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이 글은 쇼펜하우어의 욕망관과 그것이 갖는 문제점을 살펴보고 이러한 문제점을 어떻게 극복할 수 있는지를 살펴보고 있다. 쇼펜하우어의 철학은 인간 뿐 아니라 모든 존재자들이 자기보존에의 욕망과 종족보존에의 욕망에 의해서 규정되고 있으며 이러한 욕망들은 물자체로서의 의지의 표현이라고 보고 있다. 그리고 쇼펜하우어는 각 개체들과 종족들은 자신들의 무한한 욕망을 충족시키기 위해서 서로 투쟁하고 갈등하는 바 이러한 세계는 생각할 수 있는 세계 중에서 최악의 세계라고 보았다. 쇼펜하우어는 욕망을 극복하는 궁극적인 방법으로 이성에 의한 의지부정을 내세우고 있다. 그런데 이는 이성을 자기보존과 종족보존에의 욕망의 도구로 보는 자신의 철학적 입장과 모순될 뿐 아니라 그의 철학이 이성과 욕망을 서로 대립하는 것으로 보는 전통적인 이원론의 입장으로 전락하게 되는 것을 의미한다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하면서 인간의 욕망을 고찰하는 보다 설득력있는 입장으로서 이 글에서는 말미에서 프롬의 욕망관을 간략히 살펴보고 있다. 프롬은 쇼펜하우어나 서양의 전통적인 이원론적인 입장이 주장하는 것처럼 이성과 욕망이 대립하는 것이 아니라 오히려 생산적이고 긍정적인 욕망과 그것과 결합된 건강한 이성에 대해서 파괴적이고 부정적인 욕망과 그것과 결합된 병적인 이성이 대립한다고 보았다.
사회 압력으로서 일반화된 타자들의 사회 기대 [The Social Expectation of Generalized Others as a Form of Social Pressure]
(2010)
에밀 뒤르케임이 사고와 행위의 집합적 양식이 존재한다는 사실을 발견한 것은 위대한 사회학적 대상의 발견으로 평가되고 있다. 그러나 그는 사고와 행위의 집합적 양식을 도덕적인 것, 종교적인 것과 동일시했다. 이후 조지 허버트 미드나 악셀 호네트 등의 사회학 이론가들 역시 >일반화된 타자들의 집합적 힘<을 도덕적인 것, 종교적인 것과 동일시하고 있다. 반면 허버트 마르쿠제, 에리히 프롬, 알랭 투렌 등의 학자들은 개인이 사회로부터 비합리적인 강제를 경험하고 있다는 주장을 하면서, 시장이나 국가에 의한 강제를 문제시했다. 이 논문에서는 이들 두 학자군에 의해서 조명되지 못한, 사회의 영향에 의한 개인의 행위 부분이 있음을 논증한다. 일반화된 타자들이 공유하는 비합리적 집합적 힘 역시 강하게 작동되고 있으며, 우리 사회에서 가부장적 권위주의, 사회적 과시, 인종차별, 연고·연줄주의 등의 형태로 다양한 사회문제를 야기하는 집합적 힘이 존재하고 있다
유능한 교수자가 된다는 것은 가르치는 사람의 입장에서 현실적으로 절실한 과제이고 바람이다. 페다고지 교육현장이든 안드라고지의 교육현장이든 가르치는 자의 능력이 교육의 승패를 결정짓는 중요한 요인 중의 하나이기에 유능한 교수자를 결정하는 요인 중 하나인 사랑으로 가르치는 것의 의미와 실천적 방법을 분석하고자 하였다. 사랑으로 가르치는 진정한 의미는 모호하며 사랑에 대한 의미부터 해석을 달리 할 수 있다. 에릭 프롬은 사랑의 의미와 방법적인 문제를 논하고 있지만 실제로 교육현장에서 가르침을 위한 사랑의 의미를 이해하고 실천하는 것은 또 다른 문제이다. 본고는 유능한 교수자가 되기 위해 가르침의 가장 원론적인 과제라고 할 수 있는 사랑으로 가르치는 문제에 대한 해답을 찾기 위한 노력의 일환이다. 이를 위해 사랑의 실천적 관점에서 교육의 현장을 분석하고 실천적 사랑의 의미를 탐색하고자 하였다. 그 결과 사랑을 이해하는 것과 실천하는 것의 괴리를 채워줄 함축적이면서 동시에 구체적인 가르침의 황금률은「남에게 대접받기 원하면 먼저 대접하라」는 예수의 사랑의 실천 원리가 최상의 방법이 될 수 있고 이는 따름의 학습 원리 즉 따름학의 실천에 의해 가능하다고 보았다.
루돌프 옷토의 종교 체험에 담긴 교육적 의미 [A Study on Educational Implication of Rudolf Otto's Religious Experience]
(2010)
이 논문의 목적은 종교 체험에 담긴 교육적 의미를 탐구하는 것이다. 특히 루돌프 옷토가 말하는 종교적 감정에 초점을 맞추었다. 종교 체험은 종교를 이해하는 주요한 대상이다. 종교 체험은 매우 다양하지만 공통적 특성을 지닌 것으로 설명되기도 한다. 종교 체험의 감정적 측면에 주목한 옷토는 종교 체험을 성스러움의 체험으로 이해한다. 그는 이를 피조물 감정, 두려운 신비감, 매혹성, 어마어마함, 장엄성으로 나누어 설명하였다. 이러한 성스러움의 체험 내용은 두려움과 매혹으로 대비되어 이해할 수 있다. 바하는 옷토가 종교 체험을 두려움과 매혹성으로 구분한 것을 높게 평가하였다.
필자는 두려움과 매혹의 양극성으로 구분되는 종교적 체험이 지닌 교육적 의미에 주목한다. 종교 체험이 지닌 교육적 의미를 밝혀보고자, 부성애와 모성애의 교육적 영향을 살펴보았다. 그리고 그 연장선에서 두려움과 매혹성을 분석하였으며, 그 교육적 작동방식을 살펴보았다.
프롬에 의하면 부성애는 조건적이고 인위적인 것이고 모성애는 무조건적이고 자연스러운 것이다. 유아에게 부성애는 존경심을 형성하고 모성애는 안정감을 형성한다. 유아는 이러한 마음을 기초로 하여 다양한 관계를 맺어가게 된다.
카를 융은 인간은 양극적 요소를 통합하면서 인격을 성숙하게 된다고 하였다. 옷토가 주장하는 종교체험도 인격의 형성과 관계된다. 두려움은 인간이 자신을 반성하고 바로잡아가도록 하고, 매혹성은 성스러운 존재에게 다가가 평온과 행복에 취하게 한다. 결국 두려움과 매혹성의 종교 체험은 부성과 모성의 사랑과 유사한 교육적 영향을 준다고 할 수 있는 것이다.
Мертволюбие [Love for Death]
(2010)
Фромм в отличие от Фрейда пришел к убеждению, что лечить следует не пациента, а все общество. Основная идея статьи – характеристика здорового общества, основанного на здоровых человеческих потребностях. Анализируется положение о человеческой ситуации, как ее характеризует Э. Фромм. Значительное внимание уделено понятию >социального характера<
Ética y contratransferencia
(2010)
Contends that the works of F. S. Fitzgerald and E. FROMM's social and psychological analysis of modern Western society suggests similar reasons for viewing the American dream of perpetual youth and inevitable prosperity as a nightmare. The necrophilous person, modern persons' escape from freedom, reification of the human personality, and love and the consumer mentality are discussed. Both Fitzgerald and FROMM see glorification of youth as a sentimental yearning for the past, while prosperity has turned to ruthless wealth and narcissistic individualism.
¿Quién es dios?
(2010)
Dios es una palabra universal y la necesidad de él también, muy pocas son las sociedades que declaran no creer en una deidad, omnipotente y omnipresente. El Dr. Erich Fromm trabajo con este tema a lo largo de su vida como un punto importante a trabajar y analizar, El presente trabajo pretende exponer puntos de análisis que puedan ayudar a dar una respuesta a esta pregunta y con ello reflexionar sobre la necesidad de alienación que vive el hombre y su apego a la idea de un Dios todo poderoso creador de todo cuanto conoce, y hasta de su propia existencia.
En base a lo que he observado en la consulta clínica he identificado que el masoquismo es una tendencia importante en alguno de los miembros de la relación de pareja, razón por la que decidí conjuntar lo observado con la teoría de las Orientaciones de Carácter de Erich Fromm, lo que me permite describir las características de cada orientación y cómo estas se pueden mezclar dando por resultado el masoquismo y el sadismo. Para finalizar retomo los aspectos de la orientación que debe predominar en cada individuo es decir la del crecimiento, madurez, productividad, libertad y lo que verdaderamente significa amar.
Welcome address
(2010)
Vergesellschaftung im Schulbetrieb. Zur schulischen Reproduktion des Gesellschafts-Charakters
(2010)
La teoría psicoanalítica propuesta por Fromm contempla al aburrimiento como uno de los principales rasgos de carácter que se asocian a la destructividad. A través del análisis de un personaje literario de José Agustín, el autor hace un intento de demostrar la asociación que existe entre éstas dos condiciones de la existencia humana y señalar la vigencia que éstas tienen en la época actual.
The article constitutes a short analysis of the contemporary man who has to deal with widely understood changes, which is often the cause of adaptation difficulties and at the same time is the chance of personality development and gaining many personal benefits. A suggestion reinforcing mental hardness and increasing the chances to satisfactorily deal with different difficult situations is creativity regarded as the process of self‑creation. The text presents a short story of creation, as well as a description of the construct of hardness. Also, mutual permeation of a humanist approach to creativity and the concept of hardness which, seen as a certain part, create a model of personality and suggestion of the way to function in a globalized world for the contemporary man who, being >on the way< and still >becoming<, makes a constant transgression and at the same time, positively answers the requirements of its environment.
Trauma and the Avoidant Client. Attachment-Based Strategies for Healing. New York (Norton) 2010.
(2010)
In this paper, I outline a history of critical marketing studies. The argument put forward that marketing lacks any substantive critical edge is questioned. In surveying our history and finding extensive engagement with a variety of critical perspectives, I connect these with appropriate literature from non-marketing sources to flesh out an account of our critical marketing heritage. I devote considerable attention to the period 1940 to 1990, as this is the historical range of critical marketing literature that most scholars will be unfamiliar with, linking this through citation and discussion to more recently published work. In this way, this paper provides a guide to sources of literature that may have passed marketing scholars by because they violate our disciplinary demands for >recency< (Baker, 2001). As I document, critical marketing studies examines a variety of areas that represent consumer culture theory’s (CCT) >next frontier< if we accept Arnould and Thompson’s (2005) diagnosis. In opposition to Arnould and Thompson’s assertion, CCT’s new frontier, this paper contends, is a frontier that has long been of interest to critical marketing scholars whose work might usefully be re-examined.
The present study aimed to delineate the psychological structure of materialism and intrinsic and extrinsic value pursuit. Moreover, we compared models based on self-determination theory (SDT), Fromm's marketing character, and Inglehart's theory of social change to account for racial prejudice. In a sample of undergraduate students (n=131) and adults (n=176) it was revealed that the extrinsic value pursuit Financial Success/Materialism could be distinguished from the extrinsic value scales Physical Appeal and Social Recognition, and Community Concern could be distinguished from the intrinsic value pursuit scales Self-acceptance and Affiliation. Moreover, Financial Success/Materialism and Community Concern were consistently and significantly related to prejudice, whereas the other SDT facet scales yielded weaker relationships with prejudice. Structural models based on SDT and Inglehart were not corroborated, but instead the present data supported a mediation model based on Fromm's work in which the effect of Community Concern was mediated by Financial Success/Materialism. Broader implications for SDT are critically assessed.
本论文旨在探讨作家哈金的历史情结和他十余部作品中一贯的关于当代中国的历史叙事。我的论文主题是:解读哈金作品为元历史小说(Metahistorical Fiction);区别于琳达•哈契(Linda Hutcheon)解读后现代小说而得出的史学性元小说(Historiographic Metafiction)。由于篇幅所限,笔者主要选取哈金的三部长篇小说《战废品》,《等待》和《疯狂》作三章来讨论。理由在于三部小说均为作者有代表性的重要作品,而且将三部小说叙事的历史背景连接起来即可基本构成整个当代中国历史的风云变迁。哈金早期赋予自身的>代言人<身份和该身份引起的持久的笔伐争议是我思考其历史叙事合法性的肇始和论文写作的切入点。哈金阐释的由康拉德和纳博科夫开启的移民作家英语写作传统和海登•怀特(Hayden White)的元历史理论(Metahistory)是提领该论文理论参照。而各章节在分析每一部小说叙事特点和具体的理论运用上各有其相对的独立性。第一章运用E.L. Doctorow关于虚构和历史的真实性的理论阐述《伪造文书》(>False Document<)来分析小说《战废品》中再现的抗美援朝战争时期中国战俘的历史记忆。第二章主要分析小说《等待》中爱情故事和历史叙事的互文并置来探讨个人追求与历史背景的关系。第三章意在运用R.D Laing的《The Divided Self: An Existential Study of Sanity and Madness》和Erich Fromm的《The Sane Society》分析小说《疯狂》中借>癫狂者<之口叙述历史。哈金在其写作主题转型的纠结过程里否定自己前期>代言人<身份。笔者于后记中就此主题矛盾和哈金开始涉及的身份认同政治学(The Politics of Identity)亦有探讨,认为他期望摆脱其备受争议的代言人<角色而转变为一个华裔美国作家。正如怀特分析总结的西方十九世纪史学(Historiography)和历史哲学(Philosophy of History)的各种历史认知和书写方式,窃以为该论文的意义在于通过分析哈金以其中国经验为素材写就的小说发掘其叙写历史的客观意图并提出以一种客观,包容和多元的态度观照另一种历史书写的可能性。
Following both Bion's and Aulagnier's thought, this paper seeks to examine two functions of psychotic syntax within the nonpsychotic personality. The first function is the creation of a split between voice and meaning in the mother–infant relationship, a split whose aim is to disengage contact with contents that cannot be metabolized and that are associated with the mother's denied death wish toward her infant. The second function pertains to the use of psychotic syntax as a way of denying separateness and annihilating the >speaking I.< Both functions will be exemplified by clinical case studies. In conclusion, psychotic language will be discussed as a >hybrid language< generated by an incestuous relationship between the mother's and the infant's language.
In contrast to the management of erotic boundaries, the institutional and clinical management of transactions across narcissistic boundaries can have far-reaching implications for how and in what ways power is wielded within our organizations. This is especially true in regard to analysts who are, or are perceived to be, in leadership positions within their psychoanalytic groups, organizations, and institutes. This paper illustrates some of the difficulties in the management of narcissistic boundaries by exploring Freud's narcissistic investment in defining the field of psychoanalysis and determining the directions of its development, his attitudes towards dissent – for example, Jung, Adler, Ferenczi, etc. – and his clinical behavior with certain analysands. The institutional consequences of Freud's failure to successfully negotiate narcissistic boundaries – and our reluctance to recognize this aspect of his leadership – have become intertwined with defenses against the epistemic anxiety that follows from the inevitably subjective nature of the analytic enterprise. Together, they have tended toward the creation of a culture of rigidity and control within organized psychoanalysis. This is a legacy – the sins of our fathers – with which our field continues to struggle.
小说《红楼梦》在我国可谓是家喻户晓,自古以来深受社会各阶层人士的喜爱。然>红楼一梦<之真意究竟为何?自古以来众说纷纭。本文以小说第一回中提出的>因空见色,由色生情,传情入色,自色悟空<为阅读全文的钥匙,品《红楼梦》之真味。小说《红楼梦》由两个神话引出全文,自>空<缘起,生出故事中人事百态。小说>以情为道<,终又复归于>空<。这种自空而起又归于空的思想,主要是以佛教、尤其是中国佛教的思想为主要背景。通过对于小说《红楼梦》的解读,可以一窥中国佛教史、中国哲学史的发展特点。《红楼梦》>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,可以通过对于主角贾宝玉的解析,集中体现。而贾宝玉这种>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,不但在根源上深受中国佛教、中国哲学思想的影响;在客观上,也与弗洛姆、荣格在宗教心理学研究中提出的关于对于完整人格的境界的追求不谋而合。这种以中国佛教思想为主要基础的>以情悟道<、以情悟空的思想,在客观上使得贾宝玉完成了对于个人圆满人格的实现。故而,通过对于《红楼梦》思想的研究,还可以从某种程度上窥探到中国古代传统思想在心理学意义上、在对于个人自我人格的实现上,具有什么样的特点和意义。
Most people who recognize his name are aware that Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) was considered to be one of Freud's most brilliant students and an important contributor to psychoanalytic theory. But it is also widely known that this innovative thinker, who is still read with interest over 50 years after his death, died in a federal penitentiary in the USA. The case against Wilhelm Reich, brought by the Food and Drug Administration, has been admirably detailed in Wilhelm Reich vs. the U.S.A. by Jerome Greenfield. Less well known are two other intertwined investigations of Reich, the first by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which led to his imprisonment for nearly a month after the USA declared war on Germany in 1941; and the second by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, in an attempt to remove his naturalized citizenship and deport him. This paper examines in detail these two assaults on Reich, placing them within the historical context of a lifetime of marginalization and denunciation by authorities, from the Communist Party in Germany to the International Psychoanalytic Association to academic biologists in Norway to right-wing Christian moralists in the USA and finally to agencies of the US government.
语言在禅宗中一直以来都是一个备受争议的话题。禅宗一方面提出>不立文字<,另一方面又坚持>不离文字<。对这两种对立观点的历史背景进行一番探索应该也会让我们对禅宗的语言观有更深的了解。但本文没有从这里取道,而是将禅宗中一种重要的语言形式——公案置于本文观照的中心,目的在于从日常交流语境中对禅的语言作一番审视。基于Erich Fromm, Thomas P. Kasulis, Dales Wright and LiuNing Zhou等人的研究,本文一方面展示了这些论著的内部逻辑,另一方面试图通过进一步发展这种逻辑来延伸讨论的方向。通过对这些论著的严密讨论,本文表明在禅宗、心理分析和后现代哲学流派间建立对话的可能性。引用这些论著中的某些比喻,我们可以这样做一番总结:以上研究从把语言作为>过滤器<到把语言作为>水库<;引用这些论著中的某些术语,我们又可以总结:以上研究从>语言<过渡到>行动<,从>公案<过渡到>交流活动<。为了将>公案<置于禅师和学生的日常生活的真实交流场景中,本文考察了整合语言学的理论构思,从两个方面展示了在其与禅宗这两者之间建立对话的可能性。显而易见,两者在挑战传统的语言和交流范畴上异曲同工,更为重要的是,它们都凸显交流活动中的交流主体并比其他语言学研究更重视交流主体的个体性。综上所述,本文希望通过这一全新的研究视角进一步探讨禅宗的语言观。
美国著名学者埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980)是新弗洛伊德主义的倡导者,是法兰克福学派的重要代表人物,他的思想与著作极其丰富,涉及了当代西方的哲学、社会学、心理学、伦理学、精神学等诸多领域。他在著作中深刻剖析了当代发达资本主义社会及其生活在其中的人的人性问题,他的人性思想被称为对解决当代社会问题最有影响力的思想。弗洛姆的人性思想是在融合弗洛伊德与马克思的理论的基础上,对人性问题进行历史的、辩证的研究结果,他的人性思想是其哲学理论的核心与基石。本论文第一章为导论部分,介绍了课题研究意义、现状、方法等。在第二章介绍了弗洛伊德精神分析学说、马克思关于人的学说、东方的禅宗思想对弗洛姆人性思想形成产生的重大影响。在第三章对弗洛姆人性思想的内容进行全面的梳理和研究,详细叙述了弗洛姆人性思想的方法论及其含义。在弗洛姆那里,人性是一种人存在的矛盾的状态,人的生存就是为了解决这些矛盾,人在寻求解决矛盾的方法的过程中人们产生了生存需要。弗洛姆认为这些需要是人性的需要,并通过分析社会性格,社会无意识等来揭示满足这些需要方式。弗洛姆还通过批判西方社会,提出了他的人性异化理论以及健全社会的构想。第四章,以马克思基本原理为标准,对弗洛姆人性思想进行了评价。略微介绍了弗洛姆的人性思想对马克思关于人的学说的丰富。指出了弗洛姆人性思想的合理性与局限性以及弗洛姆的思想对我国现代化建设的重大启示
多丽丝•莱辛(1919- )是英国当代文坛最著名的女作家之一,在《又来了,爱情》(1996)这部作品中,她将关注的视角放到了一直被人们所忽视的老年职业女性的情感困惑上,这部作品讲述了以萨拉•德拉姆为代表的自由女性在追求自由的过程中所遭遇到的情感困惑与精神彷徨。本文通过女主人公萨拉的人生经历,分析她的情感困惑产生的原因以及走出情感困惑的出路。萨拉的人生经历是本文分析的重点,弗洛姆的关于自由和爱的理论是本文的理论依据。论文包括六个部分。第一部分为引言,第一章简要介绍此论文的结构安排,并简要介绍作家多丽丝•莱辛及其作品地位和小说《又来了,爱情》,探究莱辛对女性的关注意识。第二章是文献综述及论文的理论基础。首先,对以往文学界对《又来了,爱情》的研究进行总结回顾。同时在这一章对弗洛姆的精神分析学做简要的阐释,为本论文提供理论背景。第三章通过文本细读,具体分析《又来了,爱情》中的>自由女性<情感自由假象。第四章结合弗洛姆关于自由和梦的理论阐析>自由女性<在自由的假象中精神却愈见迷茫的社会事实。萨拉获得了所谓的自由,但在这种自由下萨拉感受最多的是孤独的困扰,即越自由越孤独。在孤独和困扰中,萨拉只有通过梦境得到安慰。第五章阐析萨拉的经历显示女性应该如何真正走出感情危机。小说中展示的出路与弗洛姆的爱的理论异曲同工,人(不限于女性)应该在肯定自己的基础上通过爱的实践与别人建立联系,达成男女两性乃至与世界的融合,在两性之间的联系与理解中追求到自己的自由。第六章总结本论文的研究成果,指出《又来了,爱情》展示了莱辛对>自由女性<情感问题的深入思考,女性的真正自由不限于>一间属于自己的房间<所体现的外在的独立,更在于与男性、与世界的和谐关系。
作为二十世纪英国最重要的文学家和思想家之一,乔治•奥威尔以其代表作《动物农场》和《一九八四》两部小说而为世人所熟悉。虽然他已经去世多年,但他的文学创作思想和所持的政治观点一直是文学评论界和社会科学界所关注的热点。由于奥威尔的作品紧密地和二十世纪上半叶的国际局势联系在一起,多年以来人们对他的研究始终离不开外部政治形势和意识形态的影响,至今仍然存在着较大的争议。同时,奥威尔本人特殊的人生经历也为后人对他的解读增添了许多变数。无疑,>政治<是奥威尔笔下的重要内容之一,但在政治的背后,奥威尔在许多作品中更流露出了他对于不同政治体质下的人性遭到扭曲这一现象的深深忧虑。基于这样的观点,本文分析了奥威尔在不同时期所完成的三部小说《缅甸岁月》,《上来透口气》和《一九八四》中三个主人公形象,力求为我们对奥威尔的解读提供一个新的视角。论文共分为五章。第一章为>前言<,主要介绍乔治•奥威尔的生平,其三部小说的创作背景以及埃里克•弗洛姆有关人性的理论。由于这三部小说和奥威尔三个不同的人生阶段联系甚密,论文提出,上述作品中的三个主人公身上所表现出来的特质也体现了作者在不同时期的心理历程。第二章探讨了《缅甸岁月》中的弗洛里这一形象。身在和祖国相隔万里的东方,无法融入殖民主义的氛围与精神,同时也无处寻求友谊和爱情,弗洛里最终选择了自杀以结束多年以来笼罩着他的孤独之感。第三章分析了《上来透口气》的主人公乔治•保灵和他所生活的一个庸碌、沉沦的世界。作为一个普通的英国人,保灵被沉重的生活压力压的喘不过气,而他所处的时代又剥夺了人们缓解压力的权利,将人性牢牢的绑在了社会的巨大变革中。第四章的研究对象是名著《一九八四》中的主人公温斯顿•史密斯。在这一章里,笔者通过作品中对于主人公遭遇的描写进行分类分析,集中探讨了在高度专制的体质下人的自由所遭受的压迫。最后一章为结论,通过进一步分析奥威尔少年时期的经历,证明了他自少年时期形成的写作动机其实就是他对>人<的关怀。
The idea of sport's character-forming qualities is a globally spread notion, which has begun to be questioned in recent years. In problematizing this notion, the relation of sport to its practitioners has been the primary study. The way the problems reflect the relation of sport to society has been less in focus. This essay sets such a focus with the help of character concepts in social psychology (Riesman, Fromm and Sennett), developing a reconstruction of such concepts of sport in a Swedish context. From being a sphere by the side of society, sport in Sweden from the twentieth century onwards has been increasingly linked in complex ways to the various spheres and actors of society. This understanding of how characters are fostered into and within sport sheds light on the conditions for character formation at different stages of history until the present time. The problems receive further relevance when considering how New Economy culture and its conditions for character formation may affect Swedish sport in the near future.
By 1900, Freud had formulated an original and operational method of psychoanalytic treatment and research: the technique of free association. In 1912–1915 and later writings, he recommended it as a fundamental procedure and process, called the fundamental rule, in psychoanalytic therapy. In recent years, free association as a method has been variously misrepresented, misunderstood, and denied by some schools of psychoanalysis. This paper reviews the history of free associations and argues for upholding the continuity and relevance of Freud's fundamental methodology and for a renewal of interest in reciprocal, i.e., interactive and interpersonal, free association.
>异化<是指:在异己力量的作用下,人类丧失了自我与本质,丧失了主体性,丧失了精神自由,丧失了个性,人变成了非人,人格趋于分化。目前评论界的各国研究学者在分析海明威作品时,都承认海明威笔下的世界是一个充满战争、暴力、邪恶、堕落、恐惧和绝望的荒诞世界,充分肯定了海明威对人生异化感、荒诞感、虚无感的体认。本文试图以海明威作品作为研究考察的对象,运用西方马克思异化理论对西方这个荒诞、虚无的异化世界进行深入剖析,讨论分析其包含的异化因素,并探究海明威通过文学书写所积极倡导的反抗异化的人类自我拯救之路。本文共分五个部分,第一部分为引言和文献综述,第二部分析海明威小说中异化因素形成的社会背景及其成因,第三部分分别从社会生产领域、消费领域、人的心理领域三个方面阐述了小说所呈现的的异化因素,第四部分则从塑造硬汉子英雄、建立与大地的联系、远离物化世界回归大自然来分析海明威对抗异化的自我拯救之路。第五部分为结语。笔者以马克思和弗洛姆的异化说为理论支持,通过对海明威作品的解读,探讨涵盖在海明威小说里的异化因素,归纳整理出海明威在面对异化世界的积极自我拯救的抗争之路。
本文主要选取狄更斯作品中商人形象展开探讨。狄更斯笔下大部分商人形象存在一个共同特征,就是事业的成功却无法带来个人生活的美好结局。他笔下的商人往往是芸芸众生中的强有力者,无论所取得的物质财富或是社会地位都使旁人艳羡,然而却在情感生活和命运归宿上却无法获得幸福,究其原因,与他们人格上的异变有很大关系。弗洛姆则认为,人改造自然和外界的能力在不断增强的同时,心理和情感危机却在持续的加剧,出现了种种的人格异化形态,尤其在资本主义社会更是如此。因此,本文主要采用弗洛姆异化理论切入对狄更斯作品商人形象的分析,以求能够深究其内涵。本文主要由绪论、主体、结语三个部分组成。绪论部分综述了当前国际国内狄更斯研究现状及本文论题的提出及意义,同时对异化理论进行了回溯和介绍。主体部分由三个章节组成,在第一章,本文对狄更斯笔下商人形象体现出的受虐型、舍我型、施虐型以及破坏型的异化特征进行了具体分析,由于受虐型与舍我型人格常交织体现,因此对这两者的阐述是结合进行的;在第二章,本文分析了异化人格形成的个体原因,认为个体在爱与工作活动中创造性能力的缺乏,是导致其人格出现异化的关键因素;第三章中本文对异化的社会原因进行了分析,认为对个体独特性的打压以及虚假理想的培植,是导致异化产生的重要社会因素。在最后的结语部分,本文对狄更斯希望通过其商人形象塑造而传达出的醒世思想和济世理想进行了分析
Terorizmyt:Obyasnitelnata prespektiva na Erih From (Terrorism: Erich Form's Explanatory Perspective)
(2010)
人际交往不仅是获得信息和机遇的基本渠道,也是决定事业成败的重要因素。当代大学生是21世纪知识经济时代的主流与中坚,他们是民族的希望、祖国的未来,肩负着建设社会主义现代化的重任,他们是社会人际关系中的一个重要组成部分。特别是在构建社会主义和谐社会的背景下,大学生的人际交往和谐与否关系到和谐社会能否顺利实现。本文在吸取以往研究有益与不足的基础上,以和谐社会视域下大学生人际交往的自我调适作为研究对象。本文的主体内容分为四部分:第一部分,绪论。本部分包括研究背景、研究综述以及研究内容和方法。第二部分,大学生人际交往自我调适概述。首先,大学生自我调适内涵的界定。本文在借鉴辞海中有关>自我<和>调适<内涵界定的基础上概括总结出大学生自我调适的内涵。其次,大学生人际交往的内涵及特征。本文在与人际关系的内涵进行比较分析的基础上,创造性地总结出人际交往的内涵,并由此概括出了大学生人际交往自我调适的含义。通过对人际交往内涵的界定,结合大学生的实际总结概括出大学生人际交往的特征有三个方面:(1)交往需求的迫切性;(2)突出的个性和独立交往意识的强烈性。(3)人际交往内容范围的扩大性;大学为大学生的交往提供了非常广阔的天地;大多数大学生在人际交往方面希望以自己的意见行事,不希望老师或家长过多的干涉。再次,大学生人际交往自我调适的理论支撑。大学生人际交往的自我调适有着深刻的理论基础。如我国古代儒家从心性论出发认为德性发乎人的内心、基于人的本性,强调克己自省、修身自得,并探索出了一整套较为系统并具东方特色的自我教育方法;学习这些思想和方法对人际交往的自我调适具有重要的启示和借鉴作用。另外国外一些著名的哲学家,如弗洛姆、康德等都有关于自我教育的思想。这些思想都将是大学生和谐人际交往自我调适的理论基础。最后,大学生人际交往自我调适的意义。大学生人际交往自我调适有利于促进自我价值的实现;有利于促进自我意识的形成和发展;有利于大学生保持身心健康;有助于完善大学生的个性。大学生人际交往的自我调适在完善大学生个性、保持身心健康、增强自我意识以及促进自我价值方面有着重要的意义,这几个方面相互影响相互联系。完善大学生个性、保持身心健康、增强自我意识是促进自我价值实现的条件和前提基础,促进自我价值实现是完善大学生个性、保持身心健康、增强自我意识的最终目的。第三部分,大学生人际交往自我调适的问题及原因分析。首先,大学生人际交往的突出问题表现主要有四个方面:(1)以自我为中心、情绪性格不稳定产生人际冲突;(2)自卑、戒备等心理造成交往恐惧;(3)羞怯、封闭、自负等心理产生沟通不良;(4)长期沉迷于网络造成孤独、抑郁等性格缺陷。其次,影响大学生人际交往的因素主要有主客观两个方面。主观因素主要包括认知因素、情感因素和人格因素等。客观因素主要包括社会、家庭学校方面的因素。第四部分,大学生人际交往自我调适的原则与方法。首先,大学生人际交往自我调适的基本原则。要本着平等、诚信、宽容等方面的原则。其次,大学生人际交往自我调适的主要方法。在人际冲突、交往恐惧、沟通不良、网络沉迷的方面进行自我调节。需要特别强调的是,大学生和谐人际关系的培养离不开社会、学校和家庭等环境努力,本文不否认这一点。以往学者们大都从这些大环境方面入手去探讨大学生人际交往的调适对策,而本文在学者们研究的基础上所要解决的关键性问题是大学生人际交往自我调适的对策,即从大学生自身的角度去探讨解决大学生人际交往不和谐的途径。另外,本文采用比较研究方法、文献查阅法、历史与逻辑的方法、演绎推理和归纳研究等方法,力求从整个社会系统出发对当代大学生人际交往自我调适的意义、人际交往不和谐的现状与成因、大学生人际交往自我调适的原则、方法等问题作一些有益的探索。
Spremna beseda
(2010)
Spremna beseda
(2010)
In 1995 a seminal paper by Howard Shevrin classified four conceptions of psychoanalysis: first as a human enterprise such as governing and teaching second as a science sui generis that does not require any additional empirical research third as a clinical science that focuses on psychotherapy research and fourth as a science tout court that is of course expected to validate its basic assumptions on the mind. Fifteen years later, Shevrin's classification has remained illuminating. All kinds of research are welcomed in psychoanalysis, but it is also true that, in the current debate on research in psychoanalysis, the interest in testing its assumptions on the mind is no longer a topic. But it is precisely this which is crucial in a time when the sciences of the cognitive field, such as neurobiology and the cognitive sciences, seem to be tentatively cooperating with psychoanalysis in a few studies, but overwhelmingly absorbing many psychoanalytic assumptions without mentioning psychoanalysis. In order to exist and survive as a science in the long run within universities, academies of sciences, and other scientific research institutions, the psychoanalytic community has to face the challenge and prepare itself not only for prospective dialogue, but also for confrontation.
Psychoanalysis is in a somewhat better position in French universities than elsewhere in Europe. Although the situation can at times be difficult, psychoanalysis remains the major reference for students in clinical psychology, both in the adult sector and in that of children and adolescents. This is to some extent related to the setting up of a European interuniversity study group on teaching and research in psychoanalysis and psychopathology (SIUEERPP), which brings together psychoanalyst lecturers (belonging to various schools of thought) in order to defend the ongoing presence of psychoanalysis in training clinical psychologists. Conditions are not quite as good as regards the training of psychiatrists, where it is much more difficult for teaching based on psychoanalysis to survive, even in the few >strongholds< that it still manages to occupy. Things are slightly better in child psychiatry, where the illusion that medication alone is sufficient for treatment is somewhat weaker.
Symbols psychoanalysis, depth psychology, mythology and religion from a multiplicity of perspectives – there are many guidelines for their interpretation and integration in clinical practice. The present study, based on a Jungian analytic model, incorporated the snake mother as an imaginary symbol in a patient with generalised anxiety disorder and her treatment within a clinical case study. From an integrative symbolism approach, snakes are considered mysterious, with the ability to express the primary instinctual powers and psychic energy that take root beyond the ego strength and archetypal images. Here, with respect to the patient's main complaint and her underlying core conflict according to Jungian therapy and Persian mythology, it was indicated that the snake mother symbolism, an imagery object from childhood to adolescence, originated from both the personal and the collective unconsciousness. The way in which the symbolism of the snake mother came to work in the therapeutic process was similar to a that of dream and symbolism approach. The snake mother operated as an alternative animus in the shape of a caregiving mother, and supported the patient against her father's misbehavior during her early childhood. It could represent the shadow, the reconsolidation of the anima/animus for patient, and a projection of negative thoughts and actions from animal instincts.
En este trabajo se abordan algunas de las diferencias que se presentan en relación al género, en el trabajo de los psiquiatras, psicoterapeutas y psicoanalistas. Se hace una breve revisión del origen de estas diferencias en la cultura occidental, tomando como referencia la biblia, y como se reflejó en el romanticismo y en la Ilustración. Después se aborda la situación de nuestra cultura, desde la visión de los aztecas, los españoles y la fusión entre estas visiones después de la conquista. Finalmente se presenta una pequeña viñeta de un grupo de psicoterapia, para mostrar la dinámica que se da en el mismo respecto a las diferencias de género.
Seminario su, A un anno dalla scomparsa. Istituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici, Napoli. 11 pp.
(2010)
This paper clarifies the dual-layered nature of the >demon lover complex,< with its background of both pre-Oedipal trauma and Oedipal-level desire. It draws on an object relations understanding of the unconscious and dissociated addiction to an internal demon object that has derivations in the personalities of the actual parents, and in the internalization of these parents. The dramatic case of early trauma compounded by adult date rape trauma serves to illustrate how a >developmental mourning process< in treatment can resolve such trauma. It also illustrates how reparation with the mother that partially heals pre-Oedipal trauma cannot immunize anyone against Oedipal-level attractions to a >demon lover< father, as represented in a displacement, resulting in victimized behavior, and in an aborted surrender to heterosexual desire. However, this victimization can be resolved, as seen in the clinical illustration, when the psychoanalyst has an understanding of the mourning process in developmental terms, working with a natural interaction between mourning and transference evolutions in treatment. The case also demonstrates the transitional object role of the psychoanalyst who is involved with the healing of pre-Oedipal trauma through mourning.
For most readers Erich Fromm does not require an introduction. His writings have been translated into several languages, and his thoughts have been popularized in various types of media. This review provides a brief biographical notation for those readers not thoroughly familiar with him. This book is edited by Rainer Funk, a psychoanalyst in private practice in the city of Tübingen, Germany. He is Fromm’s sole literary executor and owner of his library, has edited posthumously several books based on Fromm’s writings, and has written and edited books about Fromm’s life and work. The present volume includes two previously unpublished articles by Fromm on therapeutic practice, and the rest is a collection of writings solicited from Fromm’s former students, supervisees, colleagues, and friends, who provide anecdotal and personal information as well as comments on Frommian therapeutic style and technique. Although Funk’s book provides only glimpses of Fromm’s main criticisms of classical psychoanalysis and his social ideas, it will be of interest to clinicians and laypeople alike who are willing to become acquainted with one of the most important thinkers of the second half of the 20th century.
Returning to Freud
(2010)
Response to Commentary
(2010)
道德评价的目的是对不道德的行为形成一种威慑和遏制力,对道德的行为形成一种奖励和鼓动力,并在社会中形成一种向善的价值取向和道德风尚,促进人们道德水平的提升,并最终促进人的全面发展。道德评价对于人们道德的形成和习惯的养成占有一个举足轻重的地位,那么是什么力量促使人们参与道德评价?这个力量形成了一个什么样的道德评价机制?如何进一步完善和践行好这个道德评价机制?带着这些疑问我选择了写这篇论文。本论文是借鉴对中国影响较大学者——如罗国杰、魏英敏等伦理学家的思想,对西方当代影响中国深广的伦理思想家——如萨特、弗洛伊德、弗洛姆等思想进行分析,论证道德评价的社会功能和历史文化意义,并将这些理论分析的观点运用到范美忠事件上,实际地论证道德评价的社会功能。笔者认为,个人的社会利益、良心、名誉是道德评价实现其道德作用的三个最基本的因素,只有在充分调动这三个因素的基础之上,道德评价机制才会得到完善,道德评价作用才会得到充分展现。论文进一步分析了良心和名誉完善的措施,从道德教育和道德修养两个方面来分别阐述激发人的良心和名誉的方法。在网络传播方式中,以范美忠事件为例分析这些方法的实际效果,从而证明道德评价机制实施的可取性和操作性。本论文将理论和实践相结合,以个案分析为手段,具体证实了个人的社会利益、良心和名誉在道德评价中的重要性。网络是社会的延续、拓展和放大器,比现实道德评价更具有舆论场,更能体现道德评价机制的运行。本论文最终阐明了其观点:网络传播方式的道德评价的最终目的不是让公民接受惩罚,而是通过一系列措施形成威慑和遏制力,让公民知道自己的错误之所在,并有悔改之心,唤起所有公民真正的良知,并在社会中形成一种向善的价值取向和道德风尚,促进人们道德水平的提升,并最终促进人的全面发展。