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We explore the problematic dynamics in the relationship between societal systems of care and the chronically excluded, with particular reference to severe personality disorder and the >difficult-to-reach< patient. The individual who >refuses< is often met with a violent response: yet his violence must be understood as related to an experience of being violently excluded. We reformulate personality disorder as a disturbance of >groupishness< and suggest, as a paradigm for the problem of refusal, the story of Diogenes the Cynic, who >holed himself up< in a barrel; and of his legendary encounter with Alexander the Great, who tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to >come in from the cold.< We suggest it may be as important to focus on Alexander's violence as on that of Diogenes, and we examine modes of violence deployed by society against the excluded outsider, with particular reference to the hostile attribution of intentionality to the personality disordered individual's acts of violence and self-harm. We conclude by considering both the merits of the democratic therapeutic community model as a response to severe personality disorder and the dangers, inherent in this model among others, in an unconscious identification with Diogenes in his barrel.
Erich Fromm’s biophilia, a theory of personality development incorporating an interaction between existential needs and the socio-economic environment, was a significant element of Fromm’s proposed Analytic Social Psychology. Despite an enduring influence, Fromm’s theory of biophilia has been largely untested in the literature. Fromm argued that biophilia was the optimum way to conceptualise malignant aggression, and that the introduction and reward of cooperation was the best way to increase levels of biophilia, and thereby reduce levels of destructive behaviour in a population. It was the aim of this thesis to investigate whether the introduction and reward of cooperation would increase biophilia, and decrease aggression, in a population. In Studies One to Six, a trait biophilia scale was developed and psychometric validity and reliability established. In Studies Seven to Nine, scale predictive validity in comparison to existing trait measures was investigated in theoretically appropriate areas including online behaviour, positive psychology and pro-environmental behaviour. In Study Ten, a game theory paradigm for introducing and rewarding cooperation was developed, and the relationships among biophilia, cooperation and aggression were investigated. Contrary to Fromm’s theory, a positive association between aggression and cooperation, and negative associations between those and biophilia, were found. In addition, the effects of introducing and rewarding cooperation were investigated, and again contrary to Fromm’s theory, introducing and rewarding cooperation produced an increase in aggression and a reduction in biophilia. These findings may reflect an inherent tension within Fromm’s theory between the use of existential needs, that were argued to be the product of competitive natural selection, and the use of cooperative interventions derived from Marxist theory. It is proposed that the relationships among biophilia, cooperation and aggression may be mediated by frustration. Implications for interventions and future research are discussed.
The aim of this paper is to clarify some important interpersonal dynamics that underpin forensic patients’ presentations within the clinical environment, in a way that is accessible to nurses. The world of forensic mental health nursing is often difficult to describe to those who have not experienced first hand prolonged clinical contact with patients at the therapeutic interface of secure services. Even then, the characteristic, intense emotional phenomena that tend to arise out of interpersonal relationships with patients and colleagues is not easy to articulate. Yet, for those of us who consider our professional identity to be one of >forensic mental health nurse,< it seems important to find a way to put words to what appears to occupy a large component of our working lives. More importantly, if we can develop a way to make sense of the way our work makes us feel and the way we can find ourselves relating to others within our professional roles, we will be in a better position to harness our energy and enthusiasm in the service of supporting forensic patients towards effective care and treatment pathways. Of course, forensic patients are supported through services with or without a framework for articulating emotional and interpersonal experiences. However, this frequently occurs in the context of significant struggle. For patients, this struggle is often characterized by difficulty communicating what their needs are, and for nurses this struggle is often characterized by feeling emotionally overwhelmed by their task of providing containing, therapeutic relationships for patients whose interpersonal needs are not clear to them. This article will use case examples to describe some of the complex interpersonal and emotional challenges faced by forensic nurses, and explain how a psychodynamic framework could support nursing practice in each of the case examples.
Far more long before the >interdisciplinarity< as a concept, become a prominent issue in scientific and philosophical developments, many thinkers and philosophers have investigated interdisciplinary. Erich Fromm is one of the distinguished contemporary intellectuals who have applied interdisciplinarity as the way of investigation. Here, we attempt to follow interdisciplinarity and border-crossing in his works. Studying social and political crisis of the modem society, Fromm realized that it is rooted in human's psycho-existential characteristics on the one hand, and the socio-political status of, the modern society on the other; which only >love< and >creative work< can treat. In Fromm's view, neither political nor psychological analysis can offer a comprehensive understanding of what is going on in the society; rather a combination of the two. Thus, he believes in the necessity of border-crossing. >Love< as the >psycho-political< is the core of Fromm's interdisciplinary study of the modem society.
O objetivo deste texto é discutir o pensamento de Erich Fromm (1900-1980) sobre religião e cultura a partir do diálogo que faz com as ideias de Karl Marx (1818-1883) e Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Para atingir seu objetivo, ele percebeu a necessidade de estudar os fenômenos individuais e sociais, por meio das obras de Marx e Freud, em uma ótica diferente. O texto apresenta a visão de Erich Fromm sobre religião e cultura, bem como os motivos que o levaram a assumir uma posição crítica em relação à religião e à cultura de sua época. Os conceitos de religião e de cultura presentes em sua obra devem ser analisados a partir de sua funcionalidade no cultural e social, pois, desse modo, é possível entender o porquê de a religião não ser mais, como outrora, uma instituição preocupada apenas com o desenvolvimento da individualidade e com a autocriação humana. A grande contribuição de Erich Fromm reside no fato de ter buscado incessantemente os pontos de convergência entre Marx e Freud. Ele inaugurou um debate entre cultura e religião, que ainda não está encerrado.
El afecto ligado al alimento materno, troquela un ciclo -hambre /alimento /placer-, lo que en la vida adulta tendrá su equivalente en el ciclo de —angustia I ingesta I alivio-. Así, cuando nos encontramos con alguien que bebe y dice que no puede vivir sin hacerlo, o lo vemos deprimido porque le falta el alcohol, estamos ante una situación producida a la vez por los efectos placenteros de la sustancia en sí, por la inhóspita vida interior del sujeto y por las condiciones sociales acogedoras bajo las cuales suele beber.
This paper is unusual. For instance, one of its authors is a distinguished graphic artist, with interesting ideas about psychoanalytic treatment as a creative process. His collaborator is Arthur Feiner, who has been the editor of Contemporary Psychoanalysis for many years. As you can see, the paper itself is a dialogue between them, closely following an actual audiotape recording. Their theme has been much neglected. Immediately upon reading the paper, it occurred to me that it belongs in the Forum. For one thing, its important ideas are presented in a very readable fashion. Its informality sets a model inviting a wider range of creative thought about problems of our profession and how to approach them. It identifies our journal as something more than another analytic publication for reiteration of old dogmas.
Hannah Arendt und die Frankfurter Schule. Geteiltes Schicksal und antagonistische Persönlichkeiten,
(2009)
Searching for true productiveness on the social web. Source: http://www.re-public.gr/en/?p=286.
(2009)
Both parts of the therapeutic dyad are searching for ways of relating between them that are more flexible and that open up new possibilities for thought and feeling. When therapy succeeds, patients transcend old transference expectations and fears in a meeting with another subject, a meeting with qualities of something essentially new. Here, it is hypothesized that the patient in the transference unconsciously searches for a transformational meeting with another person. Through the interaction that is a result of this search, the patient moves between twoness and thirdness, and thereby enhances his or her mentalizing capacity. A transcript (of recorded material) from an intensive psychoanalytic therapy with a female patient in her early twenties is presented, analyzed, and discussed, focusing on how she made progress in her relational search during a session.
Einleitung,
(2009)
Freud encouraged the analyst to use his unconscious >as an instrument of the analysis,< but did not elaborate on how this should be done. This recommendation opened the door to a consideration of unconscious communication between the analyst and patient as an intersubjective exchange. Both Wilfred Bion and Erik Erikson emphasised the importance of the analyst's intuition, and the author compares and contrasts these two approaches. Erikson advocated a more cautious attitude regarding the analyst's subjectivity, while Bion promoted a broader application of the analyst's various private reactions to the analysand. A brief vignette from the analysis of a five-year-old boy is offered to illustrate the importance of the analyst's reveries, the mutual process of containment and transformation between analyst and patient, and the co-creation of an analytic narrative.
The four-year group therapy of 16 sex offenders in prison was videotaped, and 21 sessions were carefully transcribed and analysed by means of conversation analysis and analysis of metaphor and narration. These qualitative methods are apt for verbal data and can be combined with psychoanalytic thinking in a productive way. New forms of process analysis can be developed. The results presented here are selected to relate to the topic of how the imprisoned group therapy participants constructed >gender< by ways of speaking about themselves, women, and their victims, young girls. The results show that it would be a mistake to think of these ways of speaking as if they could be ignored in favour of >deeper< motives, lying >behind< the words. Our results show how unconscious constructions of gender are not beyond language, but in language. >Doing gender< is a conversational practice.
Laio ripensato da Edipo
(2009)
异化是一个哲学和社会学的概念。异化一词出自拉丁文,有让渡、转让、疏远、差异、分离、精神错乱等义。以后不同的哲学家赋予异化不同的涵义,霍布斯在权利转让的意义上使用异化,黑格尔认为异化即是绝对精神的外化,马克思的异化论主要是劳动异化,卢卡奇认为异化即物化,弗洛姆认为现代社会是总体异化的社会。文章评析了这几种关于异化的经典观点,寻求异化产生的根源。从生产力异化、消费异化、科技异化、政治异化多个方面分析异化的涵义和表现。文章在传统西方社会学角度对>异化<概念阐述的基础上,分析了在不同的社会形态和不同时期异化表现出不同特点,由于人与自然的关系和人与人的社会关系的交互作用推动着人类历史的发展。而这两重关系的交互作用,在人类历史发展的一定阶段必然产生异化;也由于这两重关系的交互作用,在人类历史发展的一定阶段又必然会扬弃异化。因而得出异化是人类历史演进的必经之路。是人类社会发展过程中特定阶段的必然产物。本质上讲,异化是一个关系范畴,文章从它的表征是实践过程中客体对主体的否定性关系,在社会历史领域表征为社会进步与人的价值的相悖关系,得出异化内在于人类实践过程之中,因此与人类历史共始终。这并不构成人类悲观的根据,相反,它是人类不断进取、社会不断进步的内在动力与源泉。而处于特殊时期的当前中国应当重视>异化<现象及其严重的负面影响,正确认识>异化<在社会发展过程中长期存在的必然性和可抑制的可能性,注重社会形态差异,着力创建社会公正、完善法制建设、提升社会主义精神文明建设水平以及合理继承中国传统文化精髓并有效付诸实践是抑制社会主义初级阶段社会中>异化<现象的可鉴手段。
An Old God Awakens, Briefly
(2009)
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar algunas de las consecuencias de la globalización en la educación y salud mental de los individuos desde una perspectiva socio psicoanalítica, tomando como referencia los aportes teóricos y empíricos de Erich Fromm. El presente trabajo invita al análisis de las orientaciones de carácter que desarrolla aquel que logra >adaptarse< al mundo globalizado, el alejamiento del desarrollo de características biofílicas, la propensión a la destructividad y las consecuencias que esto tiene en las relaciones humanas y en el porvenir.
The author compares the life and work of two pioneers and major sources of inspiration to the contemporary psychoanalytic debate: W.R. Bion (1897–1979) and H.S. Sullivan (1892–1949). Both their life and their work show similarities that allow the author to illuminate and constructively compare the one with the other. The author proposes his work as a useful exercise in the field of >comparative psychoanalysis,< an important key for the reconstruction of the history of our field and for a more scientifically coherent articulation of its theories.
Niebuhr and Erich Fromm
(2009)
Creatividad y Salud Mental
(2009)
El presente trabajo presenta una propuesta en la que se contempla el acto terapéutico como un acto de creatividad en el cual el lenguaje permite expresar el inconsciente. Se plantea que el trabajo psíquico tiene tres componentes: el trabajo del sueño, el trabajo del duelo y el trabajo de la creación que puede analizarse en fases que parten desde el origen del acto creativo hasta el momento en que se expone la obra al público.
Direktheit in der Therapie
(2009)
Directness in Therapy
(2009)
自古以来,自由问题是人们孜孜不倦探索的问题,也是人们积极实现的目标。然而,对自由问题的理解可谓仁者见仁、智者见智。弗罗姆作为20世纪弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义者,自由问题同样是他关注的中心。但是,针对当代西方资本主义社会,他的思路与以往研究自由问题的理论家有所不同。弗洛姆的自由思想主要吸取了马克思的历史观和弗洛伊德的心理学的营养。他从历史和心理的两个维度,去探索自由问题的根源和发展脉络。在弗罗姆看来,人们从中世纪的精神枷锁下一步步的解放出来,作为个体的人们得到了前所未有的自由。但是,资本主义社会的发展又使作为个体的人们感到没有了依靠、感到不安全、焦虑,无法享受辛苦得来的自由。从此,人们以为只要全力投身到经济生活中,把自己看作是机器的一份子,就可以忘掉现实。为了摆脱心理的压力,减弱这种不安全感,人们从>追求自由<的理想走向了自己的反面即>逃避自由<。对于如何解救这种病态的自由观,弗洛姆给出了一个解救的方案,即创造性的工作、爱和构建一个健全的社会。他认为,自由的先决条件就在于健全的社会,必须去构建一个健全的社会来维护来之不易的自由。只有这样,人们才成为一个健全的人,才能实现自由的理想。本文立足于弗洛姆原著理论资源的研读,结合当代对弗洛姆自由思想的研读成果,力图从弗洛姆理论的整体,对其自由思想的整体性、历史性和局限性进行研究。因此,本文的主旨存于能够说明弗洛姆自由思想的独特性和重要性,进一步彰显其自由思想的现实意义,能够为我国构建以人为本的和谐社会,提供有价值的思路和参考。第一部分,从弗洛姆自身的社会境遇和理论境遇出发,探索其自由思想的背景。弗洛姆生活的年代是上世纪前80年,这也是人类社会各种矛盾最为尖锐的时期。两次世界大战、经济大危机、纳粹掌权、核武器运用于战争等等,这些都是弗洛姆观察的重要题材。其次,弗洛姆特殊的家庭环境和人生经历也是形成其思想的重要依据。第二部分,从其理论发展的历史过程中,考察弗洛姆自由思想的理论基点。弗洛姆的自由思想基于两个方面的因素,即现实的社会状况和人的生存状况。在现实中,人们无法逃脱生存和历史的二分律。他既坚持马克思关于从现实社会中研究人的观点,也认为人难以改变历史留给自己的位置。在当代资本主义社会,人们无法逃避被异化。在弗洛姆看来人性既有动物性又有社会性,那么,异化就不只是社会的异化,人性也被异化了。因此,这些成为了其自由思想理论的现实内容。第三部分,从其理论的整体性中,阐述弗洛姆自由思想的主要内容、自由悖论的产生和健全社会的构建。在社会发展过程中,弗洛姆分析了各个时代人们追求自由和对自由的态度。接下来,从历史和心理两个维度,他进一步分析了自由走向自己的反面的过程。最后,从主观和客观两个方面,他探索了消除>逃避自由<的措施,即创造性的工作和爱,以及对社会进行改革——构建健全的社会。第四部分,通过对弗洛姆自由思想的考察,说明其自由思想的意义,并且论述了其局限性。把>自由问题<纳入心理学范围内,这是弗洛姆自由思想的独特之处。但是,他在解决>逃避自由<问题时,只凭借创造性的工作、爱和进行几项改革,太过于空想性和不切实际,没有真正找到一条走向自由的合乎实际的道路
从>爱欲解放<和>逃避自由<的人性学说出发,法兰克福学派认为,当代资本主义社会缺乏价值合理性,是一个病态的社会,是一个单向度的社会,也是一个不道德的社会。究其原因,主要在于当代资本主义社会的科学技术、文化工业和消费造成了人性的严重异化和个体的畸形发展,使人们的道德观念和道德判断趋于同一。更为严重的是,个体和社会都丧失了对自由、幸福和>善<的价值追求,伦理道德变成了一种纯粹的理想。在此基础上,他们试图以>爱的理论<和>商谈伦理<的社会伦理建构克服当代资本主义社会的道德危机。与其它理论相比,法兰克福学派社会伦理思想具有人本主义,批判性和悲观性等特点。由于历史的限制和认知的局限,法兰克福学派社会伦理思想存在着一些局限性,主要表现为其理论的片面性和抽象性。尽管如此,法兰克福学派对当代资本主义的社会伦理批判,对于现阶段我们坚持科学发展、坚持以人为本以及构建和谐社会有着现实的启示价值。
Worte auf den Preisträger
(2009)
El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar las implicaciones que tiene la >globalización< sobre la >identidad< del sujeto. Se plantea a la >globalización< como una uniformidad sobre personas de diversos orígenes y si bien es cierto puede generar facilidades, también conlleva dificultades para aquellos que están en la búsqueda de sí mismos, desde este punto de vista la enajenación parece ser una consecuencia de este fenómeno. Así mismo se pone de relieve que los adelantos científicos han traído grandes beneficios para la humanidad; en el terreno de la ciencia se encuentran las Neurociencias, los descubrimientos en Medicina conducen al conocimiento del genoma humano, la manipulación de genes que podrían retrasar la manifestación de alguna patología como el Alzheimer y el abatimiento de enfermedades que azotan a la humanidad como el sida y el cáncer etc. En otras áreas como la Astronomía el conocimiento vertiginoso que desentraña los secretos del universo y los adelantos de la Física Cuántica que ha dado luz a nuevas hipótesis.
Von der Couch zum Sessel
(2009)
From Couch to Chair
(2009)
Psychoanalysis meeting the challenges of globalisation: Commentary on Cláudio Laks Eizirik's paper
(2009)
Identity and structure as signifiers of the unconscious are in flux as a result of the evaporation of the relations in the modern world. The author develops some hypotheses on the input of the changing identity in respect to the psychoanalytic encounter in therapy and to processes in institutions. He comes to the conclusion that the orientation to the individual dynamics, the therapy room and the therapeutic relationship, which is at present substantial for most analysts, will no longer be relevant. Whether we will be successful or not as psychoanalysts depends on whether we see the world growing together, share the responsibility for it and take up the burning questions of globalisation.
Defence against shock, feelings of guilt, and shame about German atrocities during National Socialism (NS) have dominated the public discourse in Germany for decades. Mitscherlich and Mitscherlich have talked about the inability to mourn due to the involvement of most German families in Nazi terror. The research projects >Childhood in War< at the University of Munich and >War Children and their Flight< at the Hamburg DPG Institute are studying the long-term implications of a childhood during World War II and the Nazi period. In most cases, the personal development of the >war children< was affected – in the case of psychoanalysts, their psychoanalytic socialisation and current professional practice as well. The transgenerational transmission forms an NS introject in the personality. Due to their parents’ lack of empathy, war children are unconsciously looking for a containment of their unbearable feelings in their childhood. Psychoanalysis (including training analysis) becomes a stage where the analysee's childhood loneliness, the taboo-forming, the inhibition to ask and the protection of the parents, as well as feelings of guilt and embarrassment in the family, not talking about matters, and silence, occur once more in transference.
Freud y Buda coquetean
(2009)
This short paper concentrates on three powerful ideas introduced by three important theorists, namely, Merton’s interpretation of anomie in America, Fromm’s critical aesthetics regarding man’s consciousness in relation to nature, and finally Du Bois’ concept of the >racial wage< (Lemert, 2004, pp. 218-240). Those theories are then applied to the Japanese phenomenon of the <compensated date< and the Thai >sex industry<.
>Schauen Sie, hier...<
(2009)
>Now, Look here...<
(2009)