The paper first discusses two documentaries by Donna Read, >Signs Out of Time< (2004) and >Goddess Remembered< (1989), that focus on the pacific tradition of the female centered settlements on the territories of modern Eastern Europe in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Read depicts significant findings of a world-renowned archeologist Marija Gimbutas who claims that a peaceful image of Old Europe embodied in the omnipotent Great Mother changed radically towards the end of the third millennium when violent Indo-European nomads came from Russia and shattered the matriarchal utopia of equality and natural harmony. These tribes introduced the principles of hierarchy and violent male-rule. Read’s and Gimbutas’ findings are further developed and examined in the studies by Riana Eisler and Erich Fromm who also claim that conspicuous material aggrandizement of patriarchal culture severely damaged a blissful matriarchal bond between man and nature. These theoretical insights are applied to Williamson’s compre hension of nature vs. nurture issue in >Mary and the Seal< (1997). In portraying a tender relationship between Mary and the seal, as well as its tragic and totally unnecessary shooting, contemporary patriarchal culture is brought to a trial. The mere existence of the bond between Mary and the seal, an embodiment of an idyllic matriarchal unity between man and nature, testifies to the prevalent need for the return to its substantial but long-forgotten values. The theoretical insights of Graves, Althusser, Freire, Fiske and Miller will also be used in the interpretation of the story.
This paper was inspired by the documentary >The Act of Killing<, directed by an American-born, British filmmaker Joshua Oppenheimer and released in 2012. Provoked and appalled by what is described as one of the worst mass murders in the 20th century, the movie director focuses not so much on the crime itself but the perpetrators of the crimes and the ensuing consequences. A part from the need to bring to open and discuss this part of Indonesian history, as well as the consequences of the communist and subsequent anti-communist political rules, this paper deals, on the one hand, with the question and the essence of human nature capable of such monstrosity and on the other, with the role that art must take in understanding and healing of the open wounds in any nation’s history as well as individual perpetrators of the crimes. For this purpose, the ideological framework of Erich Fromm as given in his study >Anatomy of Human Destructiveness< and also philosophical ideas of Hanna Arendt, specifically concerning the nature of evil itself were used as theoretical framework.
O presente artigo aborda a concepção de amor de Erich Fromm na sua relação com a fé. O ato de amar, segundo o autor em foco, deve ser considerado uma atividade produtiva e interna, que se fundamenta em um aprimoramento das potencialidades psíquicas e emocionais do sujeito. Além disso, de acordo com Fromm, para amar verdadeiramente, é necessária a fé, que é concebida como um traço de caráter, sendo, assim, passível de desenvolvimento. No que tange à metodologia, este estudo pretende empreender uma leitura analítica das obras A arte de amar, Análise do homem e A revolução da esperança, todas de autoria de Erich Fromm, além de recorrer a trabalhos de comentadores do psicanalista humanista. Como objetivo principal, este artigo pretende elucidar as contribuições do pensamento frommiano no que diz respeito à relação entre a fé e o ato de amar. Pretendemos mostrar que, de acordo com Fromm, para o domínio da arte de amar, é necessário que o sujeito aprimore o seu caráter em favor de uma orientação produtiva, ou seja, é preciso que o indivíduo rompa com o narcisismo por intermédio da fé racional, desenvolva a humildade de reconhecer suas próprias limitações e potencialidades, e utilize a razão como um instrumento que o permita visualizar a pessoa amada como de fato ela é, e não como gostaria que ela fosse.
A Frommian perspective on the socio-psychological structure of post-fascism in liberal democracies
(2020)
My research explores Erich Fromm’s social theories of narcissism, alienation and authoritarianism for the purpose of linking those theories together, thereby analysing current populist phenomena as an extension of a fascist development in terms of Enzo Traverso’s conception of post-fascism. In my view, Fromm’s critical social theory of narcissism, which pertains to his two other theories, has great potential to unravel current political issues in liberal democracies that are generally tackled in terms of populism. Through a demonstration of the theoretical scope of Fromm’s social theory, which sheds light on pathological social and political phenomena in historical continuity, I argue that the primary tasks of Critical Theory in Frommian terms are to divulge the sources of fascist orientations in seemingly democratic practice and to offer appropriate remedies for these difficulties. In this light, I conclude that in terms of a Frommian social theory of narcissism, fascist types of politics thrive even in advanced liberal-democratic countries, taking the form of authoritarian populism, particularly where society rests on a narcissistic character structure intertwined with an authoritarian orientation.
This article explores the >lack of meaning< in contemporary society as a consequence of Western dualist thought paradigms and ontologies, via Gilles Deleuze’s concept of >reactivenihilism< following the colloquial murder of God. The article then explores processual and new materialist approaches in the understanding of the lived and carnal self, arguing for immanent and senseful materiality as an ethical platform for religious, environmental, and societal solidarity for tomorrow. For the theoretical justification of the processual approach in understanding the enfleshed self, the article employs John Dupré’s processual approach in the philosophy of biology, as well as Astrida Neimani’s critical posthumanism, and contextualizes these considerations with Erich Fromm’s ethical distinction of being and having.
道德建设是人类精神文明的基础,是一个国家繁荣和兴旺的必由之路。著名的精神分析学家弗洛姆从精神分析方面,展开道德的论述。就人性善恶的问题,弗洛姆更加肯定人理性的能力,认为人们可以通过自己的良善来抑制内心的罪恶,最重要的是要给良善的发展空间,反之,如果人们的良善被遏制,那么他的破坏力就会被激发出来。他指出现代的人之所以困惑、社会之所以会出现各种各样的问题,是因为人类不能真正的认清自我,逃不出>二律背反<的困境,从而不能做一个真正有道德的人。弗洛姆把精神分析层面的东西应用到伦理学当中,对人的本性进行更深层次地剖析,让我们进一步理解和认识自己和人类的道德问题。让我们不要逃避,要努力做一个有道德的人,共同构建一个有道德的社会。
Resumo Neste artigo, procuro problematizar a crítica de Erich Fromm à cultura do capitalismo contemporâneo. Para tanto, faço uma releitura especialmente, mas não apenas, de uma de suas principais obras maduras, o livro Psicanálise da sociedade contemporânea (>The Sane Society<), no qual o autor sedimenta seu projeto analítico de uma >psicanálise humanista<. Na primeira parte o artigo reconstrói, através da ideia de >patologia da normalidade<, a crítica de Fromm aos fundamentos culturais do capitalismo contemporâneo. Na segunda parte, a reconstrução é levada adiante através dos conceitos de >caráter social<e >alienação<, de modo a compreender como o capitalismo tardio do século XX aprofunda, como nunca antes, uma cultura anti-humanista. Na conclusão, procuro argumentar como a obra de Fromm pode ser de grande valia para a compreensão dos problemas tanto individuais quanto coletivos da atualidade.
The author proposes viewing mania as a form of defense against the state of depression resulting from >narcissistic overidentification with the depressive object< (i.e., the object in relation to which the depressive state developed), rather than as a periodic rebellion against such an internalized object. An account of the analytic psychotherapy of a clinical case of bipolar depression serves to illustrate this point of view, linked to the author’s specific conception of the dynamics of depression.
Erich Fromm was a German social psychologist and psychoanalyst who was associated with the Frankfurt School of Critical Theory. He was known for developing the concept that freedom was a fundamental part of human nature and for challenging the theories of Sigmund Freud. In his works he presented the view that understanding of basic human needs is essential to the understanding of society and mankind. In >Escape from Freedom< Fromm explores humanity’s shifting relationship with freedom, with particular regard to the personal consequences of its absence.
Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar de que forma o poder disciplinar atinge diretamente o corpo sexualizado do indivíduo e quais são as implicações desta realidade no mundo contemporâneo. Para isso, será utilizado como fundamentação teórica Erich Fromm, com o objetivo de analisar as implicações emocionais relacionadas ao desenvolvimento da sociedade capitalista e principalmente, os livros de Foucault: >Vigiar e Punir< (1999) e >História da sexualidade: a vontade de saber< (1977). Por meio deste estudo, pôde-se perceber que a demasiada preocupação com o corpo presente na sociedade contemporânea denota o imperativo do corpo sexualizado, resultado do exercício no domínio e controle efetuados pela sociedade sobre o indivíduo. Isso não ocorre em consequência de um poder centralizado, mas sim por um controle exercido de forma periférica, no qual a própria sociedade estrutura padrões de condutas assumidas pelos sujeitos que lhe constituem.
Therapists’ quest for constructing meaning systems of their patients’ experiences progresses in cycles. These cycles consist of: (1) efforts to achieve closures, propelled by the depressive position with its concomitant judgments, resolutions, and decisiveness, and (2) efforts to dissolve closures, propelled by the schizo-paranoid position, searching anxiously and excitedly for new ways to construct meaning. By struggling to facilitate their supervisees’ cycles of achieving and dissolving closures, supervisors help them to grow as clinicians. Supervisees usually welcome the supervisors’ help in constructing meaning systems and achieving closures. They become wary, however, when their supervisors suggest that they dismantle these systems and dissolve their closures because these suggestions undermine their self-assurance as well as their sense of morality, both nourished by the depressive position. Several approaches are suggested for supervisors to facilitate their supervisees’ efforts to dissolve closures.
This article presents a clinical description of the solitary aspect of alcoholism and an original psychopathological theorization of alcoholic isolation. Our aim is to better understand this vulnerability of alcoholic patients and their secret sufferings. Solitary intoxication, whether or not in the presence of another or in a group, facilitates the avoidance of a reality experienced as too painful. This isolation would result from an early feeling of insecurity, close to that experienced in psychosis. A prototypical clinical case aims to explain how the problematic nature of this isolation can be identified and then elaborated, within a psychotherapeutic setting >that gives confidence< and starts from the >offer of speech.< We emphasize how the alcoholic individual can revisit the capacity to be alone in the presence of the other, which is a necessary condition for mentalizing a nonpathological solitude.
Background: This is the last in a series of four articles scheduled for publication in this journal. In the first article (Kapustin, 2015a), I proposed a new >existential criterion< for the normal and abnormal personality that is implicitly present in the works of Erich Fromm. According to this criterion, normal and abnormal personalities are determined, first, by their position regarding existential dichotomies, and, second, by particular aspects of the formation of this position. Such dichotomies, entitatively existent in human life, are inherent, two-alternative contradictions. In the other articles (Kapustin, 2015b, 2016a), I showed that this criterion is also implicitly present in the four famous personality theories of Freud, Adler, Jung, and Rogers. Objectives: To provide evidence that this criterion is present in the personality theory of Viktor Frankl and to present a comparative analysis of all six theories of personality. Results. The existential criterion for the normal and abnormal personality based on the works of Fromm is also implicitly present in theoretical conceptualizations of personality, predisposed and non-predisposed to developing various psychological problems and to mental disorders, by Freud, Adler, Jung, Rogers, and Frankl, although in more particular forms, related to more specific existential dichotomies, characterizing the nature of human life. Conclusion: The fact that the existential criterion is present in these six theories of personality, developed within totally different approaches to psychology and psychotherapy, is evidence of a high degree of its theoretical justification and of the possibility of their integration.
After the method of infant observation, as developed by Esther Bick, and its significance for psychoanalytic training have been outlined, the method is critically assessed. The suggestion is then made that infant observation should be supplemented by video-analytic infant observation. Finally, thoughts on modifications of the process of infant observation are presented.
This paper discusses a philosophical approach to dream interpretation based on the daseinsanalytic concept of Alice Holzhey, a concept that uses psychoanalytic thinking in the light of existential philosophy. Based on this concept, I consider the generally acknowledged finding that moods play a highly important role for our dreaming in an existential-philosophical view. Martin Heidegger claims that moods confront us with our own being, especially the fundamental >philosophical< mood that he calls Angst. Angst refers to the uncanny experience of being confronted with unfathomable conditions of the human existence. It is a consternating experience beyond every understanding. Assuming that in dreams, as in moods, we are concerned with issues of emotional significance concerning our own being, I claim Angst to be the essential factor for our dreaming. Usually, however, it remains hidden in some other mood, for example in the mood of fear. What makes dreams interesting, puzzling, amazing or terrifying, is their hinting at Angst. With three examples I hope to make clear my thesis that all dreams focus on certain fundamental issues concerning a person’s own existence, meaning issues determined by Angst.
Begrüßung
(2020)
Begrüßung
(2020)
The authors present their design for a clinical teaching exercise to study transformation in psychoanalysis. They chose a completed analysis from which to select the sessions retrospectively so that the clinical review exercise would not influence ongoing analytic process. The co-authors selected three tranches of clinical material, a few years apart, to be presented by the analyst. They studied the material with colleagues in the impressionistic manner of traditional clinical review, and then subjected it to more systematic examination, using a modified application of the Three-Level Model (3-LM) for assessing change. Their prediction was that the use of the 3-LM model could amplify the clinical impressions of the individual analyst and provide a way of being more specific about the changes, if any, that had occurred, and arrive at which theories best explained those changes.
Film merupakan salah satu bentuk cara menikmati karya sastra, Genre cinta merupakan karya film yang banyak diminati dari berbagai golongan usia. Rasa cinta insan manusia selalu memiliki makna seperti cinta terhadap Tuhan-Nya, rasa cinta terhadap orang tua ataupun teman, dan rasa cinta yang membuat hari selalu berbeda dan tidak terbatas yakni jatuh cinta terhadap sesama insan lelaki dan perempuan yang memiliki keinginan untuk menyatu sejak awal perkenalan hingga kisah cinta tersebut berakhir sesuai dengan takdir. Penelitian ini membahas tentang Analisis cinta erotis Qīng Mò Yán青墨颜dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚 dalam film >I’m Pet In Dali Temple< >我在大王里寺当宠牛勿<. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori kajian psikologi oleh Erich Fromm, dengan metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni deskriptif kualitatif yakni diawali dengan mengunduh data film, menonton film secara berkala dan berulang, mengumpulkan data, menganalisis data kemudian menyimpulkan data.Tujuan penelitian ini yakni menganalisis bagaimana bentuk cinta erotis tokoh青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚melalui tindakan ataupun ujaran yang ada dalam dialog film I’m Pet In Dali Temple >我在大王里寺当宠牛勿<. Hasil dan simpulan data yakni cinta erotis antara tokoh 青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚 yakni mengacu pada objektivitas reaksi tokoh 青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán dan Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚 seperti reaksi spontan berkorban dan menolong, emosional mengungkapkan perasaan satu sama lain, simpati dan empati dan puncaknya yakni tokoh 青墨颜Qīng Mò Yán ingin menikahi Rú Xiăo Lán 如小岚. Berdasarkan simpulan tersebut, sejalan dengan Teori psikologi Erich Fromm yakni Cinta erotis dalam bukunya yang berjudul >Seni Mencintai<.
Strains on professional resources and complex experiences of isolation and despair have taken their toll on communities, adding to the challenges for social workers and social work as a profession. In a context of austerity and locational stress, communities are increasingly relied upon to enhance or, indeed, replace the need for state intervention. However, grass-roots and mutual aid collectives have the potential for both community support and resistance. Using original qualitative data, this article explores how some groups based in Scotland’s most deprived locales provide collective and mutual aid, and, in doing so, attempt to address some of the challenges of modern life (such as overcoming addiction, isolation and mental anguish). Importantly, this article revives and develops Erich Fromm’s discourse on the importance of ‘love’ and Marx’s concept of ‘spiritual emancipation’ to explore the potential for transforming individual experiences into collective resistance.
Collective narcissism is a belief that one’s own group (the in-group) is exceptional but not sufficiently recognized by others. It is the form of “in-group love” robustly associated with “out-group hate.” In contrast to private collective selfesteem (or in-group satisfaction, a belief that the in-group is of high value), it predicts prejudice, retaliatory intergroup aggression, and rejoicing in the suffering of other people. The pervasive association between collective narcissism and intergroup hostility is driven by a biased perception of the in-group as constantly threatened and out-groups as hostile and threatening. Collective narcissism is associated with hypersensitivity to provocation and the belief that only hostile revenge is a desirable and rewarding response. It arises when the traditional group-based hierarchies are challenged and empowers extremists as well as populist politicians. Instead of alleviating the sense of threat to one’s self-importance, it refuels it. The association between collective narcissism and intergroup hostility is weakened by experiences that fortify emotional resilience (e.g., positive identification with a community).
Research on national collective narcissism, the belief and resentment that a nation's exceptionality is not sufficiently recognized by others, provides a theoretical framework for understanding the psychological motivations behind the support for right-wing populism. It bridges the findings regarding the economic and sociocultural conditions implicated in the rise of right-wing populism and the findings regarding leadership processes necessary for it to find its political expression. The conditions are interpreted as producing violations to established expectations regarding selfimportance via the gradual repeal of the traditional criteria by which members of hegemonic groups evaluated their self-worth. Populist leaders propagate a social identity organized around the collective narcissistic resentment, enhance it, and propose external explanations for frustration of self and in-group-importance. This garners them a committed followership. Research on collective narcissism indicates that distress resulting from violated expectations regarding self-importance stands behind collective narcissism and its narrow vision of >true< national identity (the people), rejection and hostility toward stigmatized in-group members and out-groups as well as the association between collective narcissism and conspiratorial thinking.
There are shared humanistic tendencies in Erich Fromm’s views and the ideas of Eastern Orthodoxy. The comparative method of this paper focuses on similarities between Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis and Orthodox Christianity, while noting differences between them. In his works Fromm mentioned religious approaches, but he mostly referred to Protestantism (as a development from teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin) and more rarely to Catholicism. Both streams have differences with Eastern Orthodoxy which is traditional for Russia. The individualism common to the western protestant model is contrasted with the community spirit, which is common to Russian culture and to the view of life of Russian Orthodoxy in particular. First, Fromm wrote about overcoming negative modes of life (such as estrangement or alienation) inherent to the first model, through adopting the second model. Second, humanistic views should be marked in ideas of Erich Fromm and Eastern Orthodoxy. The ideas of Erich Fromm and Eastern Orthodoxy are both based on a perception of a human being as a distinct whole personality, who should perceive as basic the values of self-development, love, creative self-realization, freedom, and responsibility. Also, free and whole personality cannot be formed without being a part of community of other persons, which is a very important point for both.
This paper provides a historical overview of the reception of the superego concept in sociology and psychoanalytic social psychology. Central to the discussion are the ways in which classical and contemporary approaches (e.g. Parsons, Elias, Bourdieu) have responded to Freud’s theories concerning the genesis of the superego and its changes in the course of psychic development, to his suppositions concerning anthropology and psychopathology, and to later psychoanalytic extensions of the concept (e.g. Klein, Erikson and Loewald). With reference to Freud’s works of cultural critique, special emphasis is given to conceptions of the superego in studies on authoritarianism, adaptation and morality, notably by the Frankfurt School (Fromm, Horkheimer, Adorno). The authors also discuss the historical changes undergone by the superego concept and examine by way of examples the benefits of concept for achieving a clearer understanding of recent societal trends associated with contemporary phenomena such as digitization and optimization.
Credo eines Humanisten
(2020)
Dankesworte
(2020)
Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Herausarbeitung des autoritären, sadomasochistischen Charaktersyndroms, ferner soll untersucht werden welche Aspekte, welche Charakterzüge des autoritären Charakters sich in den späteren Studien 1950 wiederfinden, die zuvor von Fromm beschrieben wurden und weitergehend, welche >neuen< Persönlichkeitsmerkmale bzw. Charakterzüge von der Forschungsgruppe rund um Adorno ergänzt wurden. Zuvor sollen jedoch die zwei Werke vorgestellt werden, um einen Einblick in die unterschiedlichen Forschungskonzepte zu gewinnen. Am Schluss werden die Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und es wird versucht grundlegende Unterschiede beider Autoren in ihren spezifischen Zugängen herauszuarbeiten. Die Autoritarismusforschung gilt als der erste empirische Beitrag dessen, was heutzutage unter dem kontrovers diskutierten Begriff der Rechtsextremismusforschung verstanden wird. Die durch Le Bon und Willhelm Reich, besonders aber Karl Marx und Sigmund Freud beeinflussten systematischen Forschungen des Frankfurter Instituts für Sozialforschung (IfS), gelten hierbei als die wegweisendsten Untersuchungen. Als bahnbrechende Innovation gilt der Versuch, den historischen Materialismus und die Psychoanalyse Freuds zu verknüpfen. Die in dieser Hausarbeit betrachteten Werke des IfS, die Studien zu >Autorität und Familie< (1936), sowie die >Studien zum autoritären Charakter< (1950) gelten aus unterschiedlichen Gründen als Meilensteine der Sozialforschung, gleichwohl sie den hohen Anspruch des Institutsleiters Horkheimer, die >Durchdringung konstruktiver und empirischer Verfahrensweisen< mithilfe interdisziplinärer Fachvertreter, zugunsten einer sich annähernden Kombination aus Theorie und Empirie, nie wirklich erreichten. Einer der theoretisch prägendsten Mitarbeiter der Anfangszeit des IfS war Erich Fromm, dessen Ausführungen im Gemeinschaftswerk >Autorität und Familie< ein besonderer Stellenwert zugesprochen wird. [Amazon.co.uk]
In the present time of increasing global stress and threats from outside reality, there arise >new fears< of destruction, of annihilation, and of loss of existence. As a consequence, psychoanalysis is faced with new challenges. It is expanding its range to face the fears that arise from these global threats. This requires special attention to analysts’ personal transference and their resistance against it to enable them to be used as a container for the fears of their patients.
法兰克福学派哲学家弗洛姆从社会心理学的视角切入,以>社会—心理—存在本体论<结构下的独特人性论为基础,在>应然—异化—健全<的理论逻辑框架下将宗教辩证地区分为权威主义的与人本主义的。>权威主义宗教<是>宗教异化<的必然结果,它使人否定其生命的力量而将之投射于外在强力,在逃避自由的救赎等待中体验受虐快感,其本质是人在权威偶像崇拜中丧失主体地位而感到与自我疏离的精神异化状态。通过对>宗教异化<的逻辑起点、病症表现及病理因由的诊断剖析,弗洛姆掌握了>权威主义宗教<的生成机制与运行机理,完成了对>异化宗教<的三维批判。弗洛姆对权威主义一概而论的激进否定展现了其思想中的偏激色彩,其理论缺陷的根源在于人性悬设下的科学历史观缺失。
马克思异化批判思想已成为20世纪人类历史和人类文明的一种自觉的自我批判意识,为众多当代理论家所关注和运用。其中西方马克思主义和东欧新马克思主义理论家最为突出,他们不仅系统阐述了马克思的异化思想,深刻揭示了现代社会的普遍异化,而且还特别彰显了自我异化批判的理论价值和现实意义。马尔库塞、弗洛姆等西方马克思主义理论家通过对异化的心理机制和性格结构的现实批判而对现代人的深层自我异化做了初步探索;彼得洛维奇、沙夫等东欧新马克思主义理论家则在自我异化的理论阐释和现代人生存悖论的现实批判两个基本层面对人的自我异化做了更为深入和全面的研究。这些探讨对于更加深刻揭示当代人类文明困境和人的生存的内在矛盾性,更加合理地推动社会发展具有重要的价值。
Der autoritäre Charakter
(2020)
Der kreative Mensch
(2020)
Der Marketing-Charakter
(2020)
Der narzisstische Charakter
(2020)
Der nekrophile Charakter
(2020)
Der Wille zum Leben
(2020)
Hate may be regarded as a complex affective-cognitive emotion and attitude alloyed with aggression. Hate and aggression have both neurobiological and environmental determinants. Hate may be overt or covert, externalized or internalized, and/or somatized. Persistent recurrent painful and traumatic experiences generate and exacerbate hate and aggression. An amalgam of hate and love is evident in the ambivalence of all self and object relationships and in conscious and unconscious fantasy. In the mature personality, there is a preponderance of love over hate. There may be justified hatred of sociopathic individuals and groups.
Dies ist der erste Teil einer Studie zu psychosozialer Beratung Betroffener politischer Verfolgung und staatlicher Willkür in der ehemaligen DDR. Sie stellt konzeptionell unsere spezifische Beratungsarbeit mit Betroffenen dar und ist zugleich ein Beispiel für die Analyse gesellschaftlicher Einflüsse auf die Entstehung von Leid und somit auch ein genereller Beitrag zu professioneller psychosozialer Beratung. Der erste Teil vollzieht gesellschaftliche Ursachen individuellen Leidens in der ehemaligen DDR nach. Von einem Fallbeispiel ausgehend wird im Anschluss an Foucault ein auf die DDR adaptiertes Modell des >disziplinarischen Kontinuums< vorgestellt. Hiernach bestanden in der DDR zwischen Haft und Alltag fließende Übergänge, und das Schicksal politischer Verfolgter macht im Brennglas das Schicksal großer Teile der Bevölkerung sichtbar. Im Anschluss an Bernfeld wird anschließend ein Modell von »Unrechtserleben durch Erfahrung kommunikativer Widersprüche« entwickelt. Dies stellt heraus, dass die DDR individuelles Unrechtsempfinden und gesellschaftlichen Protest nicht nur unterdrückt, sondern gleichzeitig in einer paradoxen Weise durch Propagieren höchster Ideale, die ihrem eigenen Handeln widersprachen, selbst produziert hat.
Dies ist der zweite Teil einer Studie zu psychosozialer Beratung Betroffener politischer Verfolgung und staatlicher Willkür in der ehemaligen DDR. Sie stellt konzeptionell unsere spezifische Beratungsarbeit mit Betroffenen dar und ist zugleich ein Beispiel für die Analyse gesellschaftlicher Einflüsse auf die Entstehung von Leid und somit auch ein genereller Beitrag zu professioneller psychosozialer Beratung. Der zweite Teil stellt das Beratungskonzept des Kooperationsprojektes des Universitätsklinikums Magdeburg mit der Landesbeauftragten in Sachsen-Anhalt >Netzwerk für psychosoziale Beratung und Therapie Betroffener von SED-Unrecht< vor. Nach einem Überblick über Entstehung und Struktur wird die Beratungsarbeit anhand von vier Beziehungsangeboten vorgestellt, denen unsere Klienten in der heutigen Gesellschaft begegnen. Diese finden sich automatisch auch im beraterischen Kontext wieder und müssen reflektiert werden. Wir schlagen abschließend ein Modell generischer Beziehungsangebote vor. Professionelles Beratungshandeln stellt sich demnach als immer wieder neu auszutarierende Balance zwischen Empowerment und Enttäuschung dar, unter Vermeidung von Missbrauch auf der einen und Überdistanzierung auf der anderen Seite.
Epilogue
(2020)
Recent decades have witnessed a surge of important studies dealing with intellectuals’ confrontation with fascism and Nazism, and the societal roles that they can play, especially during such “dark times.” This is an area that is close to my study, and it is therefore important to mark the difference between some of these studies and mine in terms of content and form and with regard to the meaning and significance intellectuals assigned to their works.
Erich Fromm (1900–1980) was a Marxist psychoanalyst, philosopher, and socialist humanist. This article asks: How can Fromm’s critical theory of communication be used and updated to provide a critical perspective in the age of digital and communicative capitalism? In order to provide an answer, this article discusses elements from Fromm’s work that allow us to better understand the human communication process. The focus is on communication (the second section), ideology (the third section), and technology (the fourth section). Fromm’s approach can inform a critical theory of communication in multiple respects: His notion of the social character allows to underpin such a theory with foundations from critical psychology. Fromm’s distinction between the authoritarian and the humanistic character can be used for discerning among authoritarian and humanistic communication. Fromm’s work can also inform ideology critique: the ideology of having shapes life, thought, language, and social action in capitalism. In capitalism, technology (including computing) is fetishized and the logic of quantification shapes social relations. Fromm’s quest for humanist technology and participatory computing can inform contemporary debates about digital capitalism and its alternatives.
En este artículo consideraremos el vínculo entre la obra de Erich Seligmann Fromm (1900-1980) y la relación educativa. Fromm aportó una perspectiva humanista fundamental al pensamiento contemporáneo y su obra se caracterizó por hilvanar variadas influencias culturales, tales como el Antiguo Testamento, el Budismo, el Marxismo, la Sociología y, desde luego, el Psicoanálisis. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es el de comprender mejor esta relación, considerando sus características principales. La obra de este emblemático autor invita a reflexionar sobre aspectos diversos relacionados con la educación que van desde su concepto, sus finalidades, así como diferentes características de una buena relación educativa, temática que abordaremos en este artículo. Fromm aporta una perspectiva singular y sumamente interesante que abre espacios de reflexión a partir de variados aspectos sobre la existencia humana en sus textos. En este estudio hemos analizado doce de sus obras que van desde >El miedo a la libertad< (1941), >El arte de amar< (1956) o >El arte de escuchar< (1995). Este análisis ha permitido seleccionar aquellos contenidos vinculados a la relación educativa. Así consideraremos lo que Fromm entiende por educación, para posteriormente concretar cuáles serían las cuestiones más esenciales en una óptima relación educativa y qué la debe caracterizar.
The article analyzes the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the human heart, goodness and evil inclinations, sadism, the problems of freedom of worship, human destructiveness, various forms of aggression, contradictory necrophilia and biophilia. In the philosophy of Erich Fromm, the heart of the human soul is shown by the desire for destructive desires and the uplifting desires - love for humanity and freedom. Our goal is to analyze the souls of human minds based on the works of the intellectuals. From the Erich Fromm heart concept, the robotic personality and the character of the stranger are disclosed.
Wer von Erich Fromm nur >Die Kunst des Liebens<und >Haben oder Sein< kennt, weiß nur wenig von den Quellen, aus denen sich sein Denken speist. Beide Bücher sind für ein großes Publikum geschrieben. In beiden geht es um Kulturkritik: darum, dass die Art und Weise, wie wir unser gesellschaftliches Zusammenleben auf Wettbewerb und Profitmaximierung gründen, den Einzelnen und damit die Gesellschaft als Ganzes krank macht; aber auch darum, Alternativen aufzuzeigen, wie man sich in einer verrückt gewordenen Welt eine auf Liebe und schöpferische Kreativität gegründete Menschlichkeit bewahren kann.