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德裔美籍心里分析学家、哲学家和社会学家埃利希•弗罗姆(E(?) Fromm),1900年3月23日生于德国美因河畔法兰克福一个商人的家庭。他是一个独生子,双亲都是犹太人,母亲经常抑郁寡欢,父亲则只知赚钱,性格暴躁、喜怒无常。在这样的气氛中,他自述>成了一个孤独的孩子<。父母的神经质,加上他少年期间女友的自杀,以及二次大战法西斯主义的疯狂行径使他深人,也是法兰克福学派的重要代表人物之一。1980年3月18日于瑞士的洛迦诺逝世。 感孤独、苦闷,陷于沉思之中。1922年他在德国海德堡大学获哲学博士学位,曾在慕尼黑大学和柏林精神分析研究所工作;1929年到1934年,他在法兰克福心理分析研究所和社会研究所工作。纳粹夺取政权后,他流亡美国,曾在纽约社会研究所及美国心理分析研究所工作,并先后在耶鲁大学、墨西哥大学、密执安大学、纽约大学任教,是美国新弗洛伊德主义的创始
A Room for One's Own
(1993)
Foreword
(1993)
This study explored the role of authoritarianism in presidential decision-making regarding the use of force. Harry Truman's decision to fight in Korea, John Kennedy's decision to increase American military advisers in Vietnam, Lyndon Johnson's decision to increase American forces in Vietnam, Richard Nixon's decision to invade Cambodia, Ronald Reagan's decision to invade Grenada, and George Bush's decision to attack Iraq were studied using the Revised Authoritarianism Questionnaire (RAQ), designed for the study on the basis of earlier field studies using the F-Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and R. N. Sanford, 1950) and the RWA scale (Altemeyer, 1988). The RAQ was used to do a content analysis of writings about the six presidents' decisions to use force in order to determine the degree of authoritarianism in the decision making process. – Theoretical literature on authoritarianism including Wilhelm Reich, Erich FROMM, Max Horkheimer, Abraham Maslow and others was reviewed. Field studies of authoritarianism: the F-Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and R. N. Sanford, 1950), the Authoritarian-Equalitarian Scale (F. Sanford, 1950), and the RWA scale (Altemeyer, 1988) were also reviewed. Precis of writings about the decisions were taken from the writings of the presidents, their aides and advisers, and other sources with first-hand information. Balance was sought among supporters and opponents of each president in the precis. The RAQ is a twelve item scale which assesses directly the factors of authoritarianism. It is scored using a five-point Likert scale. Using the RAQ an overall authoritarianism rating as well as ratings on each of the scale items was obtained for each president studied.
Geschichte der Selbstanalyse
(1993)
The Bureaucratic Machine
(1993)
What Is Politics?
(1993)
Class, Status, Party
(1993)
The Modern World-System
(1993)
Vagina Envy in Men
(1993)
Can the Subaltern Speak?
(1993)
A challenge is offered to the characterization of psychoanalysis as suffering from potentially fatal epistemic flaws and needing to ground itself in the language of hermeneutics, neuropsychology, or infant observation in order to survive. Psychoanalytic truth is neither made up nor discovered. Psychoanalytic propositions are true in the important sense of being the most useful statements we can make right now about the nature and functioning of the human unconscious. Psychoanalytic theories evolve through rational critical discourse just as theories evolve in all fields of science and scholarship.
The hermeneutic turn in psychoanalysis may be less a move toward soft science than an attempt to address certain failures in the classical tradition. The latter has failed to convert Freud's many metaphors into anything like responsible science it has been unable to give up its fascination with Freud and move on to other thinkers and other points of view it has been unable to find an answer to the problem of secrecy and privileged access to clinical data under the heavy hand of theory, it has all but eliminated research from the psychoanalytic enterprise and finally, it has been unable to find a home for the Roshomon effect and the fact that almost everything worth looking at has at least two sides. Above all, psychoanalysis needs to recognize that our theory is often the projection of either our Zeitgeist or our personal history. Until we can make room for the problem of subjectivity in our theory-building, we will never be able to separate the singer from the song.
An analysis of the contribution of Max Weber and the early critical theorists (eg, Erich FROMM and Max Horkheimer) to the development of empirical social psychology. Unlike rationalists, for whom rational action is axiomatic, Weber and his successors realized that social actors may be deeply ambivalent in their impulses. They were led to this realization by concern about the uncertain loyalties of contemporary social classes. Indeed, Max Weber's seminal and still-neglected research on the psychology of rural east Prussian laborers gave empirical survey research its first fateful stimulus and led to a succession of later studies by Marie Bernays, Adolf Levenstein, and others. Perhaps the most notable was a survey of the working class in Weimar Germany, 1929-1931, carried out by FROMM and Horkheimer. Results of this survey led the authors to realize that even avowed democrats may be unconsciously ambivalent about democracy, with an admixture of democratic and authoritarian tendencies. This realization led to a cycle of important studies culminating in Theodor W. Adorno's, R. N. Sanford's, Else Frenkel-Brunswick's, and Daniel J. Levinson's The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), which even its detractors agree was a major intellectual and technical milestone in the history of empirical social psychology.
Review Phyllis Grosskurth: The Secret Ring: Freud's Inner Circle and the Politics of Psychoanalysis
(1993)
The Stranger
(1993)
An underlying premise of this paper is that human beings actively and purposefully impose meanings on their experiences of psychic injury and that these meanings then have important implications for character development. Specifically, the paper examines how individuals, in defensive reaction to psychic injury, may repress their >impossible-to-fulfill< wishes, only to find those wishes eventually reborn as needs. In this way, a person's oppressive cruelty to his own wishes gives rise to resentment, indignation, and entitlement, which, in turn, fuel the experience of need. While wish implicitly communicates a request to receive from another, need, with its vicissitudes of demand and urgency, may do violence to the free social discourse of giving and receiving. The interpersonal field of give-and-take may be so constrained by the circular compulsivity of mandated giving and entitled needfulness that it is emptied of any spontaneous desire. The differential impact of communicating needs and wishes on the wider social contract – of which psychotherapy is an influential constituent – is then addressed. The paper then discusses how need and entitlement may be manifested in the transference along a passivity-activity dimension and thus illuminate the theme of responsibility for the treatment. Finally, the view of need as an entitled demand for gratification is contrasted with a view of need as a fervent wish for recognition in conjunction with the process of mourning. Mourning is viewed as a process of reintegrating impossible-to-fulfill wishes for >what could have been< and relinquishing the necessity of their fulfillment.
Vorbemerkung
(1993)
E Pluribus Unum?
(1993)
Reply to the Commentaries
(1993)
Länger leben trotz Medien
(1993)
Developing Minds. Challenge and Continuity Across the Life Span. New York (BasicBooks, sic) 1993.
(1993)
Review Jeffrey Victor Diller: Freud's Jewish Identity: A Case Study in the Impact of Ethnicity
(1993)
Review Stephen M. Weissman: His Brother's Keeper: A Psychobiography of Samuel Taylor Coleridge
(1993)
Mögliche Gründe für die Ausklammerung der ethischen Dimension und damit des Bösen in der Psychotherapie werden erörtert. Die Vorstellungen des Psychoanalytikers E. FROMM und des Philosophen P. Ricoeur, die sich explizit mit dieser Problematik auseinandersetzten, werden dargelegt. Im Ergebnis wird festgehalten, dass eine sinnvolle Ausklammerung des Bösen durchaus als weise Selbstbeschränkung verstanden werden kann, eine völlige Ausblendung jedoch als Ausdruck anmassender Überschätzung der Möglichkeiten von Psychotherapie zu bewerten ist.
Angst vor der Angst
(1993)
Auf den Phallus kommt es an
(1993)