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Деструктивность относится к числу фундаментальных дискурсивных категорий, которые играют значительную роль в организации коммуникативного взаимодействия и определяют прагматику дискурса; ее изучение способствует пониманию некоторых механизмов и принципов коммуникации, а также идентификации стратегий и тактик, используемых деструктивной коммуникативной личностью. Актуальность настоящего исследования определяется нарастающими проявлениями агрессивности в различных типах дискурса и, соответственно, необходимостью расширения знаний о деструктивном поведении коммуникативной личности. Исследование базируется на теории дискурс-анализа и теории деструктивности (Z. Harris, T. van Dijk, A. Buss, E. Fromm, D. Ponton, K. Hacker, R. Wodak, Н.Д. Арутюнова, В.И. Карасик, М.Л. Макаров, Е.И. Шейгал и др.). Развивая теорию деструктивности Э. Фромма (1973), авторы уточняют понятие >деструктивности< по отношению к политическому дискурсу и соотносят его с родственным понятием агрессивности. В статье на материале отрывков из выступлений кандидатов на пост президента 2016 г. анализируется категория деструктивности в современном политическом дискурсе США. Особое внимание уделяется доминирующей деструктивной интенции – нанести вред репутации оппонента и уменьшить его политические шансы, а также функциям вербальной агрессии: с одной стороны, дискредитировать оппонента, с другой, настроить аудиторию против него/нее и вызвать у аудитории ощущение опасности, исходящей от политического оппонента. Проводится анализ вербальных и невербальных средств выражения деструктивности в политическом дискурсе США. Делается вывод о том, что оскорбительные реплики политиков – результат не спонтанного эмоционального всплеска, а тщательно продуманной деструктивной стратегии, в которой агональная природа политического дискурса стимулирует использование средств инструментальной агрессии (Басс, 1971) ради борьбы за власть, понижения статуса оппонента и ухудшения его публичного имиджа.
In theoretical considerations on democracy freedom is sometimes understood in unconditional and conditional terms. This general distinction underlies I. Berlin's concept of negative and positive freedom, and E. Fromm's concept of >freedom from< and >freedom to<. The authors of this paper introduce the concept of extrinsic and intrinsic sense of freedom which is meant to be psychological representation of the philosophical distinction on unconditional and conditional freedom, respectively. An extrinsic freedom results from a lack of external restrictions/barriers, whereas intrinsic freedom is based on the belief that being free means compatibility between one's own actions and preferred values, life goals or worldview. Based on nationwide survey data, the authors show that both forms of freedom are embedded in entirely different basic human values and moral intuitions. Further, it is shown that intrinsic freedom negatively predicts liberal orientation and clearly favors communitarian orientation, whereas extrinsic freedom clearly favors liberal orientation. The authors argue that both forms of experiencing freedom have different effects on support for the principles of liberal democracy. The positive effect of extrinsic freedom is indirect, i.e., entirely mediated by liberal orientation. On the other hand, the effect of intrinsic freedom can be decomposed into three components: a) as a positive direct effect, b) as a positive indirect effect (by strengthening the communitarian orientation), and c) as a negative indirect effect (by weakening the liberal orientation). In conclusion, the consequences of intrinsic and extrinsic freedom are discussed in the light of their relationships with support for democratic principles.
The article discusses some moral aspects of the conceptions of A. Maslow, C. Rogers, S. Jourard, R. May, and other representatives of humanistic psychology. The relations between human nature and >good< and >evil<, autonomy of mature morality, personal freedom and responsibility, conscience and guilt, moral determinants of interpersonal relations are the major problems under analysis. The author also presents some basic objections made against the moral formulations stated in humanistic psychology.
Acts of terrorism seem to never run out of Indonesia, from independence to the present day. Including the ideals of the establishment of an >Islamic State< that gave rise to a new wave of terrorism. The JAD group affiliated with ISIS clearly states that the Indonesian republic is thogut, so it is haram to be obedient to it, and they commit an act of terror some time ago. ISIS cleverly uses religious propositions to recruit new members. The verses of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet became his legitimacy. The concept of Hijra, Necrophilia and millenarism became the main doctrine of the ISIS. ISIS uses this narrative to facilitate and call for action in Indonesia. Suicide bombing, police station attack carried out by sympathizers, either JAD members or lone wolf. ISIS also utilizes social media well, this facilitates the idea of necrophilia, millenarism of ISIS is practiced by its sympathizers. Through qualitative and text analysis and the idea approach, necrophilia from Erich Fromm and millenarism from Norman Cohn, and other narrative this research is intended to make counter narrative of ISIS, so that the emergence is the concept of biophilia and optimism against the times and build a better future.
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Grundprinzipien der humanistischen Ethik von Erich Fromm darzustellen. Seine Ideen werden mit denen von Sigmund Freud und Karl Marx verknüpft, von denen Fromm oft inspiriert wurde. Im ersten Teil wird auf die Definition der humanistischen Ethik und die Unterscheidung zwischen biophiler und nekrophiler Orientierung eingegangen. Der Kern von Fromms Ethik ist seine Charakterologie. Dabei beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit produktiver und unproduktiver Orientierung, deren Ausprägungen und in der Folge auch Seinsweisen. Der Hauptteil beschreibt die Frage nach der menschlichen Natur, zusammen mit der Frage, ob der Mensch von Natur aus schlecht oder gut ist. Auch dem Freiheitsbegriff Fromms wird Beachtung geschenkt. Diese Interpretation beschreibt den Prozess der Individualisierung, der zur Freiheit führt, sowie die Mechanismen der Flucht, die sich aus diesem Prozess ergeben. Ein weiteres Thema ist ein Überblick über positive Freiheit und wie man sie erreicht. Im Zusammenhang mit der Freiheit befasst sich das Werk auch mit dem Gewissen. Der letzte Teil widmet sich einem Vergleich ausgewählter ethischer Kategorien von Karl Marx und Erich Fromm. Konkret geht es um eine Gegenüberstellung ihres Menschenbildes und seiner Entfremdung. [Deutsche Kurzfassung der Autorin]
[Chinese abstract not available] A personal character is determined by the historical era in which one lives. Erich Fromm is particularly concerned with the debated issue of freedom, especially the escape mechanism of freedom. As a member of the Frankfurt School, Erich Fromm believes that human beings are mainly social beings, not a self-sufficient enclosed system. After analyzing how the escape mechanism for freedom is produced, Fromm advocates that positive freedom should be the freedom to develop oneself freely, to fully tap and realize one’s own potential, to pursue the ideal of truth, goodness and beauty, and to promote personal growth and happiness. Only when people actively play their own roles in the society can their sense of isolation and helplessness be overcome. Replacing authoritarian power with democracy and instilling to people the ideas about life, liberty and truth can they find a right path towards self-realization. [Author's English]
The authors examine the influence that psychoanalysts’ economic situation has on the current state of psychoanalysis, particularly focusing on the situation in Germany and employing a perspective afforded by Marxian commodity analysis. Their analysis brings them to conclude that, in psychoanalysis, the suspension of truth value, the tolerance shown towards contradictory concepts, the lack of conceptual criticism, and the exclusion of sociocritical issues seem to be effects of psychoanalysts’ interest in realizing the exchange value of their psychoanalytic treatment and their accompanying lesser interest towards its use value.
Настоящая статья является попыткой прочтения русской фэнтези авторов женщинписательниц Елены Хаецкой и Марии Семёновой, с точки зрения гендерных исследований. Автор статьи находит в мироощущении и субъективности героев черты матриархальной (в романе Семёновой Волкодав) и патриархальной (в цикле новелл Е. Хаецкой, под общим названием Мракобес) структур. В том, как герой реагирует на окружающиймир, происходящие события и женщину, воплощается его субъективность, отражающаяэти системы общественных отношений. Автор статьи показывает тоже, как образ женщины меняется под влиянием точки зрения героев‑мужчин(в зависимости от того, какойтип общественных отношений они представляют собой): от богини по проститутку, отпочитания по страх перед ее натуральностью и телесностью.Главные слова: гендер, герой фэнтези, женская фэнтези, патриархальное/матриархальноемироощущение.
Wielcy myśliciele XX w. spostrzegają człowieka jako pewnego rodzaju >wybryk natury<, który wyłonił się nagle ze świata zwierzęcego, aby zaraz utracić większość swojego instynktu charakterystycznego dla zachowań zwierząt (za: Fromm, 1995). Wobec tego człowiek stał się bezradnym i bezbronnym łupem w walce o przetrwanie w świecie zwierząt. Jednak zostało w nim coś, co go odróżniało od jego >pobratymców<. Tę pozostałość stanowią zdolność myślenia, wyobraźnia i samoświadomość, które to pomogły człowiekowi przekształcić całą otaczającą go przyrodę i zmienić siebie.
The topic of the present bachelor thesis is Erich Fromm and his specific concept of a human being and psychoanalysis. In his works, this famous psychologist was able to explain the position of a human being in the society, their needs and problems linked to their own existence. The introductory chapter summarizes fundamental facts about Fromm’s life and mentions several important personalities who influenced his thinking. The following chapters focus on the main issues of Fromm’s concept of a human being, especially their place in the environment, their relationship with the surrounding world, life philosophy and the issue of personal freedom. It deals in detail with the issues of love, aggression, freedom and the >To Be and to Have< life philosophy. Another issue this thesis deals with is Fromm’s approach to psychoanalysis and religion. The concluding chapter contains the fact about the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud and a comparison of the individual concepts of a human being as formulated by Freud and Fromm respectively.
Gejolak konsep Ketuhanan sepanjang perjalanan kehidupan manusia senatiasa terjadi. Erich Fromm (1900-1980) yang merupakan seorang psikoanalis Mazhab Frankfurt, dalam karya-karyanya secara tersirat telah mencirikan suatu konsep yang dinamakannya sendiri sebagai ‘Mistisisme Non-Teistik’ sebagai suatu bentuk spiritualitas yang humanis dan mengatasi keterpisahan manusia yang dalam istilah Fromm disebut >well being< sebagai konsekuensi eksitensinya, yang akhirnya dapat mengatasi dilema kemanusiaan dan keberagaman. Kajian ini merupakan sebuah upaya untuk menguraikan pemahaman Ketuhann dalam perspektif Erich Fromm, serta relasi Tuhan dan manusia.
Kadın cinayetleri Türkiye’de önemli bir toplumsal sorun olarak varlığını korumaktadır. Cinayetlerin temelinde şiddet ve saldırganlık eğilimlerinin etkisi görülmektedir. Bu sebeple şiddetin psikolojik boyutu cinayet eylemlerinde belirleyici olmaktadır. Saldırganlık eğilimi birikerek bir şekilde gelişerek cinayet eylemlerine dönüşmektedir. Kadın cinayetleri incelenirken öncelikle bireyde mevcut bulunan saldırgan davranışların ele alınması gerekmektedir. Çalışmada şiddet ve saldırganlık eğilimlerinin bireysel anlamda psikolojik temelleri üzerine teorik çalışmalara değinilmektedir. Erich Fromm ve Sigmund Freud’un saldırganlık tipolojileri kuramsal açıdan dikkate değer görülmektedir. Çalışmada yöntem olarak vaka çalışması tercih edilmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında Türkiye’de son on yılda işlenen kadın cinayetleri ele alınmaktadır. Toplamda 2380 kadın cinayetinden 1260 vaka incelenmektedir. İncelenen vakalarda sağlıklı sonuçlar elde edilmesi bakımından nicelik, nitelik, işleniş biçimi ve sebepleri bakımından aydınlatılmış olması temel referans noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Cinayet eylemlerinde failin özellikleri, öldürme biçimi, sebebi, katil ve maktul ilişkisi dikkate alınmaktadır. Kadınların, en sık vakit geçirdiği kişiler tarafından öldürüldü gözlenmektedir. Cinayet işleme biçiminde ateşli silahlar yoğun olarak kullanılmaktadır. Cinayetlerde erkeğin özgürlük alanının daralması ve erkeğin kadın üzerindeki hâkimiyetinin ortadan kalkması önemli sebepleri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada cinayet sebepleri üzerinden ortak odak noktaları tespit edilerek çözüm önerileri sunulmaktadır. Kadına yönelik cinayet eylemlerinde bireysel silahlanma ve uzun vadede cinayeti önleyici politikalar üzerine yoğunlaşılmaktadır. Çalışmanın amacı işlenen kadın cinayetleri üzerinden vaka çalışması yaparak teorik çalışmalar ışığında bir takım çözüm önerileri sunmaktır.
Analytic writers have studied existential anxiety or annihilation anxiety, emanating from traumatic disruptions to people’s sense of going-on-being, reminders of their finitude, and facing a chaotic reality, and suggested that they can endure this anxiety by being with and living through it together with another person. The literature suggests that to be with patients who experience such anxiety, therapists need to indulge >narcissistically< in their own memories and fantasies of similar experiences, and, in parallel to the patients, enter transient regressive states. Sometimes, however, therapists are faced with a chaotic analytic reality that arouses existential anxiety in themselves, and seek to share it with their supervisors who, by experiencing parallel regressive states, can identify with their supervisees and grasp their experiences. Supervisors who consistently fail to be with their supervisees at such moments and persist in offering them new constructions of therapeutic materials might strengthen the supervisees’ defensive operations and disrupt their development as therapists.
Children construct their inner worlds by internalizing real and imagined aspects of their parental figures and their families as whole objects with their relational configurations. These familial configurations are often evoked in the context of communities that, similarly to families, struggle to preserve and advance their unity and collective values, interests, and symbols. Supervisees acknowledge their internalized familial relational configurations when they explore their countertransferences and their transferential responses to the analytic community. Understanding these transferences in supervision may facilitate the process of assimilating the analytic community into supervisees’ professional selves. Moreover, the supervisors represent and mediate both the community’s balanced and flexible relational therapeutic positions and its complexities. These positions might provide the supervisees with new group-object experiences and change their defensively organized rigid familial relational configurations, thereby further integrating the supervisees’ professional selves as well as strengthening the analytic community.
To maintain complex civilisation within planetary boundaries, we must secure a whole >system of systems< transformation of our activities. In this article, based on the lecture notes for my keynote speech at the International Conference on Critical and Radical Humanist Work and Organizational Psychology, I explore the ethical dimensions of making organisations that can help us improve our collective decision-making and at the same time become persons whose acting and being is consistent with the sustainability imperative. I outline a human capability for ethical organising which is directed towards making organisations that generate life-value, or those resources by which we cultivate the relational and material conditions for stewarding and sustaining all living beings and things. The >value of meaningfulness< and >mutuality as an organising principle< afford conversion factors for translating our general >will to form< into a human capability for ethically desirable organising. Meaningful work provides action contexts for people to discover, protect and develop values that matter to them. The moral value of meaningfulness is also productive for breaking into vicious cycles of corporate alienation that prevent the emergence of organisations as collective moral agents, characterised by integrity and empathy. I conclude that we need a fresh democratic dispensation – one that covers our associational life across all fields of endeavour.
This article aims to be an intervention into the recent discussions on the importance anxiety and ontological security in the study of International Relations (IR) (Kinvall and Mitzen, 2020; Hom and Steele, 2020; Rumelili, 2020). The paper poses an alternative critical starting point based on the Marxist concept of alienation. Marx’s work on alienation continued in historical materialist traditions such as in Lukács’ (1971) analysis reification has a lot to offer to the discussions on emotions and anxiety and the development of a politically relevant critical theory of IR. My purpose is to draw attention to the potential of Marxist social theory and particularly the concept of alienation in contributing to the development of an emancipatory critical IR theory. Most of the recent discussions on anxiety remain at an abstract level. The recent existential accounts of anxiety and ontological insecurity have subjectivist and idealist conceptions failing to account for the structures of power and domination in capitalist society. However, Marx’s concept of alienation deals with the consequences of power and domination in a more historically specific way (Sayers 2011, 1) providing the basis for a more meaningful social critique oriented to human emancipation.
[Chinese abstract not available] Lorraine Hansberry, the first black playwright and the youngest American to win a New York Critics’ Circle award, her >A Raisin in the sun<, opens on Broadway with great success. This paper mainly adopts the Alienation Theory of Fromm to explore her consciousness of reconstructing an inclusive Black Community based on disclosing that the dreams of the black people are distorted into sublime objects constructed by the dominant ideology. Grounded on the three principles from Fromm’s Alienation theory, this paper finds that Hansberry has not only suggested that the elimination of alienation can be achieved by the strong power of family bonds but also highlighted the essential role that the Black tradition plays in the construction of an inclusive Black Community where black people can traverse the ideological fantasy and develop their racial pride. [Author's English]
The authoress of this article has attempted to read the play by an American playwright Eugene O’Neill in the light of the concept of love as proposed by Erich Fromm in 1956. This German philosopher argued that the only way to escape loneliness, a feeling to which everybody is doomed, is to unite oneself with another person in love. In a popular publication, titled >The Art of Loving<, Fromm describes various forms of love. >Desire Under the Elms< – a play written more than three decades before Fromm’s publication – seems to illustrate these philosophical considerations. Such a view on O’Neill’s work allows to notice its human dimension, and perceive its protagonists as an embodiment of the universal human condition.
This paper aims at the presentation of ethical and political grounds of the pedagogy of asylum, which, in its assumptions, refers to concepts of such thinkers as Emmanuel Levinas, Erich Fromm, George Steiner, Hannah Arendt, Michael Walzer, Avishai Margalit, Jacques Derrida and Janusz Korczak. Utopia of hospitality, presented in its basic assumptions, constitutes a look at the social life, life of individuals and communities, as concentrated in asylums, while its author thinks that it forms an answer to modern challenges to Western democracies, education and politics in the >Age of Migration<.
Można przyjąć, że dwa biblijne mity – o wyjściu Adama i Ewy z ogrodu Eden oraz o budowniczych wieży Babel – są interesującymi ekspresjami wyobraźni utopijnej, ponieważ opowiadają o dwóch miejscach, w których na dwa odmienne sposoby realizowano projekty wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Współcześnie jednym z takich miejsc, które możemy rozumieć jako niejednoznaczny efekt realizacji utopii epoki rewolucji przemysłowej, jest szkoła – przestrzeń edukacji zaplanowana jako ważna część projektu wystarczająco doskonałego porządku społecznego. Dwa oryginalne odczytania – autorstwa Ericha Fromma i George’a Steinera – przywołanych biblijnych mitów posłużą wzbogaceniu o nowe wątki i podejścia dyskusji o kondycji współczesnej szkoły oraz dyskursów pedagogiki krytycznej czy pedagogiki oporu i pedagogiki hermeneutycznej.
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie miejsca i znaczenia w filozofii Ericha Fromma obecnych w jego pracach figur czasu mesjańskiego i rytuału sza¬batu. Powiązane ze sobą dają się odczytać jako integralna część koncepcji Fromma, prowadząca w jego myśli do pedagogii azylu – posiadającego istotny potencjał emancypacyjny i edukacyjny rozwiązania problemu alienacji współczesnego człowieka.
[Conclusion] Niniejsza monografi a dowodzi, że inspirowana myślą Ericha Fromma teoria i praktyka edukacji może znaleźć w niej reprezentującą orientację emancypacyjną w krytycznej teorii edukacji spojną i wartościową wykładnię. Wskazuje także, że zaproponowany przez niego zbior ustaleń i rozwiązań bez większych przeszkod może stanowić dla pedagogiki ogolnej, teorii wychowania, jak rownież oddziaływań służących formowaniu całokształtu zdolności życiowych człowieka rezerwuar jednostkowych zapożyczeń. Ponadto dowodzi, że formułowane w jego książkach sądy i stawiane tam tezy pozostają istotnym źrodłem dla dalszego namysłu w pedagogice krytycznej, fi lozofi i edukacji oraz podejmowanych badań w rożnych obszarach nauk o wychowaniu. Wskazany i potencjalny wkład Fromma do pedagogiki ujęty w tej książce, ustalony na podstawie kompleksowego opracowania jego myśli, daje się sprowadzić do listy kilku złożonych zagadnień rozwiniętych w poszczegolnych rozdziałach, takich jak: koncepcja natury człowieka, jego rozwoju, podmiotowości, zdrowia oraz ideału wychowania; teoria społeczeństwa i jego wpływu na kształtowanie się osobowości oraz zdolności życiowych człowieka; dialektyczna koncepcja zmiany społecznej oraz miejsca i roli w niej edukacji; teoria jednostkowej i społecznej alienacji; koncepcja emancypacji przez edukację; teoria ruchu emancypacyjnego; koncepcja nauczyciela jako transformatywnego intelektualisty; teoria utopii społecznej; koncepcja doktryny pedagogicznej i ich powiązania w ideologii edukacyjnej radykalnego humanizmu; ogolna teoria ideologii; koncepcja ukrytego programu edukacji oraz kryteriow ich krytyki; teoria pedagogii azylu. Należy zaznaczyć, że konsekwentna realizacja zadania badawczego wymagała nie tylko rekonstrukcji, analizy i odczytania koncepcji Fromma, jej kontekstu fi lozofi cznego oraz wpływu środowisk intelektualnego i kulturowego, z jakich się wywodzi, ale w kilku przypadkach również określenia, referowania czy wskazania stanu aktualnej dyskusji w pedagogice oraz poszczególnych naukach humanistycznych i społecznych na temat zagadnień, do których nawiązuje w swoich interdyscyplinarnych z założenia pismach. Innymi słowy, zadanie wymagało dostosowania się do okoliczności warunkujących podjętą pracę przekładu, by możliwe było prawidłowe przedstawienie konsekwencji myśli Fromma dla pedagogiki oraz jej adaptacja na gruncie dyscypliny i zgodnie z obowiązującymi w niej stanem wiedzy i regułami metodologicznymi.
Pierwsza część artykułu poświęcona jest rekonstrukcji narzędzia krytyki społecznej, użytego przez Leszka Koczanowicza w książce Polityka czasu do diagnozy dynamiki zmian występujących w społeczeństwie polskim po 1989 roku. Tym, co wyróżnia propozycję autora, wzorującego się na rozwiązaniu przyjętym przez Ernesto Laclau, na tle innych tego typu teorii, jest koncentracja na społecznych mitologiach i marginalizacja zjawiska ideologii. Druga część artykułu, która poświęcona jest rekonstrukcji założeń krytyki społecznej Ericha Fromma, pozwala, dzięki zestawieniu ze sobą tych dwu koncepcji, postawić pytanie o konsekwencje i potencjał krytyczny projektu Koczanowicza rezygnującego z dopracowania pojęcia ideologii i zintegrowania go z pojęciem mitu.
Short story is a type of popular literature in Indonesia. In short stories, love is one of the most well-known topics for the Indonesian audience. Amongst various types of love, a mother’s love is talked about the most. Thus, I decide to analyze how mothers express their love for their children in a compilation book titled >Rectoverso<. Also, I discover the consequences that the mothers experience due to their choices regarding love. By using the theory of love and the concept of motherly love from the book >The Art of Loving< by Erich Fromm, I find that the mothers have to face several choices that can give impacts toward their children and themselves. Every decision they make is caused by their love toward their children. Furthermore, the mothers prioritize their children instead of themselves. The impacts they experience may be positive or negative, depending on the situation.
Jika manusia terpisah dari lingkungan keluarganya, jiwa manusia akan selalu berada dalam kesunyiaan dan selalu dalam keadaan terasing. Dengan keadaan yang dirasakan terasing, sunyi, dan selalu merasa kesepian tersebut manusia dapat merasa bahwa ia sudah lepas atau bebas dari ikatan emosional kelauarganya.
I have chosen, for the jubilee volume, my article >Freedom vs. Intolerance – Variations on the Theme of Supernatural Wives and Husbands<. It appeared in the volume entitled >We are all Indians< Violence – Intolerance – Literature, edited by Wojciech Kalaga and Tadeusz Sławek (Katowice 1990). This was a special time for all of us; today it is called the time of breakthrough, or transformation. The topic of my article, and most other articles contained in this volume, is connected with the problem of freedom and enslavement, which, bearing in mind the atmosphere of that period, was almost inevitable. Thus, the reader will find, in that article of mine, reflections concerning the so called positive and negative freedom, some thoughts about Erich Fromm’s book >The Fear of Freedom<. I used there also an old proverb, quoted in the writings of Sir Isaiah Berlin: >to be free is nothing, to become free is the very heaven<, a proverb that sounded very appropriate in the times when we all in Poland were regaining our lost freedom. The article itself is a heady mixture of threads and motifs taken from classical and modern philosophy, folktales, Biblical traditions and mythology, whereas the typical literary studies, or history of literature, are virtually absent there. This rather unconventional approach is, to some extent, typical of the style of academic discourse characteristic of the English studies as understood and practised in the University of Silesia at that time, that is in the 1980s and 1990s. This style was shaped, among other persons, by the, often indirect, influence of such personalities as Wojciech Kalaga, Tadeusz Sławek, Emanuel Prower, Tadeusz Rachwał, or, last but not least, Ewa Borkowska, who also contributed to the volume in question. Naturally, I am solely responsible for what I wrote in that article, which is a rather faithful reflection of my interests (and perhaps also obsessions) in that very memorable period of time.
Penelitian bertujuan mengungkap gejala, bentuk, dan tujuan perasaan cinta tokoh-tokoh dalam novel >Fi Qalbi Untsa ‘Ibriyyah<, serta bagaimana mereka bersikap ketika perasaan cinta kepada sesama manusia terhalang oleh batasan agama yang mereka anut (Yahudi, Islam, dan Kristen) sehingga mengakibatkan konflik dan pertentangan di antara mereka. Penelitian ini berbentuk studi pustaka dengan melakukan analisis terhadap karya sastra Arab yang berbentuk novel serta menggunakan pendekatan psikososial Erich Fromm tentang konsep cinta, dimana Fromm berpandangan bahwa cinta merupakan solusi dari semua permasalahan manusia. >Fi Qalbi Untsa ‘Ibriyyah< menampilkan kehidupan para tokoh yang awalnya dalam suasana damai saling mencintai tanpa melihat identitas agama, tetapi kemudian cinta mereka berubah menjadi konflik setelah mengetahui perbedaan agama di antara mereka. Para tokoh memiliki dua pilihan, antara mengikuti perasaan cinta kepada manusia tanpa memandang identitas agama atau melepaskan rasa cinta tersebut dengan alasan menaati batasan agama sebagai wujud cinta kepada Tuhan. Penelitian menjadi penting ketika ditemukan fakta bahwa cinta yang berangkat dari perasaan suka kepada personal tanpa melihat ikatan sosial ternyata bisa melahirkan banyak konflik ketika bertemu dengan identitas agama beserta batasan-batasannya.
Sesambungan antarane sastra lan psikologi, ana maneka faktor kang wigati. Kapisan, sawijine sastra kudu nggambarake kakuwatan lan kapinteran pangriptane. Kaloro, karya sastra kudu nduweni kautaman sing babagan gagrag lan basa minangka piranti kanggo nyuntak pikiran lan rasane pangripta. Katelu, prakara gaya, struktur lan tema karya sastra kudu ana sesambungane karo elemen-elemen kang nggambarake pikiran lan rasane pawongan tartamtu. Panliten kanthi objek cerita sambung >Lodan Saka Segara Kidul< anggitane Kukuh S. Wibowo bakal nintingi prakara cacah telu. Kanthi ringkes underane panliten bisa dirumusake: (1) Tuwuhe sipat seneng nekad sajrone cerita sambung (2) Faktor-faktor kang njalari sipat seneng nekad lan (3) Problem saka sipat seneng nekad. Panliten iki nggunakake pendekatan Psikologi sosial teori kapribaden Erich Fromm. Fromm njupuk sikap tengah ing sadar nandhesake luwih sethithik babagan motivasi sadar lan saingan amarga salah sijine ciri unik manungsa yaiku kesadaran. Manungsa ora kewan amarga padha bisa nggawe alesan, mbayangno masa depan, lan kanthi sengaja nyoba nyedhaki tujuane urip. Nanging, miturut Fromm, yen kesadaran diri minangka campuran saka akeh wong sing nindhes wong-wong mau kanggo karakter dhasar supaya ora kuwatir. Ing masalah sosial, Fromm nerangake manawa manungsa bisa nduwe pengaruh luwih saka sejarah, budaya, lan masyarakat tinimbang biologi.
[Chinese abstract not available] Jesmyn Ward’s third novel, >Sing, Unburied, Sing<, however, is Ward’s second work to have won the National Book Award for fiction. It was >Sing< that laid a solid foundation for Ward’s reception from the American literary circle as a powerful new voice. Sing focuses on a black family in the American south, which was nearly torn apart by poverty, drugs, and racial discrimination; Apart from the estranged kinship in the black family, represented by ghost Richie, the black group in the novel also shows a seemingly strong desire for identity. Based on Erich Fromm’s alienation theory and his theories of love, this paper gives an analysis of the alienation of the protagonist at the level of love and racial identity and focuses on the struggle of the black group to survive in the white mainstream society, which resulted in their dual lack and dual pursuit of love and identity. This paper aims to reveal Ward’s fierce criticism of racist ideology that has caused the double dilemma of survival and spirit of black people in the American South and demonstrate her deep understanding as well as support for the ideals and actions of African Americans in terms of their eagerness to integrate into the mainstream society. [Author's English]
Some lineages and resources of Critical and Radical Humanist Work and Organizational Psychology
(2023)
Critical work and organizational psychology is developing on an international scale. Against the background of this evolving scientific field, in this extended version of my opening speech at the first International Conference on Critical and Radical Humanist Work and Organizational Psychology, held from 11th to 13th of July 2022 at the University of Innsbruck, I aim to address the following three questions: (1) What concepts may be relevant for critical work and organizational psychology in analyzing established „mainstream“ (i.e., hegemonic) conceptualizations within work and organizational psychology? (2) Cui bono, critical work and organizational psychology? – To what ethical foundations do (or can) representatives of critical work and organizational psychology refer to when they intend to criticize theory and practice in work and organizational psychology? (3) What do we know about work and organizations beyond domination, subjectification and social alienation? – About fractals of a humanist, socially sustainable economy. Preliminary answers to these questions and implications for the future of critical work and organizational psychology will be discussed.
Zauważyć należy, że mimo ogromnej różnicy między poglądami Fromma i Berlina a stanowiskiem Kościoła pojęcia wolności pozytywnej i wolności negatyw-nej spełniają funkcję pomocną w analizie fenomenu wolności religijnej. Oczywiście nie są to narzędzia umożliwiające ukazanie istoty wolności religijnej, ale mogą się przyczynić do unaocznienia takich rzadziej stanowiących przedmiot refleksji filozofów warunków koniecznych przyznawania się do religii, jak np. wolność od społecznego nacisku na grupy religijne, wolność od nieuprawnionych ingerencji państwa w sprawy religijne, wolność do swobodnego przekazywania wiedzy religijnej, do publicznego wyrażania przekonań religijnych itp. Myśliciele liberalni, których refleksja była inspiracją do napisania tego szkicu, skupiali swoją uwagę na wolności negatywnej. W tak rozumianej wolności upatrywali szczególną wartość. Wolność w rozumieniu przedstawianym w Dignitatis humanae, o ile można ją charakteryzować przy użyciu pojęć proponowanych przez Berlina czy Fromma, będzie zdecydowanie bliższe wolności w sensie pozytywnym, a jej urzeczywistnienie jednostka będzie osiągać przez dobrowolne poddanie się prowadzeniu przez rozpoznaną Prawdę.
The article is an attempt to prove that cinema, becoming a kind of home of a mythical being – a vampire, clearly influences the change in the perception of its importance in culture. It was decided to explore the form and narrative of >The Hunger<, directed by Tony Scott and >Only Lovers Left Alive<, written by Jim Jarmusch, because both of these works are masterpieces of the romance of the vampire myth with the film medium, which are not particularly popular among researchers of the phenomenon. The research works of Roland Barthes, Vladimir Propp, Erich Fromm and Rollo May were used, as well as the concepts of successive processing of a mythical story were demonstrated.
This paper discusses the notion of mental health from the perspective of the social context in which such a notion has to exist, and has to be fostered or otherwise, by that key social activity in a democracy that is education. In particular, it considers this topic by way of reviewing a thoroughgoing analysis of ‘society and sanity’ presented over a half century ago by Erich Fromm in his >The Sane Society<. The links to and an implications for a PCP understanding of mental health in the light of the ideas of Fromm and some later thinkers are discussed.
Schooling, followed by its modernized acclaim in educational standard is distorted with the ideal concept of education. Educational model and custom is kept in form of violence for the sake of achieving so-called disciplined product. It is not only physical but also includes non-physical forces as emotional and psychic are delivered in symbols. It is a part of expectation conflict, as well as internal part of social relation of parents and their children, teachers and their students, even society and children. At the same time, changes in educational ideologies is taking its root in child abuse even more. Education become severely see children as objects, which means reification. This study, using Erich Fromm’s approach, emphasizes in child abuse phenomenon related to Indonesian educational ideologies as a form of modern society's aggression. Timeline of educational ideologies is studied to reveal sources of child abuse within. Critical discourse analysis by Laclau and Mouffe is the method for deconstructing and acting to transformation of internal contradiction between educational ideologies and sources of child abuse. Results of this study show how in each educational ideology tropologically and historiographically implies violence, and that recent educational ideologies is facing crisis to legitimate its irrational authority of social modern society character, which, eventually, sharpen the root to child abuse in educational processes.
과학기술의 급속한 발전으로 생명안전 문제가 빈번히 발생하는 현대, 특히 코로나19의 배경 아래에서 역사적 경험을 통해 재난의 재발 방지를 위해 최선을 다하는 것은 미룰 수 없는 임무이다. 체르노빌 원전폭발은 이미 역사로 남았지만 그것이 남긴 문제는 아직도 적절하게 해결되지 않았다. >체르노빌<이라는 이 금기된공간을 어떻게 적절하게 처리할지는 현대사회의 문제 중 하나이다. 본문은 브래들리 파커(Bradley Parker) 감독의 <체르노빌 다이어리>(2012)를 사례로 현대에서 체르노빌의 공간적 표현을 고찰한다. 이 영화는 자극을추구하는 여행객들이 금지구역인 체르노빌로 진입하면서 겪는 끔찍한 상황을 그렸으며, 영화에서 나타난 체르노빌은 실제 체르노빌의 공간 상태와 부합한다. 영화에서 묘사한 체르노빌은 무인구역, 소비구역, 정치권력 규제구역 세 공간이 혼합된 장소이다. 본 논문에서는 세 공간이 작동하는 메커니즘과 상호 관계를 탐구하여 에리히 프롬(Erich Fromm)이 말한 건전한 사람과 건전한 사회의 구축에 기여할 것이다. 체르노빌은 무인구역, 소비구역, 정치권력 규제구역 세 공간이 혼합되어 서로를 제약한다. 체르노빌이라는 이 공간에서 국가는 주도적위치를 차지하며, 무인구역과 소비구역의 운영 배후에는 국가의 정치권력이 어느 정도 관여하고 있다. 원전폭발로 인해 체르노빌은 정치당국에 의해 >예외상태<로 운영되면서, 이 운영 체제 하에서 국가법, 인권, 도덕윤리 등문명사회의 체제와 규범이 사라지게 되었고, 이 공간에 들어온 개인의 생명은 순식간에 조르조 아감벤(Giorgio Agamben)이 말한 >벌거벗은 생명<으로 전락해 타인에 의해 생존권을 박탈당했다. 따라서 >건전한 사회<를 만들어 >건전한 개인의 생명<을 살리는 길을 고민하는 것은 매우 절실하다.
Problems of love can be included to psychology domain remember he go together is psychological someone. Hand in glove of its bearing with this research, hence in research of art there are a space to analyze belles letters with approach is art psychology. This research use approach is art psychology and theory wearied was Erich Fromm psychology theory, especially its theory about love. According to Fromm, form religious from love of the so-called with God love psychologically is not differ. One definitive matter is that essence love to that God on a par with essence love to human being. Love is human and the relationship in line with growth love human being to God. Love to God started from a period to human being not yet recognized something and still depend on strength or element outside him. Then human being recognize God love which is matriarchal so-called with Davit. Principal of this matriarchal love is equality.
Neste artigo pretende-se analisar certos xingamentos utilizados por falantes do dialeto alemão hunsrückisch de uma comunidade rural da região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul. À luz da concepção psicolinguística de Steven Pinker (2008) sobre o xingamento e da teoria do inconsciente social de Erich Fromm (1992), pretende-se analisar as formas arcaicas destes xingamentos e buscar em que medida ainda mantêm conexões com estímulos do pensamento medieval retido no inconsciente social desta comunidade.
The aim of this article was presentation the Fromm’s concept of person, person, who is involved to dichotomy of human subsistence. Person live, sometime it lived according to nature, there was part, however, in course of evolution, mental authorities have spread out at it. Person gaining consciousness, it has broken attachment of junction it with nature same. Fear has appeared and sense of alienation. Person has become free, but same very solitary. In purpose of killing existential solitude, person resorts to rate interpersonal. Correct, according to Fromm’s conception, rate is love, however the most often chosen rate is authoritarism, destruction and mechanical conformism. Dichotomies of person incline for choice among life or death, existence or property. Correct orientation, inherent restless being, is existence and life, other postures are secondary in accordance with they and if they are in balance, it lives according to nature person.
The conception of love in the Erich Fromm´s research tries to explain love from the point of view of his personality and through his work called The Art of Loving. The subject of this bachelor thesis is the Fromm´ s conception of the love compared to psychological and sociobiological explanations. Erich Fromm (1900-1980) received PhD in psychology from the University of Heidelberg in 1922. He worked with the Marx´s social concepts which he linked up with the psychological findings taken from Freud. The acquired knowledge was then applied to Fromm´s research of love. According to Fromm, love has many different images from the mother love, brother love, erotic love, self-love to the love to God. In the following chapters, the same analogical explanations of love are explained but from the sociobiological and psychological point of views. The sociobiology is science that supposes that the man was born to the world because his selfish genes wanted to. The only task the man has in his being is to pass on his genes to the next generation. Thus the categories of love are presented from this point of view. It is totally understandable that many people refuse the idea of just passing on the genes to the next generation as the only goal of their beings. The conception of love from the sociobiological point of view differs a lot from the Fromm´s understanding of love. However, the psychological views are shades into the Fromm´s views as it is influenced by his psychological education. Psychological conception of love describes the love according to the today´s psychologist views. There are three main views of love described in the bachelor thesis. It is not possible to decide if one is better than the other one. Psychology describes love as an emotional relationship which is characterized by the wide emotionality. On the contrary the sociobiology is science that lacks the emotions and its views is influenced by the evolution and biology. Although the impact of psychology is significant in Fromm´s works the sociology can also be identified. Each of the conceptions of love – Fromm´s, sociobiological or psychological prefers its own approach.
La legalità socialista
(1971)
Razumijevanje otuđenog čovjeka koji u povijesnom razvoju stječe sve više slobode, ali se u suvremenom društvu sve više osjeća izolirano od prirode i drugih ljudi, povezuje se u djelima Gaje Petrovića, istaknutog praksisovca, s univerzalnim humanističkim opredjeljenjima i dinamičkom psihologijom. Kada svoju pozornost usmjerava na Ericha Fromma i njegovog čovjeka za sebe, traži odgovore na pitanja što je u Frommovu shvaćanju posebno zanimljivo za tadašnju i buduću filozofiju. Zanima ga Frommovo istraživanje korijena bijega od slobode u čovjekovoj prirodi i suvremenom društvu, ali i mogućnosti oslobađanja čovjeka od tereta kojeg je postavio sam sebi. Pojmovi ljudska priroda i alijenacija Gaji Petroviću služe za produbljenje i proširenje filozofskih promišljanja o čovjeku, kako bi ponudio rješenje osnovnih problema egzistencije i društvenih odnosa. Jedna od zajedničkih točki susreta Gaje Petrovića i Ericha Fromma jest i raskorak između čovjekove biti i stvarne, praktične egzistencije. U središtu njihove filozofije je čovjek, njegova priroda i proturječnosti s kojima se suočava kao stvaralačko biće prakse. Zajedničko im je i pitanje treba li i kako ponovno koristiti dosege praktičnog uma i/ili nastaviti tamo gdje se je stalo u filozofskom konceptu otuđenog čovjeka? Hoće li razmatranje alijenacije i dezalijenacije konačno obnoviti misao o Čovjeku koji, nažalost, nije to što jest, a treba biti ono što bi mogao biti?
En este artículo se trabaja con la pulsión de muerte, tan importante en el arte moderno, a través de Las Hurdes, tierra sin pan de Luis Buñuel. Se registran las formas más significativas en que dicha pulsión aparece en el mencionado documental y se tematizan en torno a la dualidad entre biofilia y necrofilia (entendida en sentido general, no sólo sexual) de Erich Fromm. Finalmente paso a una deconstrucción de dicha dualidad, o sea, a mostrar sus limitaciones como polaridad jerárquica.
Victor Serge, Erich Fromm y Herbert Marcuse provided some of the first interpretations of Nazi and Soviet totalitarianism. A special feature of their work in early 1940 was to link Marxist and psychoanalytical concepts to understand the rationality underlying Nazism and Stalinism. At the same time, they formulated proposals to renew socialism in a democratic sense. These three authors posited that, beyond political repression and bureaucratic control, totalitarian rule was implemented through a powerful ideological apparatus that had taken root in the individual and collective subconscious. Moreover, they considered that the importance of intellectual work was linked to the psychological mechanisms that sustained the totalitarian phenomenon with the aim of eradicating it.
A partir de las tesis elaboradas por el psicólogo social Erich Fromm (1977) respecto a los marcos de orientación y devoción que guían parte del comportamiento humano en sociedad, se cons- truye un sistema teórico-metodológico cuyo objeto de estudio, categorías, subcategorías y ejes temáticos derivan en un instrumento denominado: >Cuestionario sobre marcos de orientación ética de estudiantes de la UNED<, el cual se utiliza en el proyecto de investigación de la Cátedra de Teología titulado: >En qué creen los jóvenes? Marcos de orientación ética de estudiantes de la UNED<. Interesa que este instrumento sea una herramienta válida para sondear la orientación ética de la población con que se trabaja en ese proyecto y constituya, además, un aporte novedoso en el área de la investigación social en torno a temáticas similares. Palabras clave: Orientaciones éticas, Erich Fromm, investigación social, estudiantes universitarios.
Introduction: Despite struggling to establish itself as an autonomous profession, occupational therapy remains extensively regulated and controlled by discursive authorities inside and outside the discipline. After overcoming the profession’s reformist ideals, the military governance that supported its rapid expansion morphed into civil institutions but both were based on similar grounds: occupational therapists should obey a strict set of rules while disobedience and dissent are consistently repressed or silenced. Objective: The objective of this article is to deconstruct dominant (consensual) discourses that shape the status quo in occupational therapy and envision alternative paths for the development of the discipline. Method: Drawing on the work of Erich Fromm and Jacques Rancière, we propose a (critical) theoretical analysis of the concepts of disobedience and dissensus as they apply to occupational therapists. Results: The concepts of disobedience (Fromm) and dissensus (Rancière) can be used to revisit the consensus shaped by discursive authorities inside and outside occupational therapy and expose the political nature of such processes. We argue that remaining oppressive forces similar to those of a warfare regime persist in regulating occupational therapy practice and knowledge by enacting a form of >disciplinary propaganda.< Rather than threatening the development of the discipline, disobedience and dissensus constitute critical responses to disrupt dominant discourses and give rise to healthier concepts. Conclusion: The use of politically charged terms such as disobedience or dissensus can be seen as controversial and unsettling for a profession like occupational therapy but we believe they are necessary for the future of our discipline.
Artykuł ma na celu analizę wybranych spektakli Angéliki Liddell, współczesnej hiszpańskiej dramaturżki, reżyserki i aktorki teatralnej poprzez teorię psychoanalityczną Ericha Fromma. Głównym konceptem, który wydaje się być kluczowy dla dogłębnego zrozumienia wymowy Liddellowskich sztuk, jest koncept nekrofilii, czyli umiłowania zniszczenia, śmierci i rozkładu, w przeciwieństwie do biofilii, orientacji życiowej nakierowanej na wzrost i syntezę. Sztuką, która jest rozpatrywana szczególnie dogłębnie pod kątem charakteru nekrofilijnego jest >Rok Ryszarda<, wystawiona w 2005 roku wariacja na temat >Króla Ryszarda III< Szekspira. Motywy, jakie pojawiają się w tym przedstawieniu, będą powracały w kolejnych tekstach wychodzących spod pióra Liddell, takich jak >Co zrobię z tym mieczem? Wokół problemu Prawa i Piękna< czy „Liebestod – zapach krwi stoi mi wciąż przed oczami – Juan Belmonte<. We wszystkich tych sztukach znajdziemy centralną figurę, która na skutek fizycznej deformacji wykluczona jest ze świata miłości, a więc skazana na samotność. Samotność ta wywołuje ogromny lęk i agresję, która popycha bohatera do wejścia ze światem w więź sadystyczną, bazującą na kontroli. Jednak jak zauważyła Simone Weil, najdoskonalszym przejawem siły, najpełniejszą formą kontroli jest zabicie obiektu, toteż ostatecznie bohaterowie Liddell pławią się w krwi, zaś ona sama próbuje przedstawić widzowi akty najbardziej odrażającej przemocy jako rytuały, które mogą nam pomóc w odnalezieniu trascendencji. Jej pesymistyczna i z punktu widzenia psychologicznego wypaczona koncepcja miłości, wedle której zawsze ostatecznie zabija się to, co się kocha, stoi w jaskrawej sprzeczności z biofilijną etyką Fromma, dla którego, jak przytaczamy w artykule, miłość do troska, odpowiedzialność poszanowanie i poznanie. Ostatecznie w artykule podkreśla się psychopatologiczny charakter Liddellowskiej ideologii, zwracając uwagę na konieczność oceny dzieła sztuki nie tylko przez pryzmat estetyki, ale także etyki, społecznego wpływu dzieła.
El presente artículo es una aproximación al personaje de Ricardo, protagonista de >El año de Ricardo< de Angélica Liddell, desde el punto de vista del psicoanálisis de Erich Fromm. Un concepto especialmente útil a la hora de abordar esta reescritura moderna de la famosa tragedia shakespeariana es la >orientación necrófila<, un término acuñado por Erich Fromm para describir un carácter destructivo, que manifiesta una clara fijación en las actividades y los procesos contrarios a la vida, al desarrollo, al crecimiento. Una herramienta complementaria, que también se emplea en el análisis del personaje, es la noción de >carácter anal<, de Freud, cuyas teorías han sido reinterpretadas y elaboradas por Fromm. Siguiendo el planteamiento de Liddell, en el artículo se destaca el íntimo vínculo que existe entre la estructura psíquica y la vida pública del personaje, y, por extensión, de cualquier político.
This paper explores Erich Fromm’s concept of humanism, arguing that it provides us with a unified theory for both clinical work as well as social criticism. Fromm’s humanistic ideas are rooted in a structure of thought that sees our existence, our ontology as human beings, as constituted by our inherent capacities for both relatedness as well as positing ends and purposes in the world. By cultivating a self-awareness of these dual capacities, we can achieve a state of freedom, a self-consciousness of our capacity to shape our reality as opposed to conforming ourselves to it. In this way, Fromm’s ideas constitute a critical humanism that can be realized in the world via self- and social transformation and not merely an abstract set of principles or concepts.
Tantangan terbesar Bangsa Indonesia ke depan adalah mempertahankan keutuhan NKRI ini ditengah-tengah bermunculannya gejolak disintegrasi bangsa. Perlu ditegaskan kembali bahwa Indonesia adalah bangsa yang majemuk dan kemajemukan bangsa ini telah melahirkan kebesaran dan kekokohan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia yang lahir berdasarkan kesepakatan para founding father negeri ini yang kemudian diwariskan kepada kita. Nilai-nilai kebhinekaan yang tertuang dalam lambang dan dasar negara kita telah banyak mengajarkan bahwa Indonesia bangsa yang majemuk sehingga perlu dijaga nilai-nilai kemajemukan melalui ikatan sosial kebangsaan atau kesalehan sosial. Upaya meneguhkan kembali jati diri ke-Bhineka-an Indonesia di tengahtengah gejolak disintegrasi bangsa saat ini bisa digali berbagai dimensi salah satunya membangun ikatan sosial melalui perwujudan karakter sosial dengan menularkan doktrin karakter sosial antara lain: >love (kasih saying), justice (keadilan), equality (kesamaan), and sacrifice (sikap rela berkorban)<. Bahwa konsepsi karakter sosial sejalan dengan nilai-nilai Falsafah Pancasila mengisyaratkan upaya memperkuat jati diri kemanusiawian. Menebarkan doktrin kasih sayang, sikap adil, persamaan dan sikap rela berkorban dapat menjaga nilai-nilai >human relationship<. Berdasarkan pemikiran tersebut bahwa nilai-nilai karakter sosial dapat digali dan dimplementasikan melalui pembelajaran di perguruan tinggi untuk meneguhkan kembali jati diri ke-Bhineka-an bagi bangsa Indonesia khususnya generasi muda mahasiswa agar memiliki kemampuan untuk hidup bersama dalam lingkungan sebayanya, orang tua dan lingkungan masyarakatnya secara luas.
Dentro la cultura del '68
(1980)
The aim of my paper is to introduce individual theories of aggression, which are divided according to the factors having influence on human aggressive behaviour and acting. Basically, the literature is chosen from the works of Erich Fromm, Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz. This choice enabled to divide the issue into three basic areas, that is: biological, psychological and philosophical ones. All three areas are elaborated further by the issue of the child aggression origin, in subchapters. The impact of aggression on society is also emphasized by Hannah Arendt, who is trying to specify roots of social aggression, and is looking for individual and social responsibility for aggression. The theory, derived from those researches plus from subsequent modern psychological concept, attempts to reveal causes of aggression. Easier understanding of aggression causes would enable to influence or eliminate factors causing/strengthening aggression, either caused by society or by ourselves. Such understanding is the aim of all scientists, who sacrificed their lives to research of aggression, a phenomenon so dangerous for human beings.
Because psychology lacks a comprehensive theory of subjectivity that accounts for the entanglement of the social, cultural, historical, interpersonal, and personal, relevant elements for a theory of subjectivity are identified and presented. An important dimension for a theory of subjectivity is the reality of living everyday life, which includes working, relating, as well as self-processes. However, traditional psychology, including philosophical psychology, has neglected the role of work in mental life. It is argued that it is insufficient to address interaction and relationality or internal processes in the development of a theory subjectivity. Using Hannah Arendt’s and Nancy Fraser’s distinctions, it is argued that political-philosophical reflections on work remain important for understanding subjectivity. Consequences for an approach that includes work in a theory of subjectivity are discussed.
Este artigo discute a adocao de pacotes gerenciais a partir da ilustracao de dois casos de implantacao de qualidade total por empresas paranaenses, buscando-se levantar uma hipotese explicativa para o fenomeno da implantacao de modelos administrativos sem a necessaria adequacao e sem a devida observância das caracteristicas das organizacoes. Tal discussao fundamenta-se na tese de Erich Fromm (1987) acerca do homem contemporâneo e dos reveses do industrialismo, em que se encontra uma predominância do ter sobre o ser.
Religion as a form of human belief in something supernatural or supernatural turns out to be as if accompanying humans in the broad scope of life. Religion has values for human life as people per person and in relation to social life. Besides that religion also has an impact on everyday life. The influence of religion in an individual's life is to give inner stability, feeling of happiness, feeling of protection, a sense of success and satisfaction. This positive feeling will further be a motivator to do religion in the life of an individual besides being a motivation and ethical value is also hope.
(1) Erich Fromm's theory of >self-realization< has developed through the process of critical examination into S. Freud's biological-deterministic rationale and his own cultural-deterministic one in his early works, and it consequently includes both of these factors as the vital components. (2) In his theory, therefore, a human-being is regarded as an existence who can realize his own primary potentialities to be for himself only through his self-determining, spontaneous-productive activities as the responses or re-actions to his biological/socio-cultural determinants. In this sense, man's self-realization is the very process of such productive re-activities. (3) The essential point of the controversial issues between Fromm and the other members of the >Frankfurt School<-Horkheimer, Adorno, Marcuse-is concerned with the objective possibility of self-realization within the real context of the present society. However, Fromm's rebuttal against their negative arguments concerning his self-deterministic rationale seems to be insufficient so far as I know.
(4) In his theory, the possibility of self-realization is based on his >faith< -or >paradoxical hope< -n human nature inherently having potential powers and strivings for self-realization within itself. By this faith, his practical efforts in psychiatry and his own self-realization have been supported and, at the same time, the faith itself has also been verified through these experiences. (5) Thus, we can grasp the innate construction of Fromm's theory of self-realization as follows. a) His theory is based on the self-deterministic rationale on man's personality. b) But the biological/cultural determinisms are still alive, because in his theory man's self-realization is regarded as the process which is constructed only through his productive re-activities to his own biological/socio-cultural determinants. c) His self-deterministic rationale is founded on the above-mentioned >faith<. In other words, the theory of self-realization is the very product of this faith. (6) The essential process of what is called >self-formation< (Selbst-bildung) in educational philosophy can be identified with the self-realization through man's spontaneous-productive re-activities.
We implemented research of >surveillance study for independence and Improvement in ADL of the fracture of the femur patient by a welfare device >by the Association for Technical Aids in 2000< and >Research investigation about the upper-limbs training combined with lift device development for Motivative exercise, Small and Medium Enterprise Corporation, 2001<. Through those study by the national grants, the 21st Century Rehabilitation Research Society was born again as the Biophilia Rehabilitation Academy (hereafter BRA). We explore the mechanism, spread the new rehabilitation method, and enable them to do by anyone who learned it. The purpose of the BRA is, i) to study a new rehabilitation method in order to live for the disabled elderly independently and the physical ability improved by overcoming impairment, ii) to explore the mechanism, to spread the new rehabilitation method, and to enable them to do by anyone who learned it, and iii) to study the influence on the social economy by independence acquirement for them. The source of biophilia which we used is preface of the Revolution of Hope which U.S. philosopher Erich Fromm wrote. The preface of a source is shown below: Appealing to the love for life (biophilia) that still exists in many of us. Only through full awareness of the danger to life can this potential be mobilized for action capable of bringing about drastic changes in our way of organizing society. Not that the author optimistic about the chances of success; but he believes that one cannot think in terms of percentages or probabilities as long as there is a real possibility even a slight one that life will prevail. The predecessor of BRA, the 21st Century Rehabilitation Research Society studied to confirm the fact as a medical fact that the 30% of bedridden elderly became a walk possible, as a result of performing Takizawa Method rehabilitation. Japanese have been promoted and allowed to live on the others' care and to be admitted to a hospital if one needed care due to a cerebrovascular disorder, fracture and/or else by their kindness. The Japanese pension system of the current disbursement approach seems to be a pyramid investment organization. If the newer members increase in number, the earlier members gain more money. The Baby boomers increased in the population of workers’ number and was a kind of the newer members for paying. If the public pension maintains the present system, it would be bankrupted by increasing old baby boomers who receive money in number and descendants as newer members decrease in number by the lower birthrate. The increase in care related people and in the medical expenses by aging (social security expenditure 2025 prediction 207 trillion yen/216 trillion-yen gross pay in whole Japan) would hit baby boomers directly, and it becomes impossible and to live peacefully in Japanese tenderness like the former lifestyle. Therefore, we consider that >the heart and will which he continues hope to live as human just when it becomes a disabled person< are important. The author titled our study group >biophilia< which represented it and got all the members’ approval. We introduced the studies of the Biophilia Rehabilitation Academy, which was evolved from this way in 2002.
An etymology of a biophilia is Latin and is also mentioned with the instinct of the preservation of race as defined in Japanese-English dictionaries, in American dictionaries it is defined as an appreciation for life. And also bio is life and philia is love in Greek. The preface of >The Revolution of Hope< as described by Erich Fromm who is an American philosopher is a reference for biophilia. He described >The love of life< which exists in most of us is a latent power that is mobilized and whose behavior can change and can bring about change when life is threatened by danger and is fully recognized.