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- 1998 (234) (remove)
>Crossing the Black Water< – Alienation and Identity among South Asian Immigrant Women in Canada
(1998)
>Like Those Crystal Balls of Yore...< Fragility Within the Analytic Relation: Real or Fancied?
(1998)
This paper proposes that countertransference dreams may serve as indicators and help deal with difficult crisis in the psychoanalytic process. The transferential field defines the difficulties which the analyst has to deal with. The analyst is always involved in this field. A fragment of a clinical case of the author, in which a countertransference dream had an important role, is used as an example. This paper proposes that countertransference dreams may serve as indicators and help deal with difficult crisis in the psychoanalytic process. The transferential field defines the difficulties which the analyst has to deal with. The analyst is always involved in this field. A fragment of a clinical case of the author, in which a countertransference dream had an important role, is used as an example.
The author discusses the system of affects and terminology in connection to theories of affective monitoring, especially Krause's description of the relationship between discrete affects and actions and Tomkins classification of positive, neutral and negative affects. The relationship between the affective system, the intensity of affects and the experience of mental pain, including different qualities of anxiety is explored as well as the ways in which mental pain can be modulated and transformed to symbols, depending on the empathic capacity of the object. A process which in its turn contributes to the forming of internal objects and the integration of the specular object and the emotional object as it is described by Bollas.
Concerning Respect
(1998)
Editor’s Foreword
(1998)
Fear in the countertransference, and its consequent need for safety, is often ignored in analysis. Yet it helps analysts understand themselves, their patients and the interactive process that triggers these reactions. From a two-person relational perspective, I discuss transactions that arouse mild and more intense fearfulness. My thesis is that not only is fear-arousal an interpersonal event, but so is its relief. I contend analyst and patient together create a danger/safety balance that enables each to profitably pursue their analytic mission. Reciprocity and responsibility are essential aspects of the two-person endeavor in analytic work. Fear in the countertransference often results from induction and projective identification, commingled with personal anxieties and fantasies. I discuss here projective identification as both a communication and an enactment. Two clinical vignettes illustrate the interpersonal transactions that elicit the analyst's fear as well as the dyad's attempts to alleviate it. Conjoint regulation and the analyst's use of self-disclosure provide examples of techniques that help recalibrate the danger/safety balance. The analyst's fearfulness demonstrates vulnerability to and interdependence with the patient. Understanding and working through of fear in the countertransference facilitates the analytic process.
On the basis of a historical survey of Ferenczi's contributions to the concept of countertransference, the author highlights the most important theoretical shifts present in each of his contributions, from Freud's initial formulation in 1910 to the ?Clinical Diary?. Besides pointing to some key concepts and characteristics in Ferenczi's thinking, such as ?the control of the countertransference?, ?The transference-countertransference interaction?, ?the analyst's narcissism?, and in particular the view of countertransference as a useful therapeutic tool in itself rather than as an obstacle for the cure. The author discusses Ferenczi's significant influence on some later analysts, especially on Heimann, Winnicott, Racker and Searles who stood out precisely for, among other reasons, their contributions to the question of countertransference.
On the basis of the assumption that the understanding of Freud's work can gain much from illuminating his own psychological development, the author tries to reconstruct the evolution of his self-analysis. Against the common view of placing it in the context of his relationship with Fliess, the author shows how it actually evolved out of a whole series of experiences and relationships. Freud's self-analysis was initially nourished by his study of the Greek and Latin classics; it acquired the necessary interpersonal dimension through his relationship with Emil Fluss and Eduard Silberstein; it gained a cathartic and thus therapeutic quality through his relationship with Martha; and it eventually became a professional enterprise once his patients forced Freud, with the help of Wilhelm Fliess, to systematically look into himself.
Frieda Fromm-Reichmann became famous with her intensive psychotherapy of psychotic patients which she developed in Chestnut Lodge where she worked, after having left Nazi Germany, from 1935 until her death in 1957. The paper outlines her life and work in Germany. Studying medicine in Königsberg (East Prussia), she wrote her dissertation about pupillary changes in schizophrenia and worked during World War 1 under the famous neurologist Kurt Goldstein with brain injured soldiers. They both differentiated between somatic and psychic factors in neurologic patients and published articles about neurotraumatology including aphasia. Between 1920 and 1923, she worked in the psychotherapeutic sanatorium Weisser Hirsch in Dresden under J.H. Schultz where she treated neurotic and psychotic patients. In these years, she started her training analysis and her psychoanalytic teaching and publishing. From 1924 to 1933 she led a kosher psychoanalytic sanatorium in Heidelberg, co-founded the Frankfurt Psychoanalytic Society and gave university lectures in psychoanalysis in Frankfurt and Heidelberg. She became a close friend of Georg Groddeck who treated also somatically ill patients with psychoanalysis. — Her great promoters furthered different important attitudes which got very important for Fromm-Reichmann later: Goldstein the natural scientific discipline, Fromm the political view, Groddeck the therapeutic optimism.
From Disintegration to Unintegration: The Creation of Potential Space Through Work with Dreams
(1998)
From God to Friendship: The Changing Moral Orders of Educational Stories in Finnish ABC Books
(1998)
Getting There
(1998)
Géza Róheim, the Therapist
(1998)
Heidegger on Freud
(1998)
Addressing the issues of intersubjectivity and hermenutics and their relevance for psychoanalysis, the author presents a model for interpreting inspired by the existential hermeneutics of Martin Heidegger. This analysis is then applied to the clinical reality of the psychoanalytical situation. The author discusses the matrix of transference, the analytical dialogue as a form of reflection, the functions of hope and faith, and lastly, truth as faithfulness in the hermeneutic context.
How to Become a Forgotten Intellectual: Intellectual Movements and the Rise and Fall of Erich Fromm
(1998)
Most reputation studies focus on canonized intellectuals, scholars, and artists. With few exceptions, there has been little detailed examination of the sociological dynamics involved in exclusion. Examined here are the ideas and reputation history of the German psychoanalyst and sociologist Erich FROMM, expanding the repu-tation model outlined by Michele Lamont in >How to Become a Dominant French Intellectual: The Case of Jacques Derrida.< The example of Erich FROMM provides support for a modified version of Lamont's model as well as a level analysis framework. FROMM was a prestigious intellectual in sociology, psychoanalysis, and US intellectual life in the 1940s and 1950s, but since has gone out fashion. Similar macro-, organizational, and microfactors explain both FROMM's decline and Derrida's rise to status after 1965. Emphasis is on the importance of symbolic boundaries within and between psychoanalysis, Marxism, and sociology as factors that both create and damage intellectual reputations.
I Hate, therefore I am
(1998)
Frida Kahlo was a Mexican artist (1907-1954). Altogether she painted almost 200 pictures, among them 55 self-portraits. Frida contracted polio at the age of six and her right leg was shrivelled. She began to paint at the age of 18 while recovering from a serious traffic accident, as a result of which she could never give birth to a living child. This was a painful and wounding experience for her. But Frida psychologically created an inner space, enlivening her womanhood, and remained artistically creative. She underwent over 30 operations and was bed-ridden for long periods of her life. Frida's pictures derive from her life as a woman. She created something new out of her archaic Mexican heritage. Space, time, the body, are entwined in many ways in Frida's life and art. It is in space and time that her life of the body expands its significance. The body imprisoned Frida in the imaginary, where there are no bonds and limits. The object of Frida's intense study was her own self. She painted self-portraits to be able to feel she existed. She built and created herself in painting. The bed-ridden Frida studied herself in mirrors like Narcissus in the water's surface and became merged and separated. She lived literally in the tensions of life and death. Frida Kahlo's pictures are incarnated from life to life and become protective and supportive icons.
In a Glass Darkly
(1998)
Introduction
(1998)
Social-constructivist and other postmodern currents within contemporary psychoanalysis put a great premium on an epistemological critique of positivism and the authority of the analyst. This focus on the essential ambiguity and constructed nature of experience implicitly tilts the analyst's interest away from a disciplined attempt to develop systems of validation that rely on observable patient responses as confirmatory data with which to judge the analyst's interventions and understandings. As a result, even while defending themselves against charges of relativism and solipsism, many postmodern writers still tend to idealize uncertainty and implicitly discourage the clinician from seeking greater accuracy and clarity about the patient. Epistemic doubt and an ethic that celebrates surprise, although useful as a corrective to tendencies toward rigidity and arrogance in technique, unnecessarily clouds the ubiquitous existence and possibility of accurate intersubjective understanding. This bias can be seen as historically linked to similar processes in academia in which progressive intellectuals abandoned a social change agenda in response to a growing political conservatism and cultural cynicism and, instead, became increasingly involved in >theory for its own sake.< Similarly, the epistemological position of the postmodernists sponsors a bias against therapeutic activism and inadvertently rationalizes a growing pessimism in our own clinical practice.
J. D. Sutherland in memoriam
(1998)
In The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Volume III, Ernest Jones explained the third wave of dissension as an effect of the progressive mental deterioration of two members of the Committee, who had governed the psychoanalytic movement: Rank and Ferenczi. While in relation to Rank, Jones made a partial recant, in relation to Ferenczi, he did not modify his assertions. Erich Fromm collected various testimonies by witnesses of Ferenczi's last years, all contrasting Jones's assertions, and challenged Jones's manner of writing his-tory. However, since Fromm was himself a dissident, and his witnesses were pupils, relatives or friends of Ferenczi's, they were discarded as >partisans<. The present study aims at reconsidering the question on the basis of many docu-ments, among which the 1958 report of Lajos Levy (Ferenczi's physician) to Anna Freud. The consulted documents do not support Jones's allegation of Ferenczi's insanity. At the same time, they show that Jones's allegation was not a one-man fabrication, but reflected a shared belief. Finally, the author attempts a reading of the possible function of this belief within the psychoanalytic commu-nity. It is pointed out that Ferenczi's emphasis on the analyst as a real person was incompatible with the strict conception of psychoanalysis, based on the theoretical rejection of the affective factors which was becoming dominant around 1957, and it is argued that the narrative of Ferenczi's >falling into insanity< represented an expression of the fear of remaining embroiled in the patient's affective net.
One of Sándor Ferenczi's greatest contributions to clinical theory and method is his pioneering concept of analyst self-disclosure. First introduced in his famous paper ?The elasticity of psycho-analytic technique? (1928), analyst self-disclosure changed the nature of clinical interaction between analyst and analysand, from the Freudian model of a surgeon to the responsiveness of an empathic mother. Ferenczi's clinical work with the so-called ?difficult cases? (narcissistic, borderline and psychotic disorders) moved him to discover the ethos of activity within an empathic method. Analyst self-disclosure is one of those responsive measures he developed to address the deficits in communication and interpersonal functioning in trauma survivors. An outline is presented of the ?Confusion of Tongues? which is the model from which selfdisclosure is derived. A contemporary extension of this idea is offered in the clinical and theoretical distinction between judicious vs. conspicuous self-disclosure.
The interface of empirical work with child psychoanalysis at the Anna Freud Centre is part of the tradition of systematic study and research pioneered over many years by Anna Freud and her colleagues (A. Freud, 1962; Sandier, 1962; A. Freud 1965). George Moran initiated a program of work at the Anna Freud Centre, which, starting with the work on juvenile onset diabetes (Fonagy et al., 1991b), led us to ask fundamental questions about the nature of the child psychoanalysis, with important implications for technique. We acknowledged our debt by dedicating the lecture on which this paper is based to George Moran, whom we see as a worthy successor to Marianne Kris, both of them working within the tradition of Anna Freud. This article starts with observations that imply the need for a change in some aspects of our psychoanalytic model. Throughout child psychoanalysis is used to illustrate both the need for change and the character of the revision that is required. The authors, however, assert that, as is so often the case for explorations in child analysis, these ideas may be extrapolated to psychoanalytic approaches to adults, specifically individuals with borderline personality disorder.
Keeping it moving. Commentary on Judith Butler's >melancholy gender – refused identification<
(1998)
Kohut's contribution
(1998)
Analytic child therapy techniques developed as modifications of techniques from adult psychoanalysis. Child therapy continues to be regarded as an adaptation of adult analysis and to give a central place to the methods and conditions of adult analysis, such as interpretation, in its understanding of how therapy heals. I propose that child therapy is not a modified form of therapy and that the essential processes of therapy are fully present in child therapy. In fact, they often may be seen more clearly there than in adult therapy. I suggest two interrelated processes as the essential ones in all analytic therapy. The first is play. I examine several interrelated aspects of play, specifically as they occur in child therapy. These include the emergence and integration of dissociated self-states, symbolization, and recognition. The second process I propose as essential in analytic therapy is the renegotiation of self – other relationships through action. This renegotiation is what can help patients become able to play in therapy when they have difficulty doing so. Since I suggest that action is at the heart of analytic therapy, I go on to consider the role of talking in an action therapy. Finally, I explore the dimensions of mutuality in the relationship between child and therapist, including mutual influence and regulation, mutual recognition, and mutual regression. The intersubjective nature of psychotherapy, which is increasingly appreciated in adult analytic therapy but not in child therapy, provides a fertile context for the evolution of play and for the productive renegotiation of self – other relationships.
Cites cases of children believing in male maternity, and describes myths and legends, classical and modern, involving the same type of event. These beliefs are discussed in terms of the concepts of Freud and E. FROMM. It is concluded that the fantasy of male maternity is linked with frustrated creative aspirations.
Listening three frost poems
(1998)