Doslov
(1993)
德裔美籍心里分析学家、哲学家和社会学家埃利希•弗罗姆(E(?) Fromm),1900年3月23日生于德国美因河畔法兰克福一个商人的家庭。他是一个独生子,双亲都是犹太人,母亲经常抑郁寡欢,父亲则只知赚钱,性格暴躁、喜怒无常。在这样的气氛中,他自述>成了一个孤独的孩子<。父母的神经质,加上他少年期间女友的自杀,以及二次大战法西斯主义的疯狂行径使他深人,也是法兰克福学派的重要代表人物之一。1980年3月18日于瑞士的洛迦诺逝世。 感孤独、苦闷,陷于沉思之中。1922年他在德国海德堡大学获哲学博士学位,曾在慕尼黑大学和柏林精神分析研究所工作;1929年到1934年,他在法兰克福心理分析研究所和社会研究所工作。纳粹夺取政权后,他流亡美国,曾在纽约社会研究所及美国心理分析研究所工作,并先后在耶鲁大学、墨西哥大学、密执安大学、纽约大学任教,是美国新弗洛伊德主义的创始
A Room for One's Own
(1993)
Geschichte der Selbstanalyse
(1993)
>The Humanist Critique of School Education<: In a dialectical intellectual process, this critique of school education succeeds in elucidating those typical influence patterns that go into forming social character – which precede the school stage even. Not only diminished authority but a loss of psychic roots testify to the contradictory nature of children’s liberation. The school’s emphasis on individualization means that pupils are educated with the needs of the marketplace in mind. In the school itself, the production of >marketing< character structures is promoted by institutional mechanisms which, in essence, compel pupils to adapt to an authoritarian and hierarchical educational theory. As a counterweight to this >colonization< of schoolchildren, discussion here focuses on key proposals of how the school may have its humanity restored. Paramount here would be a new role for teachers, one involving restructured cognition processes, revised educational programs, and altered self-perspectives in pedagogical psychology. Also needed is a reform of instructional forms so as to make them more living, adventurous, and socially responsive. Growing educationaldifficulties also render essential an extension of counseling and supervision in matters related to pedagogical psychology. Finally, a number of leading categories are developed within which the humanization of the school can best proceed.
The Bureaucratic Machine
(1993)
What Is Politics?
(1993)
Class, Status, Party
(1993)
With the starting point in a discussion about social reality in the psychoanalytic process the definition of psychoanalysis is discussed. Then the concept of neutrality is examined somewhat more at length with the conclusion that the content of psychoanalysis must be determined by the patients' free associations, not excluding of course material of social and cultural origin. It is also suggested that the word neutrality could be replaced with reserve.
The Modern World-System
(1993)
An alternative view of the nature of dreaming consciousness is presented that differs from that of Dr. McDougall in three important ways. The dream is not regarded as the result of a return to a regressive state. It is a highly creative metaphorical representation of the subjective state of the dreamer. The dreamer is involved in a selfconfrontational act that is revelatory rather than disguised. Secondly, the dream is the result of the interplay of motivational sources that go beyond wish-fulfilment and that are mobilized by the effort to move against inner and outer constraints. Finally, dream content is concerned with issues of connectedness to the self and others. A distinction is drawn between an approach based solely on the basic phenomenological features of dreaming consciousness namely, the linkage of present and past subjective residues of experience and an approach in which metapsychological theory is used as a superimposed template in arriving at the meaning of dream imagery. The implications of this point of view are explored in connection with the clinical material presented by Dr. Mc- Dougall, A greater emphasis is placed on amplifying the recent emotional context of the dream, the specificity of the dream imagery and the dialogue needed to develop as fully as possible the associative matrix of the dream.
This article compares some traditional psychoanalytic models, and determines whether a new model can overcome some of the drawbacks of these earlier approaches. Five prominent psychoanalytic models are examined-Freudian, object-relations, interpersonal, self-psychology, and perspectivist. The similarities and limitations of these models are clarified and a new approach, the prospective model, is introduced. Clinical cases describe how the prospective model may assist the therapist in detecting conflict and overcoming the defensive operations. This material suggests the prospective model may supplement more traditional techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of emotional disorders.
After having read: The Piggle. An Account of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of a Little Girl by D W Winnicott the author presents the hypothesis that the Piggle is a sexually abused girl, who during the treatment is trying to tell what has actually happened to her. – The facts upon which the hypothesis is built are presented and discussed. The author suggests that Winnicott because of his countertransference is not capable to understand what his patient is telling him. His resistance is supposed to be acted out in an unfortunate way because of the weakness of the method of the treatment, psychoanalysis on demand, which means that Winnicott meets his little patient when she herself demands it.
El grupo de trabajo investigacion del caracter social del la sociedad international Erich Fromm
(1993)
Vagina Envy in Men
(1993)
Can the Subaltern Speak?
(1993)
A challenge is offered to the characterization of psychoanalysis as suffering from potentially fatal epistemic flaws and needing to ground itself in the language of hermeneutics, neuropsychology, or infant observation in order to survive. Psychoanalytic truth is neither made up nor discovered. Psychoanalytic propositions are true in the important sense of being the most useful statements we can make right now about the nature and functioning of the human unconscious. Psychoanalytic theories evolve through rational critical discourse just as theories evolve in all fields of science and scholarship.
The hermeneutic turn in psychoanalysis may be less a move toward soft science than an attempt to address certain failures in the classical tradition. The latter has failed to convert Freud's many metaphors into anything like responsible science it has been unable to give up its fascination with Freud and move on to other thinkers and other points of view it has been unable to find an answer to the problem of secrecy and privileged access to clinical data under the heavy hand of theory, it has all but eliminated research from the psychoanalytic enterprise and finally, it has been unable to find a home for the Roshomon effect and the fact that almost everything worth looking at has at least two sides. Above all, psychoanalysis needs to recognize that our theory is often the projection of either our Zeitgeist or our personal history. Until we can make room for the problem of subjectivity in our theory-building, we will never be able to separate the singer from the song.
An analysis of the contribution of Max Weber and the early critical theorists (eg, Erich FROMM and Max Horkheimer) to the development of empirical social psychology. Unlike rationalists, for whom rational action is axiomatic, Weber and his successors realized that social actors may be deeply ambivalent in their impulses. They were led to this realization by concern about the uncertain loyalties of contemporary social classes. Indeed, Max Weber's seminal and still-neglected research on the psychology of rural east Prussian laborers gave empirical survey research its first fateful stimulus and led to a succession of later studies by Marie Bernays, Adolf Levenstein, and others. Perhaps the most notable was a survey of the working class in Weimar Germany, 1929-1931, carried out by FROMM and Horkheimer. Results of this survey led the authors to realize that even avowed democrats may be unconsciously ambivalent about democracy, with an admixture of democratic and authoritarian tendencies. This realization led to a cycle of important studies culminating in Theodor W. Adorno's, R. N. Sanford's, Else Frenkel-Brunswick's, and Daniel J. Levinson's The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1950), which even its detractors agree was a major intellectual and technical milestone in the history of empirical social psychology.
The Stranger
(1993)
The author develops the thesis that transference can only be properly understood as representing a transferred burden. Wherever the burden, by means of the symptoms it causes, succeeds in finding readiness in a fellow human being to share the predicament, therapy ensues in form of exceptional vicarious solidarity. Thus transfer is transformed into transference. Therapy, then, amounts to a second, a dialogical reception. This means reconnection of the ties, once lost, with a common human responsibility with regard to the challenges and potentialities of individual and social life contained in the burden. This constitutes the human ground, and the only ground, on which any methodical skills and theory formations carry real human weight.
An underlying premise of this paper is that human beings actively and purposefully impose meanings on their experiences of psychic injury and that these meanings then have important implications for character development. Specifically, the paper examines how individuals, in defensive reaction to psychic injury, may repress their >impossible-to-fulfill< wishes, only to find those wishes eventually reborn as needs. In this way, a person's oppressive cruelty to his own wishes gives rise to resentment, indignation, and entitlement, which, in turn, fuel the experience of need. While wish implicitly communicates a request to receive from another, need, with its vicissitudes of demand and urgency, may do violence to the free social discourse of giving and receiving. The interpersonal field of give-and-take may be so constrained by the circular compulsivity of mandated giving and entitled needfulness that it is emptied of any spontaneous desire. The differential impact of communicating needs and wishes on the wider social contract – of which psychotherapy is an influential constituent – is then addressed. The paper then discusses how need and entitlement may be manifested in the transference along a passivity-activity dimension and thus illuminate the theme of responsibility for the treatment. Finally, the view of need as an entitled demand for gratification is contrasted with a view of need as a fervent wish for recognition in conjunction with the process of mourning. Mourning is viewed as a process of reintegrating impossible-to-fulfill wishes for >what could have been< and relinquishing the necessity of their fulfillment.
Vorbemerkung
(1993)
E Pluribus Unum?
(1993)
Although Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswick, Daniel J. Levinson, and R. Nevitt Stanford promised to later review the theoretical contributions that guided their work when they published The Authoritarian Personality in 1950, this was never done. Nor have any of the 1,200+ subsequent studies on authoritarianism focused explicitly on the theoretical ideas that resulted in the nine subsyndromes introduced in the original study: conventionalism, authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression, antiintraception, superstition and stereotype, power and toughness, destructiveness and cynicism, projectivity, and concern with sex. Assessed here, therefore, are the theoretical and methodological contributions that were eventually incorporated into the classical conception of authoritarianism, particularly those of Erich FROMM, who had been working on a similar concept since the late 1920s.
Reply to the Commentaries
(1993)