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1999: Blick zurück
(1978)
哈罗德•品特是英国荒诞派戏剧的代表人物,是受到世界公认的优秀剧作家,其创作的>威胁喜剧<具有发人深思的思想力量和引起共鸣的巨大艺术魅力。>品特风格<,品特戏剧的结构模式、本质特征及其后现代戏剧艺术,包括其荒诞和异化的主题一直受到国内外批评家的关注。本文拟从埃利希•弗洛姆人本主义精神分析的视角,对品特>威胁喜剧<反映现代社会异化主题进行深入剖析,用其关于>人的处境<与>需要<、>社会人格<与>社会潜意识<等理论来观察品特对现代社会人与社会关系的洞悉与刻画。论文选择品特的三部戏剧《生日宴会》、《看门人》和《出路》进行针对性的文本分析,认为>品特式的冲突<、>品特式的威胁<正是弗洛姆描述的西方现代异化社会的主题化和戏剧化;那些在不断产生>威胁<的社会中的>荒诞<与>无能<的人物及其存在主义的生存状态表明,弗洛姆追求的个人的自由和自我实现的人本主义理想只不过是个乌托邦,因为品特戏剧表现的日常生活情境的>惯例<仪式规定着权力与屈服的内在控制关系,构成了威胁背后的异化的现实。论文由五部分组成。第一章描述了品特戏剧的基本特色和国内外研究现状,指出利用弗洛姆的人本主义精神分析理论深入研究品特戏剧异化主题的必要性。第二章以>人的处境<与>需要<、>社会人格<与>社会潜意识<为主,解析弗洛姆的人本主义精神分析理论。弗洛姆认为现代人的自由处境使人陷入孤独无依的焦虑和无能的状态,而人的矛盾存在又使人产生只有健全的社会才能满足的基本需要。为满足个人与世界联系的需要,逃避孤独与不安而形成的心理机能即>社会潜意识<以及与之相关的>社会人格<决定着人的潜能的压抑或发挥。第三章阐释面对扭曲的>社会人格<的生存威胁品特三部戏剧中怪诞人物的生存恐慌:《生日宴会》中的孤僻的隐居者面对莫名其妙的胁迫和询问惊恐不安地听任折磨与摧残、《看门人》中三个被剥夺一切的小人物生活在相互的生存威胁之中而痛失友谊、《出路》中自奉为上帝信徒却极为阴险凶残的监狱官通过刑讯逼供和精神折磨使他人处于被威胁的丧失基本人权的痛苦境地。在品特戏剧情节和语言的荒唐和交流的可怕的背后,在威胁的背后,是人际关系和人性的异化。因此,第四章进一步分析在病态的社会无意识的威胁之下乱伦、不理智和破坏性等变态需求或欲望的产生,正是弗洛姆关于人性异化的写照。在《生日宴会》中,主角通过发展和女主人的不伦恋情而渴望得到归属感。他只想寻求自己的根。在《看门人》中,剧中的主要角色将房子看作身份的象征。为了捍卫他们自己的身份感和归属感,他们愿意做一切事情。而《出路》中,残暴的政府官员折磨政治囚犯,通过残忍的虐待和心理的折磨,只为控制他人,满足他的征服欲。在第五章的结论中,论文强调哈罗德•品特用现实主义手法营造的无时不在的生存威胁及其带来的恐慌使他的剧本充满强大的戏剧张力,而透过弗洛姆的人本主义精神分析更加显示出品特戏剧对于认识现代社会和人性异化的重要价值。
The therapeutic relationship exists within multiple levels of reality – including that of ordinary life and that of the therapeutic frame. This interplay between these two levels of reality gives rise to paradoxical experiences for both participants. Certain >principles< or >rules< of technique can be understood as a means of enabling the therapist to cope with what is usually referred to as >boundary< issues. It is essential that the analyst or therapist demonstrate capacity to shift playfully from one level of reality to another. The >rule< of abstinence and the asymmetry of desire that exists between the two participants are discussed. Gratification within the therapeutic frame is paradoxical in that gratification at one level of reality leads to privation at another level of reality. These paradoxical experiences for both patient and analyst are examined in relation to projective identification and to the analyst's countertransference.
>Conscientisation<
(1974)
>Crossing the Black Water< – Alienation and Identity among South Asian Immigrant Women in Canada
(1998)
This article highlights the analysis of the patient's experience of the analyst's subjectivity in the psychoanalytic situation. Just as psychoanalytic theory has focused on the mother exclusively as the object of the infant's needs while ignoring the subjectivity of the mother, so, too, psychoanalysis has considered the analyst only as an object while neglecting the subjectivity of the analyst as the analyst is experienced by the patient. The analyst's subjectivity is an important element in the analytic situation, and the patient's experience of the analyst's subjectivity needs to be made conscious. Patients seek to connect to their analysts, to know them, to probe beneath their professional facade, and to reach their psychic centers much in the same way that children seek to connect to and penetrate their parents’ inner worlds. The exploration of the patient's experience of the analyst's subjectivity represents one underemphasized aspect of the analysis of transference, and it is an essential aspect of a detailed and thorough explication and articulation of the therapeutic relationship. The paper explores controversies regarding the analyst's self-disclosure and countertransference.
>Der Mann in der Kloake<
(1928)
>Der Weg ins Leben<
(1932)
>Der Welt ein neues Glück<
(1997)
Der vorliegende Text setzt sich kritisch mit Erich Fromms Text zur Furcht vor der Freiheit auseinander. Schwerpunkt der Auseindersetzung ist Fromms Kapitel zur Rennaissance. Es wird argumentiert, dass nicht eine Furcht vor der Freiheit ausschlaggebend für die Genese autoritärer Gesellschaftlichkeit ist, sondern die der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise immanente Tendenz, jegliche Subsistenzmittel zu zerstören. Der Freudmarxist Erich Fromm widmet sich in seinem Buch >Die Furcht vor der Freiheit< der Charakterstruktur und der Bedeutung der Freiheit für den modernen Menschen. Fromm vertritt die These, dass der moderne Mensch, je mehr er Individuum wird und sich von den >Fesseln der vorindivualistischen Gesellschaft (Fromm 2014: 7) befreie, sich entweder mit der Welt in >spontaner Liebe und produktiver Arbeit< vereine oder Bindungen eingehe, die seine Freiheit und die Integrität seines individuellen Selbst zerstöre (ebd.23) Das Individuum der Moderne ist für Fromm stets Produkt eines widersprüchlichen Gesellschaftsprozesses. Diesen Prozess meint er auch in den ideologischen und sozioökonomischen Entwicklungen der Reformation entdecken zu können. Gesellschaftliche Umwälzungen und Verwerfungen gingen Hand in Hand und bringen – damals wie heute – menschliche Freiheit und Autonomie mit sich, jedoch nur um den Preis der sozialen Isolation, die mithin neue Bindungen und die Unterwerfung unter eine höhere Autorität hervorbringe. In Kapitel 3a >Mittelalterlicher Hintergrund und Renaissance< versucht Fromm den Übergang von mittelalterlichen Gesellschaften zur Renaissance und dem >Italiener der Renaissance< (ebd. 39) zu skizzieren, dessen Charakterstruktur er als Ausgangspunkt des modernen Individuums sieht. [Buecher.de]
>Die psychische Folter<
(1995)
The psychoanalytic situation provides many opportunities for people to observe their analysts closely. These observations are inevitably woven into the fabric of patients’ transference experience. Because the observations can be uncomfortable for the analyst, there is a constant temptation to ignore or deny the plausibility of patients’ perceptions. They can be, and often are, quickly reinterpreted as derivatives of sexual or aggressive urges. Psychoanalytic drive theory, with its emphasis on impulse rather than observation as the force behind transference experience, can encourage counter-transferential disclaimers and lead to blind spots. Some technical suggestions are offered to avoid this tendency and are based on a relational understanding of the nature of transference.
Kevin B.Anderson and Russell Rockwell, Lexington Books (Apr. 杜娜叶夫斯卡碰 (Raya Dunayevskaya,1910—1987) 系马克思主义人道主义者、女权主义哲学家。本书的研究对象是她和另两位思想家H?马尔库塞(Herbert Marcuse,1898—1979)、E.弗洛姆 (Erich Fromm,1900—1980)在1954—1978 年间的往来书信。在本书中, K.B.安德森 (Kevin B. Anderson) 和R洛克威尔 (Russell Rockwell) 重点概括了这些书信中关于理论与政治的对话,话题涉及辩证的社会理论
The three papers by Modell, Aron, and Greenberg are discussed in terms of their relationship to a new paradigm for understanding the psychoanalytic situation. The paradigm is called social-constructivist to capture both the idea of the analyst's participation and the idea of construction of meaning. It is argued that these theorists, as well as many of the authors they cite as part of a broad movement in the field, do not consistently meet the criteria for this paradigm, although they seem to be aiming for it. An important source of inconsistency and confusion derives from the confounding of the two axes: drive-relational and positivist-constructivist. Many relational theorists who hold fast to the idea that analysts can grasp the truth of both their own experience and that of the patient are no closer to the constructivist point of view than was Freud. The call by Aron and Greenberg for greater attention to the patient's resisted experience of the analyst's subjectivity is discussed in terms of its potential benefits and problems. The ritualized asymmetry of the psychoanalytic situation is said to have important functions, including prevention of excessive involvement and protection of the unobjectionable positive transference and of a degree of idealization. Modell's notion of paradox, which makes the therapeutic relationship seem >real< and >unreal< at the same time, is seen as a special instance of the always precarious social construction of reality. It is argued, moreover, that the social and individual aspects of experience are interdependent. Neither is reducible to the other, and both should be understood, like many other issues in the new paradigm, in terms of a dialectical interplay of figure and ground in experience.
>Education permanente< für das Alter: Prinzipien einer sozialgeragogischen Bildung der Jüngeren
(1976)
>Eia Popeia<
(1929)