En este trabajo se abordan algunas de las diferencias que se presentan en relación al género, en el trabajo de los psiquiatras, psicoterapeutas y psicoanalistas. Se hace una breve revisión del origen de estas diferencias en la cultura occidental, tomando como referencia la biblia, y como se reflejó en el romanticismo y en la Ilustración. Después se aborda la situación de nuestra cultura, desde la visión de los aztecas, los españoles y la fusión entre estas visiones después de la conquista. Finalmente se presenta una pequeña viñeta de un grupo de psicoterapia, para mostrar la dinámica que se da en el mismo respecto a las diferencias de género.
Este trabajo trata de cómo explica Fromm el concepto de amor y pensamiento productivos, a partir de cómo se fue desarrollando, señalando el tipo de carácter que ha desarrollado una persona, tomando como base la orientación que predomine en ella, ya sea improductiva o productiva. Finalmente se plantea como uno de los tantos objetivos de la cura, es que la persona sea capaz de tener éste tipo de amor y de pensamiento.
Following both Bion's and Aulagnier's thought, this paper seeks to examine two functions of psychotic syntax within the nonpsychotic personality. The first function is the creation of a split between voice and meaning in the mother–infant relationship, a split whose aim is to disengage contact with contents that cannot be metabolized and that are associated with the mother's denied death wish toward her infant. The second function pertains to the use of psychotic syntax as a way of denying separateness and annihilating the >speaking I.< Both functions will be exemplified by clinical case studies. In conclusion, psychotic language will be discussed as a >hybrid language< generated by an incestuous relationship between the mother's and the infant's language.
Ética y contratransferencia
(2010)
En el siguiente artículo mi objetivo es poner énfasis en lo actual que es la teoría de Erich Fromm (1900-1980), además agrego mi punto de vista a cerca del tipo de carácter que predomina en nuestra sociedad, pareciera que Fromm se adelantó a nuestros tiempos cuando hablaba dentro de su orientación sociopsicológica que lo distingue, la destructiva y funesta enajenación del hombre actual, hablando asimismo de las posibilidades reales que pueden llevarlo a la felicidad, por lo que siendo optimista planteo en este relato que a pesar de la sociedad consumista en la que vivimos, existe en el hombre la capacidad de ser feliz, lo único que hace falta es atreverse al cambio a ser un revolucionario utilizando la creatividad como una forma de expresión, con la que no dañe a terceros y pueda expresar lo que siente y lo que piensa, sin ser censurado por el sistema social.
From the moment man first learned how to say >no<, human history and the relational celebration between the intrapsychic and the intersubjective was set in motion. Liberation does not permit any type of regression. When an adult individual goes in search of symbiosis with nature, he reveals his pathology. Intrapsychicity, and with it, intersubjectivity, is broken.
Most people who recognize his name are aware that Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) was considered to be one of Freud's most brilliant students and an important contributor to psychoanalytic theory. But it is also widely known that this innovative thinker, who is still read with interest over 50 years after his death, died in a federal penitentiary in the USA. The case against Wilhelm Reich, brought by the Food and Drug Administration, has been admirably detailed in Wilhelm Reich vs. the U.S.A. by Jerome Greenfield. Less well known are two other intertwined investigations of Reich, the first by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which led to his imprisonment for nearly a month after the USA declared war on Germany in 1941; and the second by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in an attempt to remove his naturalized citizenship and deport him. This paper examines in detail these two assaults on Reich, placing them within the historical context of a lifetime of marginalization and denunciation by authorities, from the Communist Party in Germany to the International Psychoanalytic Association to academic biologists in Norway to right-wing Christian moralists in the USA and finally to agencies of the US government.
Erich Fromm e a arte de amar
(2010)
Este artigo se ocupa das questões amorosas a partir do pensamento de Erich Fromm. A concepção frommiana do amor é apresentada considerando a necessidade de uma teoria do homem para compreendê-la. Além disso, aponta-se a condição de existência do amor no capitalismo moderno, isto é, o processo de desintegração que este sofre na sociedade alienada. – Abstract: This article deals with the loving issues from the thought of Erich Fromm. Fromm’s conception of love is presented considering the need for a theory of man to understand it. Also, pointed out the condition of existence of love in modern capitalism, i.e. the process of disintegration that it suffers in alienated society.
The paper presents a clinical model of different subtypes of pathological mourning and the intrapsychic and intersubjective conditions that initiate and maintain them. Specific psychotherapeutic interventions for each subtype are proposed, taking into account that an intervention that would produce change for a certain subtype will reinforce pathology for another one.
The gaze is originally experienced as a disembodied force. This experience is discussed here from a psychopathological prospective and from a developmental perspective. In certain states of regression, when the boundaries between the self and the others are fading away, the gaze is again experienced as a disembodied force that radiates from the eyes and can dangerously penetrate into the mind. The body and its extensions are usually used as a shelter. The body performs this sheltering function in a natural and silent way, and only when this function is lacking do we become aware of it. Shame then signals the failure of the ordinary sheltering function performed by the body. If the external body is not sufficiently cathected, its sheltering function is also decreased, to the point that the body is experienced as transparent, and the most intimate feelings and thoughts become dangerously available to others. In primitive societies, this situation is reflected in the universal belief in the >evil eye,< the most common defense against the evil eye having been a representation of an erect penis. In ancient Rome, the phallus-shaped amulet used to ward off the evil eye was called the >fascinum<: this magic phallus was supposed to neutralize the attack by fascinating the disembodied gaze, that is, by binding it (from the latin verb fascio, fasciare, to bind). The construction of mastered visibility is an organizer of the ego structure. The fascination of the mythical Narcissus for his own mirror image illustrates a central moment of the dialectical construction of the self: the effort to bind the disembodied gaze that is threatening the self, by giving a body to it and by fixing it to an image. Narcissism is thus the effort to bind an almighty free-floating gaze.
Editorial
(2010)
>Who?, where?, what?, in which way?, to whom?< – besides being the questions Paula Heimann suggested that any analyst should ask him- or herself while exploring the patient's communications, these are also the main issues the authors addressed through the results of their survey on the present state of the relationship between psychoanalysis and universities in Europe. This is a pilot study that tries to chart a map of European psychoanalysts (for the moment including only members of the International Psychoanalytic Society) working at various levels in universities. The aim is to set up a network between them for starting a debate on shared problems, hopes, and anxieties relating to the future of psychoanalysis in academia.
Aspects of Psychodynamic Neuropsychiatry I: Episodic Memory, Transference, and the Oddball Paradigm
(2010)
The philosopher Seneca once said that we spend our whole lives preparing to die. Far from a morbid statement, I see this as expressing the truth that all human beings spend their whole lives overcoming their narcissism. We have to make a significant enough investment in the lives of others, and in ongoing life, so that the loss of our own, personal lives is bearable to us. How can we help our patients overcome their excessive narcissism? The analyst must be a person who has, to some degree, overcome some part of his or her own narcissistic issues. This means that he or she values human life more than pride. Our ability to make the meaning of the patient's life a priority is a key part of the treatment. In how he or she behaves, the analyst must embody the principle that the quality of a life is more important than the appearance of success or failure.
This article describes three attitudes toward psychic pain and suffering, and their clinical implications are explored and illustrated. When analyst and patient differ fundamentally in their understanding of the place of suffering in psychic life, treatment destructive clashes may result. The attitude that pain should be reduced as quickly as possible has a significant impact on the analyst's focus in treatment, most especially on the timing of interpretations of defense. A different orientation is that pain is an inevitable part of human experience and is best accepted rather than avoided. A third possibility embraces suffering as not only unavoidable, but as a primary source of wisdom and personal identity.
The decline of the Liberal Arts in the 21st century is rooted in late 20th century trends, including grade inflation, the decline of rational authority, the rise of anonymous authority, and consumerism, which abets the tendency to elevate the pursuit of students’ >self-esteem< above scholarly rigor. While the Left and the Right are apt to blame their ideological opponents, both share some responsibility for this state of af-fairs, which can only be remedied if they own up to their own erroneous oversights, and agree to work together.
El objetivo para este trabajo ha sido realizar una aproximación indirecta en cuanto al desarrollo de la conciencia moral y de las manifestaciones psicopatológicas asociadas al mismo, utilizando la estrategia epidemiológica en una comunidad rural escasamente desarrollada. – Desde la perspectiva de la evolución de la conciencia moral, los resultados permiten inferir que las manifestaciones sindromáticas de interiorización, aparecen tempranamente, 4 a 5 años, y que dependen más de la relación establecida con los padres y de la presencia de psicopatología en éstos. De los 6 a 8 años, se hace notoria la participación del marco de creencias religiosas y posiblemente su contraste en el proceso de socialización. Por otra parte, las manifestaciones de exteriorización, claramente se hacen patentes en la adolescencia en el estadio del nivel post-convencional del razonamiento moral.
Gli indipendenti britannici
(2010)
Returning to Freud
(2010)
Response to Commentary
(2010)
Since 1999, the author has been working as a psychoanalyst in Munich, Germany, in the context of the German National Health Service, which covers psychoanalytic psychotherapy of up to 300 sessions with a frequency of up to three times a week. He has mostly been working with Italian patients in their common mother language. In other words, globalisation has made it possible to help patients heal the wounds of their old Italian self, develop a new German self, integrate them with each other, and thus allow foreign patients to become >citizens of the world.< After presenting the context of his clinical work, including the German Kassensystem and the characteristics of the Italian patients he works with, the author provides the reader with a review of the literature on migration and identity from a psychoanalytic point of view. Sociology and literature also offer an important key to the understanding of his patients. At this point in the paper, the author presents three patients, their history, the background of their migration to Germany, and the work he did with them. This allows him to come to the conclusion that psychoanalysis can help patients actualise the potentialities intrinsic in globalisation, in order to move towards a richer and more sophisticated identity.
Libertad y tristeza
(2010)
Changes both within the profession of psychoanalysis and in society as a whole have affected our psychoanalytic training programs and presented new ethical challenges. Whereas in earlier decades training programs needed to be concerned primarily about the inviolability of the training analysis and the choice of appropriate analytic candidates, today there is little support for psychoanalysis as a treatment modality. Institutes are experiencing greater competition in attracting quality candidates and in providing them with adequate training experiences. This strain encourages institutes to operate in unethical ways to attract candidates. On the other hand, within the profession itself we are experiencing much theoretical ferment and the increasing feminization of the profession. These changes are affecting our training institutes and our ethical values in both positive and negative ways.
African concepts of beauty and adornments of the body reflect a celebration of life in the face of death. They are derived from ancient times and the sense of man as a biological animal, within the context of life with other beasts. Among these, man is the only one who is born naked without nature's protections and adornment, such as fur, stripes, or feathers. The body is therefore an asset which must be guarded and covered and yet be expressive of strength as well as sexual desire, so as to attract a mate. Beauty, as a source of self-regard in African cultures is also often achieved through empathic identification with animals. Primordial African attitudes to life and death and symbols of beauty apparently influenced Freud's fourth instinct theory conceptions of Eros and Thanatos, as well as Erich Fromm's ideas about life-loving and death-loving societies, as illustrated in selected quotations from their writings.
It is widely known that Freud gives Oedipus a central place in both his psychoanalytic theory and praxis. Freud introduces the Oedipus myth as the crucial key for understanding the tragedy of human life. One of the most problematic issues innate to the human condition is aggression. This paper argues: (1) that Freud's insights into human aggression can at the very least be viewed as one-sided and problematic; and (2) that the heuristic potential of the Oedipus myth is, correspondingly, limited. It considers how the Hungarian psychiatrist and analyst, Lipót Szondi, tries to bridge this gap using the myth of Cain and Abel. The aim of this paper is to explore how Szondi's interpretation of this myth offers a much more subtle approach to human aggression. Szondi's alternative and distinctive look at aggressive phenomena offers an exciting and fruitful addition to Freud's interpretation as exclusively referring to sadism and/or the death instinct. This contribution wants to highlight Szondi's amendment to Freud's Oedipus and aims to show that psychoanalysis can benefit from taking into account the mythical figures of Cain and Abel.
In 1995 a seminal paper by Howard Shevrin classified four conceptions of psychoanalysis: first as a human enterprise such as governing and teaching second as a science sui generis that does not require any additional empirical research third as a clinical science that focuses on psychotherapy research and fourth as a science tout court that is of course expected to validate its basic assumptions on the mind. Fifteen years later, Shevrin's classification has remained illuminating. All kinds of research are welcomed in psychoanalysis, but it is also true that, in the current debate on research in psychoanalysis, the interest in testing its assumptions on the mind is no longer a topic. But it is precisely this which is crucial in a time when the sciences of the cognitive field, such as neurobiology and the cognitive sciences, seem to be tentatively cooperating with psychoanalysis in a few studies, but overwhelmingly absorbing many psychoanalytic assumptions without mentioning psychoanalysis. In order to exist and survive as a science in the long run within universities, academies of sciences, and other scientific research institutions, the psychoanalytic community has to face the challenge and prepare itself not only for prospective dialogue, but also for confrontation.
En base a lo que he observado en la consulta clínica he identificado que el masoquismo es una tendencia importante en alguno de los miembros de la relación de pareja, razón por la que decidí conjuntar lo observado con la teoría de las Orientaciones de Carácter de Erich Fromm, lo que me permite describir las características de cada orientación y cómo estas se pueden mezclar dando por resultado el masoquismo y el sadismo. Para finalizar retomo los aspectos de la orientación que debe predominar en cada individuo es decir la del crecimiento, madurez, productividad, libertad y lo que verdaderamente significa amar.
Afirmar la vigencia del psicoanálisis humanista en nuestros días es una tarea compleja ya que la historia de la misma humanidad vive los constantes cambios de un mundo lleno de consumismo. La acumulación de la riqueza y la distribución de está a representado el destino de países completos rebasando las fronteras de los continentes dando paso a una homogeneidad que se presenta con el nombre de pobreza. Los avances tecnológicos han dado paso a descubrimientos y avances importantes en los males que aquejan la fragilidad del hombre, y eso es bueno para el progreso del mundo entero, sin embargo también tiene su otra cara, el acceso limitado de estos avances para los menos favorecidos económicamente, muchas promesas incumplidas en una sociedad demandante de éxito, imagen, consumo, sin crecimiento del ser, es pues la intención de este trabajo mencionar algo de estas dos circunstancias emanadas del hombre, donde es probable encontrar algo de humanismo, en la conciencia y la razón y de ser así por ende la vigencia de Psicoanálisis humanista.
Фромм в отличие от Фрейда пришел к убеждению, что лечить следует не пациента, а все общество. Основная идея статьи – характеристика здорового общества, основанного на здоровых человеческих потребностях. Анализируется положение о человеческой ситуации, как ее характеризует Э. Фромм. Значительное внимание уделено понятию >социального характера<
El presente artículo discute un perfil de funcionamiento yoico en adolescentes embarazadas donde se concluye que estas adolescentes: tienden a relacionarse de manera conflictiva en particular con ambos padres, estableciendo relaciones superficiales con otras personas en situaciones neutras, siendo sensibles a potenciales abandonos; Fluctúan en la conciencia de las consecuencias de su conducta, siendo el juicio crítico adecuado en actividades no conflictivas; Son capaces de disfrutar de pensamientos, sentimientos, fantasías primitivas y de estados regresivos en general, no obstante se carece de un funcionamiento fluido que asegure el uso verdaderamente creativo-adaptativo de la regresión; su control de los impulsos puede parecer razonablemente bueno aunque más bien rígido dando signos de adaptación en la conducta dominada por los impulsos. Palabras clave: embarazo adolescente, funciones del yo, regresión adaptativa al servicio del yo, regulación y control de los impulsos.
Algunas escuelas psicoanalíticas fincan su legitimidad en su estricta adhesión a la teoría freudiana como concebida por el fundador del psicoanálisis. Otras lo hacen declarándose discípulas de alguno de sus seguidores. Desde la perspectiva de estas escuelas, la esencia ética de la práctica psicoanalítica estaría constituida por el conocimiento profundo de los escritos de Freud, o del seguidor elegido, y por el fiel seguimiento a los principios que sustentados por ellos. La atención: esencia ética del psicoanálisis rebate esta premisa bajo la hipótesis de que, dadas las contradicciones que caracterizan a la teoría psicoanalítica y sus diversas interpretaciones, ningún texto psicoanalítico puede constituir la esencia ética de la práctica analítica. Qué constituye y cómo puede definirse dicha esencia, es la pregunta que este escrito pretende responder.
¿Quién es dios?
(2010)
Dios es una palabra universal y la necesidad de él también, muy pocas son las sociedades que declaran no creer en una deidad, omnipotente y omnipresente. El Dr. Erich Fromm trabajo con este tema a lo largo de su vida como un punto importante a trabajar y analizar, El presente trabajo pretende exponer puntos de análisis que puedan ayudar a dar una respuesta a esta pregunta y con ello reflexionar sobre la necesidad de alienación que vive el hombre y su apego a la idea de un Dios todo poderoso creador de todo cuanto conoce, y hasta de su propia existencia.
A proposta deste texto é buscar na psicanálise pensada e desenvolvida por Erich Fromm elementos para se pensar o ser humano da sociedade capitalista. Erich Fromm, dentre a maioria dos psicanalistas existentes, desde Freud, procurou desenvolver suas pesquisas e reflexões a partir da >psicanálise humanista<, oferecendo, assim, recursos heurísticos fundamentais para se pensar a vida na sociedade. Nesse sentido, propomos analisar primeiramente o seu método de análise, a partir do qual acreditamos ser fundamental para compreender o procedimento teórico/metodológico que utilizava para pensar os temas por ele abordados, e, nesse sentido, encontrar o caminho a ser percorrido na busca em seu pensamento da seguinte questão: como abordar a partir de seu ponto de vista, o ser humano da sociedade capitalista? Enfim, propomos uma avaliação da própria teoria de Fromm, apontando suas principais contribuições.
Laudation for Noam Chomsky
(2010)
Prize awarding
(2010)
According to Erich Fromm and a relational psychoanalytic approach, changing economic and social requirements always impact human beings and their psychic structure. Because globalization leads particularly to a blurring of boundaries and limitations, the formation of a new character orientation that is driven to construct reality anew without limitations can be observed as a reaction in progress. The pathogenic effects of globalization can be studied through the analysis of this new character formation and the uncovering of repressed, unconscious feelings that characterize the new personality type, especially in regard to their sense of identity, their way of relating to others, and their defacto loss of ego strength – in contrast to the enacted >ego unlimited<. Finally, some aspects of transference and countertransference, as well as some particular defense reactions with which we psychoanalysts are confronted in the treatment of patients suffering from the pathogenic effects of globalization, will be discussed.
This paper explores the way in which Freud's theory of melancholia is being used within sociological theory to explain racial hatred in Britain. The paper critically interrogates the work of Paul Gilroy before engaging with the works of Erich Fromm, Richard Sennett, as well as Freud and Klein's classic psychoanalytic formulations. Using two biographical case studies drawn from original empirical research on racial harassment perpetrators the paper argues that while racial hatred is often melancholic in nature, the losses at the heart of the racist's malaise tend to be only tangentially connected to empire and its crimes. More commonly, the losses that underpin hatred are irreducibly personal and class based, and hence multilayered, losses of love and security, for example, aggravating the pain of losses of respect and community, and vice versa. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the dangerously racialized kinds of imagined community losses of this kind tend to furnish, and the difficulties of providing recognition to those most afflicted by them.
El hombre: ¿lobo o cordero? una breve reflexión desde el psicoanálisis humanista sobre bullying
(2010)
El Bullying, implica el maltrato o intimidación entre pares, constituyendo uno de los problemas más serios sobre todo en las escuelas. Intervienen tres actores: el que recibe el maltrato, quien lo ejerce y quien lo observa, llamados generalmente la víctima, el victimario y el testigo, respectivamente. Se presenta de 3 formas: verbal, psicológico y el relacional. Fromm puntualizó que los hombres son lobos o corderos en función de si presentaban o no, una conducta valiente, madura, de liderazgo. Por lo que fue de interés asociar dicha hipótesis con los actores del Bullying. Se concluye que los actores del proceso no son lobos ni corderos, se debe investigar la psicodinamia individual y de grupo, con el objetivo de ayudar a prevenir.
Le cadre du programme interdisciplinaire de recherche défini par Max Horkheimer dans les années 1930 doit beaucoup à Erich Fromm, qui a introduit la psychologie sociale dans la Théorie critique de la société. Or, une décennie plus tard, Fromm est la cible privilégiée des attaques et sa théorie apparaît désormais comme incompatible avec les positions défendues par Horkheimer et Adorno. Partant de ces tensions qui ont marqué l’histoire de l’École de Francfort, le présent article vise à éclaircir le déplacement qu’elles traduisent sur le plan épistémologique. Si Horkheimer et Fromm partagent des prémisses communes, le premier, dans son travail avec Adorno, se rapproche de manière croissante de la doctrine freudienne alors que le second s’en éloigne. Nous voudrions montrer que l’accord entre Fromm et Horkheimer fut surtout négatif puisqu’il portait sur la critique de Freud : les divergences entre les deux penseurs apparaissent clairement, dès lors qu’on pose en profondeur la question de l’usage de la psychanalyse pour analyser l’un des problèmes centraux de la théorie de la société, l’antagonisme entre individu et société.
Is Love Curative?
(2010)
Мертволюбие [Love for Death]
(2010)