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A review of Sotsialnaia filosofiia Frankfurtskoi shkoly: kriticheskie ocherki ( The Social Philosophy of the Frankfurt School: The Critical Essays, Moskva-Mysl, Praga-Svoboda, 1975). This is the first fundamental attempt in Soviet philosophical literature to analyze one of the most influential schools in modern bourgeois philosophy. H. Marcuse, E. FROMM, T. Adorno, Horkheimer, Habermas, and K. Offe are the main representatives of this school. The chronological identification of the school, consisting of three phases in its development, is considered to be successful. Criticism of Czechoslovak and Jugoslav revisionists is praised. The criticism of left rebel H. Marcuse is overly simplified. His revolution, changes in his views, and the substantial contradiction in his last works should have played a more important part in the book. The main success of the book is in its ability to demonstrate the small bourgeois character of the Frankfurt school, the subjective and idealistic principles of its theories, and total bankruptcy of its guidelines.
Review Fromm, E.: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973a, German): Der Haß auf das Leben selbst
(1975)
Postface
(1975)
Autoritarismus
(1975)
Sosialisme og demokrati
(1975)
Review Fromm, E.: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973a, German): Was ist Aggression klinisch?
(1975)
Presents a psychoanalytic reinterpretation of Shakespeare's Hamlet which focuses on Hamlet's personality rather than viewing the play as representing the classic ödipal struggle. The events of the play are evaluated in terms of the concepts of such theorists as K. Horney, E. FROMM, H. S. Sullivan, and others. Hamlet is seen as an alienated, destructive man with a psychopathic personality, bent upon obtaining revenge for his lost throne.
Review Fromm, E.: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973a, German). Anatomie der Zerstörung
(1975)
Epidemiology of depression
(1975)
Discusses the relationship between individual psychopathology and sociocultural conditions. 4 basic problems are analyzed: (a) the nature of the changing sociocultural factors that influence personality, (b) how these factors directly affect the individual, (c) how interactive and internal factors produce psychopathology, and (d) how the expression of illness can be inhibited, facilitated, or modified by social mores. The theoretical contributions of Horney, Sullivan, FROMM, Kardiner, and other psychoanalysts to these issues are reviewed. Changing forms of neuroses and psychoses are related to corresponding shifts in attitudes and social norms, the influence of specific cultural factors on individual development are described, and the implications of these factors for social intervention and treatment are considered.
The teachings of S. Freud have penetrated, in their various versions, into every pore of American culture, though not all partisans of psychoanalysis recognize the validity of the >Freudian ethic.< However, the admission that psychoanalysis pays attention to human values was made by one of its greatest theoreticians, H. Hartman. Additional confirmations of the presumed moralistic character of psychoanalysis, in spite of the insistence of its founder or rigorous scientific premises, are made by P. Rieff in >The Mind of the Moralist,< and E. FROMM in >Sigmund Freud's Mission,< (no publication information available). These attempts to formulate an ethical content in Freud's work contradict his persistent refusal to make value judgments himself. The variations in the interpretation of Freud in America are a reflection of the pluralism born of the social contradictions of US society. At the same time, the broad influence exercised by psychoanalysis over the American intelligentsia is such that American social science attempts to solve many of its tasks using the language and concepts of psychoanalysis.
Mennesket og friheten
(1975)
Es wird eine Analyse möglicher Wege zur Selbstfindung und Selbstverwirklichung vorgelegt. Im ersten Teil, der mehr vom anthropologisch-psychologischen Standpunkt ausgeht, werden die Schriften von G. Condrau, V. E. Frankl und E. FROMM behandelt. In Form einer >Stufenfolge der Besinnung< werden die Meinungen dieser drei Autoren zu verschiedenen Aspekten (Sinnlosigkeitsgefühl, positive Sinnfindung, Freiheit, >Selbst<, Selbstverwirklichung) jeweils parallel aufgeführt, miteinander verglichen und ergänzt. Im zweiten, mehr therapeutisch orientierten Teil wird der >Weg zu sich selbst< anhand der Therapieformen von C. R. Rogers und A. Janov aufgezeigt. Zuerst wird der Weg des Klienten in der nicht-direktiven Therapie nach Rogers, danach der Ablauf der Primärtherapie nach Janov geschildert. In einem letzten Kapitel wird der Versuch einer neuen Therapieform als Kombination aus den Erkenntnissen der vorgehend geschilderten Therapien unternommen. von dieser Therapie wird ausgesagt, daß es sich hierbei um ein theoretisches Konstrukt handle, das bislang noch der Erfahrung in der Praxis entbehrt, jedoch Anstoß zu einem neuen Vorgehen sein könnte.
The attempt at establishing the interrelationship between character, society and the politics of liberation is what unites the efforts of these 3 Freudian theorists. Wilhelm Reich's focus was on character. His search for a >prophylaxis of neurosis< through character analysis led him into sociology and the problem of social change through radical political activity. Erich FROMM addressed the >problem of man< by attempting to marry a humanistic, marxian, critical social science to a psychoanalytic theory which was stripped of its mystical and conservative social implications. Herbert Marcuse's project was to lay the philosophical foundation for a unification of social theory and revolutionary praxis. In the face of 20th century totalitarianism, each sought an incentive to act and a reason to hope, in Freud's concept of the >dynamic unconscious<. It was only a concept of fundamental human psychological, social or biological >needs< (needs which, if unmet, would necessarily motivate resistance to oppression and domination) that could counteract the pessimistic previews of the behavior shapers. aa
Review Fromm, E.: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973a, English): Why Are We so Destructive?
(1975)
Erich Fromm
(1975)
Perception and cognition have been strongly affected by the knowledge explosion which has led to: (1) >fragmentation and disintegration of knowledge,< and (2) the restriction of perceptual focus and comprehension to >narrow and peripheral areas of study and research.< This condition is caused by the disappearance of authentic and meaningful human experience from the context of knowledge, ie, scientific knowledge has cut off real human experience by over-abstraction. An example from sociology is the reification of categories, eg, role and system. The problem is one of overcoming the perceptual limitations which seriously distort the understanding of reality. The social definition of reality, which may conflict with authentic experience, must be transcended beyond its stereotypes through >critical skepticism and radical doubt.< Some implications of this viewpoint--with respect to depersonalized technocratic society, the possibility of a nuclear holocaust, and unchecked economic growth--are explored. Knowledge, in addition to being rooted in authentic experience, should enlarge the scope of human freedom by overcoming the constrictions of psychology and the sociology of knowledge. The contributions of a wide range of writers from E. FROMM to T. Roszak to the above perspective are noted.
Humanisme og dialektikk
(1975)
Sosialistisk humanisme
(1975)
Psychoanalytical methodology and sociological theory are combined to produce a sociopsychoanalytic approach in the study of social character of groups. An overview of sociopsychoanalytical research is presented, based on E. FROMM's 2 major contributions to the discipline: the sociopolitical study of German workers in the Hitler era, and a later project concerned with social pathology in a small Mexican village. In the former study, efforts were made to determine the degree of authoritarianism in the character of those workers who were pro-Nazi, and of those who held socialistic and democratic values. In the latter study, focus was on the high incidence of violence and alcoholism among a specific group of Mexican peasants, and whether these were symptoms related to social conditions or were negative characteristics shared by a social group. Interpretive questionnaire's were employed in both studies. Sociopsychoanalysis has much to contribute to the traditional methods of studying man and society that are presently used by social anthropologists and sociologists.
Erich Fromms Theorie der Biophilie – Nekrophilie. Ihre Auswirkungen auf die psychoanalytische Praxis
(1975)
Erich Fromm
(1975)
Review Fromm, E.: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973a, German): Aggressions-Aggressionen
(1975)
Mennesket og filosofien
(1975)
An attempt is made to determine what factors propel given individuals toward self-destruction, beginning with the classic work of Durkheim and his sociological analysis and classification of the 4 morphological types of self-annihilation. Although an act of suicide may appear to be precipitated by 1 specific cause, 1 stimulus alone is not sufficient to produce self-murder. theories of suicide are placed along a continuum from the strict social causation of Durkheim through the psychosocial formulations of FROMM, Reich, and Freud, to the psychoanalytic theories of unconscious volition of Abraham and Groddeck. All theorists agree that the personality structure of the individual is built during infancy and childhood and that later behavior is at least partially determined by this early formation. All concur that suicide must be consistent with the personality structure or it will not be considered. The socialization process, with its attendant repression of instinctual desires, is shown to cause a sense of guilt and frustration. If a reservoir of frustration accumulates, aggressive instincts emerge. Turned outward these take the form of destruction, sadism, or homicide. If not allowed external expression, these instincts are directed inward in a self-punitive manner leading to masochistic behavior, severe depression or perhaps, when the anxiety and tension become unbearable--to sucide. Psychoanalysts view suicide as a 'displacement' toward the self of the thwarted wish to murder another. Despite the difference in sociological and psychoanalytic explanations of causation, similarities were found. The theoretical discussion of the 4 kinds of suicide (anomic, egoistic, altruistic, and fatalistic) and their etiology is followed by a concise elaboration of indicators of potential suicide acts. Included is a section on specific behavioral clues of an impending suicidal attempt. Geared to the therapist or other human-service worker is a practical guide on 'techniques in intervention'.