的内在逻辑来看,弗洛姆的存在观在其思想体系中居于核心地位,是弗洛姆批判发达资本主义的存在观根据。在《占有与存在》中,弗洛姆将存在与占有进行对举,揭示、阐述存在概念的意涵,突出创造性、审美性、自我实现等特质,据此,沿着人的生存处境、体验、精神境况切入对资本主义的分析与批判,以此为线索,将马克思早期的人道主义思想、尤其是《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中对异化劳动的批判与弗洛伊德心理学等有机结合,批判性地>诊断<发达资本主义社会的精神病,借鉴马克思对人之存在的规范性分析,彰显马克思提出的人之存在的自由自觉之维度,揭批发达资本主义的生产异化、消费异化等现象,构想未来共产主义社会中个体的精神维度。本文追溯、探究了弗洛姆存在思想的理论渊源,详细的分析了弗洛姆存在观的核心内涵即创造性、审美性、生产性存在的涵义,归纳其生产性、审美性、自发性的特征,分析存在观在其思想体系中的定位,并较为深入地探讨了这一理论何以构成了弗洛姆的方法论基础。从这一维度出发,彰显弗洛姆对西方二十世纪存在哲学思潮的丰富,对当代资本主义精神危机的克服与超越,对当代资本主义批判角度的丰富与扩展,以及对资本主义现代性逻辑的深入批判。分析、探究弗洛姆的存在观,有助于深入理解当代欧洲发达资本主义所存在的异化与局限、冲突与矛盾。洞悉当代欧美发达资本主义潜存的革命性因素与社会冲突逻辑。同此,深入理解弗洛姆存在观也能在批判消费社会、克服精神异化等方面给予我们以诸多启发。在当代资本主义的语境下,弗洛姆基于马克思主义哲学的原则、立场和方法,将对存在问题的阐释与马克思的资本主义批判进行结合研究,随着时代的发展,与时俱进地推进对马克思主义基本原理的研究与发展,突出马克思主义思索人之存在的方法及视角,这一思想努力有助于为当前马克思主义中国话语的建构提供有益的借鉴与参考。
Therapists’ quest for constructing meaning systems of their patients’ experiences progresses in cycles. These cycles consist of: (1) efforts to achieve closures, propelled by the depressive position with its concomitant judgments, resolutions, and decisiveness, and (2) efforts to dissolve closures, propelled by the schizo-paranoid position, searching anxiously and excitedly for new ways to construct meaning. By struggling to facilitate their supervisees’ cycles of achieving and dissolving closures, supervisors help them to grow as clinicians. Supervisees usually welcome the supervisors’ help in constructing meaning systems and achieving closures. They become wary, however, when their supervisors suggest that they dismantle these systems and dissolve their closures because these suggestions undermine their self-assurance as well as their sense of morality, both nourished by the depressive position. Several approaches are suggested for supervisors to facilitate their supervisees’ efforts to dissolve closures.