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Attachment theory, as developed by Bowlby, and empirical research derived from it, beginning with Ainsworth's >Strange Situation< and the correlated home observations, are described. The studies of the transgenerational transmission of patterns and of the internal working models of the relationship, as well as longitudinal studies, are reported. The main focus of the paper is on cross-cultural studies, carried out in Germany, Israel and Japan. In North Germany, as compared to the U. S., there was a higher frequency of avoidant behavior in babies. This finding has been linked with the cultural demand for premature self-reliance. It is suggested that in the avoidant North German children we see the early ontogeny of the authoritarian character.
Attachment theory, as developed by Bowlby, and empirical research derived from it, beginning with Ainsworth's >Strange Situation< and the correlated home observations, are described. The studies of the transgenerational transmission of patterns and of the internal working models of the relationship, as well as longitudinal studies, are reported. The main focus of the paper is on cross-cultural studies, carried out in Germany, Israel and Japan. In North Germany, as compared to the U. S., there was a higher frequency of avoidant behavior in babies. This finding has been linked with the cultural demand for premature self-reliance. It is suggested that in the avoidant North German children we see the early ontogeny of the authoritarian character.
The Study of Psychic Trauma
(2011)
This article attempts to integrate Bowlby’s various contributions to the subject of ag-gressiveness. His early views, the role of aggressiveness in attachment theory and his more recent work on violence in the family are reported. In both his early and his later work Bowlby distinguishes between a primary form of aggressiveness which is reactive to frustration – in particular to separation – and a secondary form which arises from the first as a result of adverse parental reactions. His more recent work stresses the impor-tance of the displacement of parental hostility on to the children – due to role reversal – in eliciting dysfunctional anger in children. It is suggested that this component was al-ready implicit in much of Bowlby’s previous work on separation. It is further suggested that J.P. Scott’s model of agonistic behaviour is relevant in these situations.
The Relevance of Erich Fromm
(1990)
The Relevance of Erich Fromm
(2014)
The Relevance of Erich Fromm
(2015)
Reviews empirical research generated by J. Bowlby's (1980) attachment theory (AT), focusing on transgenerational transmission of attachment patterns, internal working models, cross-cultural studies, and longitudinal studies. It is claimed that AT and research support the alternative psychoanalytic approach initiated by S. Ferenczi (1932), particularly regarding the reevaluation of real-life traumatic events, the occurrence of personality splits after childhood trauma, and the aggravation of trauma due to its denial by adults. The concepts of transgenerational transmission and of alternative developmental pathways are further contributions to an alternative psychoanalytic framework. Attention is also called to the relevance of the cross-cultural studies to clinical psychoanalysis and to E. FROMM's analytic social psychology.
Suggests 5 traits that J. Bowlby shares with S. Ferenczi including the emphasis on the child's primary relatedness to the mother; independence of mind leading to ostracism on the part of the psychoanalytic establishment; and recognition of the importance of real-life traumatic events in psychopathology. Additional traits are the stress of a loving relationship in normal development, the denial of trauma on the part of the environment, and the dissociation of the traumatic experience on the part of the child. The differences between the 2 authors in terms of their evolutionary thinking are discussed. Bowlby may be viewed as one of the strongest exponents of Ferenczi's alternative psychoanalytic ap-proach. (German and Spanish abstracts)
Sullivan Integrated
(2013)
Starting from the classical psychoanalytic view that, in human evolution, an overlap of sexual maturation and dependency [489] occurred, the oedipal situation is regarded as an innate behavioral sequence that also includes appropriate parental responses. An integration between this level of development and the earlier sequence of symbiosis and separation is attempted. In this connection, Bowlby’s concept of the subsidiary at-tachment figure plays a central role. The links between pathological developments at the oedipal level and those at the earlier level are investigated, and clinical examples are provided. In many cases, the Oedipus complex is considered to be the culmination of a bad symbiosis. The hypothesis is then put forth that the Oedipus complex, as a pathological structure, is an historical phenomenon which arose when cultural devel-opments interfered with the appropriate parental responses. It is suggested that these developments were the changes which took place after the advent of agriculture, in particular the changes in family and character structure connected with the peasant adaptation. Finally, the relevance of these problems to training analysis is discussed.
This paper is unusual. For instance, one of its authors is a distinguished graphic artist, with interesting ideas about psychoanalytic treatment as a creative process. His collaborator is Arthur Feiner, who has been the editor of Contemporary Psychoanalysis for many years. As you can see, the paper itself is a dialogue between them, closely following an actual audiotape recording. Their theme has been much neglected. Immediately upon reading the paper, it occurred to me that it belongs in the Forum. For one thing, its important ideas are presented in a very readable fashion. Its informality sets a model inviting a wider range of creative thought about problems of our profession and how to approach them. It identifies our journal as something more than another analytic publication for reiteration of old dogmas.
Report from Locarno
(1989)
This paper discusses two 19-century French-speaking authors, Pierre Janet and Auguste Forel, who both employed hypnosis and in various ways were influential on psychoanalysis. Marcelle, a long case history by Janet, is presented. Freud’s long review of Forel’s book on hypnotism is then discussed, as well as a short review by Erich Fromm of Forel’s autobiography. A case history by Forel is also presented. The connections between these two authors and modern developments are discussed.
Questo libro si propone di rendere esplicite le teorie scientifiche, qui chiamate paradigmi, che l’autore ha trovato utili in psicoanalisi. Egli elenca nove paradigmi: la genetica, la neurobiologia, la teoria dell’attaccamento, la ricerca infantile, il trauma, il modello relazionale, il sistema della famiglia, il livello socioculturale e la preistoria. Questi nove paradigmi vengono presentati in altrettanti capitoli. L’autore rivolge un’attenzione particolare alla teoria dell’attaccamento, che egli considera il più potente strumento concettuale a disposizione dello psicoanalista. Egli si occupa anche del trauma e del modello relazionale, con particolare riferimento a Ferenczi, Bowlby e Fromm. Esamina l’effetto dell’evoluzione culturale, con l’avvento dell’agricoltura, sulle strutture della famiglia e del carattere, e la discontinuità che ne deriva rispetto ai bisogni innati dell’individuo e del gruppo, la quale dà luogo ad un ambiente innaturale, e quindi alla patologia individuale e di gruppo, come la guerra. Le conseguenze di questi fattori combinati portano al bisogno di psicoterapia, che viene esaminata assieme al ruolo dello psicoterapeuta e alla terapia delle psicosi. L’autore sostiene che al livello sociale la psicoterapia possa contribuire al riemergere della cultura materna innata, basata sull’accudimento e sulla collaborazione. Questo libro può essere di grande interesse sia per lo psicoanalista che per lo psicoterapeuta.
Ferenczi is regarded as the initiator of the relational model in psychoanalysis. In Britain his influence on Bowlby was largely indirect. In the United States he exercized an explicit influence on the interpersonal school through Clara Thompson. Fromm was already an admirer and supporter of Ferenczi. In comparing Fromm and Bowlby their convergence on the evolutionary paradigm is stressed. These two authors also converge on two important Ferenczian themes: the primary nature of the mother-child relationship and the importance of real-life traumatic events. The quality of attachment may contribute to the social character.
Fromm ha scritto molto poco sulla tecnica psicoanalitica, e le sue vedute vanno ricostruite soprattutto sulla base di fonti inedite e indirette. In questo lavoro viene condotto un confronto sistematico tra Freud e Fromm su dodici aspetti della tecnica. Fromm è d’accordo con Freud che lo scopo della psicoanalisi sia quello di rendere cosciente l’inconscio, ma amplia questo scopo fino al pieno recupero dell’inconscio. La differenza più netta rispetto a Freud riguarda il ruolo dello psicoanalista. Secondo Fromm, l’atteggiamento distaccato è il difetto più grave della tecnica di Freud. L’analista invece deve entrare in contatto col paziente con tutto se stesso e stabilire un rapporto >dal profondo al profondo<. Deve offrirsi come oggetto transferale, ma anche come persona reale. Le resistenze vanno affrontate molto attivamente. In questa modificazione della tecnica di Freud, Fromm considera Ferenczi e Sullivan come suoi precursori. La posizione di Fromm viene anche confrontata con sviluppi più recenti della psicoanalisi. Viene suggerito che, per il fatto di essere intensamente coinvolto a livello empatico ma di non vedersi come inevitabilmente coinvolto nella ripetizione del passato e di non rendere esplicita l’interazione terapeutica, Fromm appartine agli analisti caratterizzati dalla >partecipazione con< e non a quelli caratterizzati dalla >partecipazione a<.
Fromm’s distinction between authoritarian and humanistic conscience is summarized. Recent de-velopments in the fields of psychoanalysis, evolutionary biology and developmental psychology, leading to a reconceptualization of guilt, are reported. It is claimed that these developments were anticipated by Fromm. On the other hand, they can integrate Fromm’s concepts as regards onto-genesis, aggression and phylogenesis.
Presents a case study of a 30-yr-old man treated for narcissistic personality disorder and attempts to show how further contributions to an alternative approach to psychoanalysis can come from E. FROMM. FROMMian themes are all present in the case in varying degrees. It is suggested that the 2 main features of this case (narcissism and homosexuality) were the outcome of a pathological symbiosis with both parents. Eight themes, drawn both from FROMM's published works and from his unpublished writings, are stressed, including benign vs malignant aggression, having vs being, homosexual and incestuous symbiosis, and secret family narcissism.
Presents a case study of a 30-yr-old man treated for narcissistic personality disorder and attempts to show how further contributions to an alternative approach to psychoanalysis can come from E. FROMM. FROMMian themes are all present in the case in varying degrees. It is suggested that the 2 main features of this case (narcissism and homosexuality) were the outcome of a pathological symbiosis with both parents. Eight themes, drawn both from FROMM's published works and from his unpublished writings, are stressed, including benign vs malignant aggression, having vs being, homosexual and incestuous symbiosis, and secret family narcissism.
Marco Bacciagaluppi attempts to place Fromm's clinical approach within the spectrum of current psychoanalytic models of therapy. Based on Goldberg, Hoffman, and Hirsch, among others, Bacciagaluppi distinguishes three therapeutic stances: the observationalinterpretative stance, in which the analyst observes conflict and limits his participation to providing insight; the >participation with< stance of empathic immersion into the patient's experience; and the >participation in< stance, which recognizes the analyst's inevitable involvement in (and likely reenactment of) the patient's problems. Bacciagaluppi notes several discrepancies in Fromm's approach, including the discrepancy between Fromm's advanced theoretical position, which places him in the >participation in< position, and his emphasis on insight, which places him in the observational-interpretative position. A second discrepancy is that between Fromm's emphasis on providing insight and the importance he attributed to providing a new experience for the patient. Bacciagaluppi concentrates primarily on the second discrepancy and illustrates Fromm's approach using a published case he supervised. – In the clinical case, Fromm is empathic and respectful toward the young woman's traumatic history and emphasizes, like Ferenczi and Bowlby, the importance of real-life experience. At the same time, Fromm states that the essence of analytical cure resides in the conflict engendered by the meeting of the rational and irrational parts of the personality. Bacciagaluppi points out that Fromm at times seems to downplay the importance of the analyst, and lists the personality of the analyst as just one of seven other factors that are important in clinical work. In discussing the importance of new experience in therapeutic change, Bacciagaluppi points out that new experience is seldom new, and that we often find the existence of >weak precursors< (Hoffman 1983) that provided in childhood a supportive and positive experience for the patient. Bacciagaluppi points out that we should be grateful for these weak precursors, and need to be modest in our claims to success as healers, as we are often building on the positive contributions of others who preceded us. Bacciagaluppi offers two clinical examples that illustrate the weak precursor concept. The first example exemplifies a case in which the history of a weak precursor was present from the onset of the therapy. In the second example the existence of a positive figure in the patient's life emerged only much later in the therapy.
With emphasis on E. FROMM's (1947) Man for Himself, an ethological perspective on the relationship between FROMM's interpersonal-cultural theory of behavior and J. Bowlby's (1969, 1973, 1980) attachment theory is presented. Extensions of the attachment theory to autonomy needs, the Oedipus complex, symbiosis, peer relationships, and the family are proposed. Specific aspects of FROMM's theories that are related to ethological principles include the concept of a basic split between humans and nature, the idea of a humanistic conscience, the idea of productive love, and the definition of productiveness.
Fromm wrote very little on psychoanalytic technique, and his views have to be reconstructed mainly from unpublished and indirect sources. In this paper, a systematic comparison between Freud and Fromm on twelve points of technique is carried out. Fromm agrees with Freud that the aim of psychoanalysis is that of making the unconscious conscious, but he extends this aim to the full recovery of the unconscious. Fromm differs most sharply from Freud on the role of the analyst. In his view, the detached attitude is the most serious defect in Freud’s technique. According to Fromm, the analyst should be his full self with the patient and aim at a >core-to-core< relatedness. He should offer himself as an object of transference, but also as a real person. Resistances should be approached very actively. In this modification of Freud’s technique, Fromm views Ferenczi and Sullivan as his precursors. Fromm’s position is also compared with more recent psychoanalytic developments. It is suggested that, by being intensely involved at an empathic level but by not seeing himself as inevitably enmeshed in the repetition of the past and by not making the therapeutic interaction explicit, Fromm belongs to the analysts characterized by >participation with< and not to those characterized by >participation in<.
Fromm wrote very little on psychoanalytic technique, and his views have to be reconstructed mainly from unpublished and indirect sources. In this paper, a systematic comparison between Freud and Fromm on twelve points of technique is carried out. Fromm agrees with Freud that the aim of psychoanalysis is that of making the unconscious conscious, but he extends this aim to the full recovery of the unconscious. Fromm differs most sharply from Freud on the role of the analyst. In his view, the detached attitude is the most serious defect in Freud’s technique. According to Fromm, the analyst should be his full self with the patient and aim at a >core-to-core< relatedness. He should offer himself as an object of transference, but also as a real person. Resistances should be approached very actively. In this modification of Freud’s technique, Fromm views Ferenczi and Sullivan as his precursors. Fromm’s position is also compared with more recent psychoanalytic developments. It is suggested that, by being intensely involved at an empathic level but by not seeing himself as inevitably enmeshed in the repetition of the past and by not making the therapeutic interaction explicit, Fromm belongs to the analysts characterized by >participation with< and not to those characterized by >participation in<.
Compares FROMM's position on psychoanalytic technique with that of other analysts. Of the 2 essential therapeutic factors, insight and experience of new relationships, FROMM only stresses the first. Yet, his insistence on direct relatedness implies that the patient's experience of a new relationship with the analyst would inevitably become the 2nd major factor in a FROMMian analysis. However, FROMM never discussed this in theoretical terms. FROMM's reference to nonerotic love would lead one to define his attitude as that of parental love, although FROMM would suspect this definition to encourage in the analyst a narcissistic self-image as a good parent.
Compares FROMM's position on psychoanalytic technique with that of other analysts. Of the 2 essential therapeutic factors, insight and experience of new relationships, FROMM only stresses the first. Yet, his insistence on direct relatedness implies that the patient's experience of a new relationship with the analyst would inevitably become the 2nd major factor in a FROMMian analysis. However, FROMM never discussed this in theoretical terms. FROMM's reference to nonerotic love would lead one to define his attitude as that of parental love, although FROMM would suspect this definition to encourage in the analyst a narcissistic self-image as a good parent.
Attachment theory, as developed by Bowlby, and empirical research derived from it, beginning with Ainsworth's >Strange Situation< and the correlated home observations, are described. The studies of the transgenerational transmission of patterns and of the internal working models of the relationship, as well as longitudinal studies, are reported. The main focus of the paper is on cross-cultural studies, carried out in Germany, Israel and Japan. In North Germany, as compared to the U. S., there was a higher frequency of avoidant behavior in babies. This finding has been linked with the cultural demand for premature self-reliance. It is suggested that in the avoidant North German children we see the early ontogeny of the authoritarian character.
Discussion of >A Socioeconomic Dimension of the Therapeutic Relationship< by Sonia Gojman de Millán
(1997)
>Dati empirici sull'ontogenesi del carattere sociale tedesco e confronti transculturali<: Vengono descritte la teoria dell'attaccamento, così come è stata sviluppata da Bowlby, e la ricerca empirica che ne è derivata, a cominciare dalla Strange Situation della Ainsworth e dalle osservazioni in casa ad essa correlate. Vengono pure riferiti gli studi sulla trasmissione transgenerazionale, sui modelli di lavoro interni e gli studi longitudinali. L'argomento principale del lavoro è costituito dagli studi transculturali condotti in Germania, Israele e Giappone. Nella Germania settentrionale, in confronto agli Stati Uniti, venne trovata una frequenza maggiore di comportamenti evitanti nei bambini. Questo dato è stato correlato con la richiesta culturale di una prematura fiducia in sé. Si suggerisce che nei bambini evitanti della Germania settentrionale noi vediamo l'ontogenesi precoce del carattere autoritario.