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Статья посвящена феномену экзистенциального оптимизма. Авторы трактуют его как душевную установку, присущую отдельной личности и вклю¬чающую в себя положительную оценку мира, умение радоваться и волю к жизни. Экзистенциальный оптимизм не сливается с социальным оптимиз¬мом, он связан с определением индивидуальной траектории судьбы и способен помогать человеку проходить через трудные социальные обстоятель¬ства, сохраняя позитивный настрой и реализуя свои цели. Его стержнем выступает ощущение и выбор личного жизненного проекта, который существует не только в юности, но может в разных вариантах актуализироваться в любых возрастах. Авторы квалифицируют фигуру экзистенциального оптимиста с помощью понятий >продуктивности< (Э. Фромм) и >самоактуа¬лизации< (А. Маслоу), а также образа >победителя< (Э. Берн). Жизненные препятствия видятся такому человеку не только как нормальная характеристика действительности, но и как поле для игры наших сил, что приносит ему бытийную радость. В становлении подобного мироотношения боль¬шую роль играет воспитание и личный пример старших. Авторы обращаются также к теме смерти и разочарования, с которыми сталкивается любой человек, и подчеркивают, что смерть не находится в центре внимания экзистенциального оптимиста. Последней обсуждаемой в статье темой выступает тема практик >позитивного мышления<. В выводах подчеркивается, что позиция оптимиста не может быть никому навязана, а может быть лишь принята самостоятельно.
Zum Gefühl der Ohnmacht
(2020)
>The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933) was the first psychological inquiry into Fascism. In this work the psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957) explores how Fascists came into power, and explain their rise as a symptom of sexual repression. It was followed by other psychological interpretations of Nazism by Jewish exiles from the Third Reich, from Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1942), to Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949).
Vita activa
(2020)
Erich Fromm was an internationally renowned social psychologist and philosopher of the twentieth century. In order to analyze the social phenomenon of capitalism, he spent his life trying to combine Marxism with Freudian Psychoanalysis. Fromm hopes to find the master key to realize the spiritual freedom and perfect life of human beings by repeatedly questioning the various realistic dilemmas, conflicts and cultural crises of human existence in the western society. Starting from the realistic dilemma faced by the capitalist society, he introduced Freud’s psychoanalysis theory to the micro level of alienation, formed the theory of alienation with its own characteristics, and enriched the connotation of Marx’s alienation thought. Marx has pointed out clearly that the alienation of real life and the alienation of consciousness constitute two representative areas of alienation in human life. Starting from the most basic practical activity-labor, Marx develops his theory of alienation and discusses the alienation of the external world or real life. Fromm, on the other hand, made a supplementary study on alienation from the perspective of internal concept or subjective consciousness. And through the comprehensive analysis and criticism of the capitalist society, put forward the psychological revolution theory and social reform plan to save the human being and establish a sound society. In modern society, with the continuous development of economy, science and technology, people’s ultimate goal of social development is to better meet their own needs for development, and people’s awareness of increasingly prominent social subject status has been constantly enhanced. But at the same time, human existence also faces many new problems. How to effectively solve the dilemma of human development has become the primary task of contemporary society. Fromm’s theory of alienation actively focuses on the living conditions of human beings, attaches importance to the self-realization and creative development of human beings, and tries to find a way for the sound development of human beings.– Therefore, the study of Fromm’s theory of alienation is undoubtedly of reference significance to solve the survival crisis of modern people. Based on the comprehensive analysis and interpretation of Fromm’s dissimilation theory, this paper, on the basis of clarifying its theoretical connotation, captures its theoretical characteristics and makes a scientific analysis of its achievements and shortcomings. Finally, combining with the background of globalization and the reality of the whole social development, it points out the contemporary value of its theory, especially the practical significance to the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
The current era is often referred to as the era of big data. The development of information technology makes almost everything related to data. Different fields have different data. Everyone is generating data, and everyone lives in the data. While people enjoy the convenience of life brought by big data, the spiritual confusion has not been resolved. This article analyzes and thinks about Fromm’s human thoughts, and takes this as his starting point to reflect on the spiritual dilemma of people in the era of big data.– This article first gives a brief overview of the current research situation of Fromm’s human thoughts at home and abroad, and puts forward his own research goals. The first chapter makes a brief analysis on the background and sources of Fromm’s humanistic thought. The second and third chapters make a concrete analysis of Fromm’s anthropological thoughts: the second chapter focuses on the analysis of Fromm’s theories about human existence, and the third chapter focuses on his theory of social personality and social unconsciousness A brief explanation, and pointed out that these his theories are still applicable to the analysis of the social character and unconsciousness of people in the era of big data. Chapter 4 mainly clarifies the basic concepts of big data, and the reason why Fromm’s ideas are still valuable in today’s big data era. During these forty years, the major contradictions in Western society have not fundamentally changed, the living conditions of people have not improved much, and their capabilities have not been fundamentally exerted.– Combining this reality, this article takes Fromm’s humanistic thoughts as the starting point, deeply analyzes the morbid human phenomenon in the current era, and analyzes the mental dilemma of people in the era of big data from four aspects of catering to data, interfering with data, relying on data and possessing data. These pathological phenomena are also the contemporary portrayal of Fromm's ideas about the dichotomy and unproductive society of human existence 40 years ago. Similarly, his solution has similarities with Marx’s plan, and it has some reference significance. Based on this understanding, the author affirmed that Fromm’s anthropological thinking still has its significance in this era of big data. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
新兴科技带来了机器自动化工具,不断地缩短了人类的必要劳动时间量,技术理性使人类过上了更具人格尊严的物质生活。人类开启了一个>更富裕、更舒适、更享受<的新纪元。但与物质丰裕相伴随的,人的生存却遭受到前所未有的压抑。在建构新的工具系统过程中,人类毫不顾及技术理性的威胁,甚至把技术理性作为生存追求的最高目标。人的创造能力被导向到征服自然和利用自然,为人类创造享受性物质的方向去了,从而也使人类自身沦为工具技术系统的>附庸物<。在技术理性的作用下,机械工具高度自动化,工人的分工不断细小化,导致社会群体也不断>原子化<,人成为了机械工具的>原子部件<。人的主体性日益弱化,有时人的自我体验到:自己是一件>商品<,目标是尽力使自身更具有>商品属性<,具有>使用价值的可售性<,这时人的理性和人格必定异化了。人们总是追求与大多数人意志一致性。人们没有自我尊严感,日常情绪表现为恐惧、焦虑或疑虑、特别渴望得到他人的认可。人们己经同自身分离或疏离了,转而崇拜自己创造的产品和物质技术力量。本文以弗洛姆对资本主义社会中人的境况批判为基点。首先,揭示资本主义社会中人的生存境遇的异化。人与人之间充满无情的竞争、人被当作工具而利用、人遭受来自权威的压抑,并且在技术理性的驱动下,权威变种为更加隐蔽的控制力量。人的劳动异化了,劳动的成果不再属于劳动者,而成为劳动者的对立物。其次,论述弗洛姆对社会性格的批判。包括人的理性不断异化,人日益抽象化和量化、民主的异化,使人无论在任何条件下不得不顺从、人的物质欲望的异化。再次,探究弗洛姆对资本主义社会极端伦理的批判,他批判了人的极度自私利己主义、人的异化良心、人的扭曲享乐价值倾向、人在资本主义社会中对极端信仰追崇、人的功利主义道德观等内容。弗洛姆正是在对资本主义社会的不良现象批判后,提出人通往健全社会并实现人的自由解放之路的。人摆脱异化后人格尊严得以回归,人应该从经济、政治、文化三方面获得相应的解放,最终实现建构健全社会与人的自由解放的有机统一。
石黑一雄作为英国当代小说家中的重要一员,凭借其作品深刻的思想内涵和独特的艺术风格在英国文坛占据重要一席,又因其日裔英籍的身份,石黑一雄与奈保尔和拉什迪并称为>英国文坛移民三雄<,并荣获2017年的诺贝尔文学奖,其颁奖词为:石黑一雄的小说,以其巨大的情感力量,发掘了隐藏在我们与世界联系的幻觉之下的深渊。孤独是人类存在的状态,关于>孤独<主题的追问与反思一直是世界作家创作的重要母题之一。日裔英籍的石黑一雄因其特殊的文化背景及成长经历,促使他对>孤独<有着独特的自我体验和深刻独到的理解,并且通过细腻的笔触在作品中生动地展现出来。石黑一雄的作品以人物经历为主要表现对象,描写了人类个体对自我存在缺失的内心恐惧,深刻表现了匿名权威下人类深陷孤独的精神状态,同时在其孤独书写中更传达出人类对孤独强烈的反抗意识。本篇论文主要围绕石黑一雄的四部作品,即《浮世画家》、《上海孤儿》、《无可慰藉》及《被掩埋的巨人》,并以艾瑞克·弗洛姆的孤独理论为支撑,运用文本细读法和归纳总结法,探究石黑一雄对>孤独<这一主题的追问和反思。绪论部分介绍了石黑一雄小说研究的现状,对艾瑞克·弗洛姆的孤独理论进行梳理并阐释选题的意义与局限。第一章讨论了石黑一雄笔下孤独人物的类型:始终无法进入社会的边缘人、被社会丢弃的多余人、记忆缺失导致缺少文化身份的无根者,基于三种不同类型的孤独人分析石黑一雄小说中孤独的本质。第二章主要在弗洛姆孤独理论的视角下。讨论石黑一雄笔下人物的孤独成因。家庭纽带断裂导致个体无法顺利成长;社会身份缺失让个体难以寻觅自己的社会位置;人无法同病态的社会正常地产生联系;匿名权威将个体同化使其丧失自我。石黑一雄表明人类与社会缺少本质联系,是导致人类个体普遍的孤独的根本原因。第三章从哲学层面分析人类孤独的源头,即个体缺少自我意义。同时分析弗洛姆提出>爱<作为对抗孤独的手段在石黑一雄小说中的体现,以及在>爱<难以获得的情况下,人类如何通过自身的行动与孤独和解。结语部分在总结全文的基础上,指出石黑一雄有意将孤独主题贯穿于自己的整个创作过程,不仅为了揭示现代人所面临孤独的生存困境,也是为同样站在孤独十字路口不知何去何从的人们走向积极自由提供参考。
[Chinese abstract not available] In December 2017, the outline of improving the quality of ideological and political work in colleges and university was issued by the education ministry of the Communist Party of China, which listed “psychological education” into the top ten education systems of universities. College students can be regarded as one of the main citizen groups in the Internet society. Internet brings the fulfillment to young people’s life; however, it also brings the problem of individual alienation. From the perspective of Fromm’s Need theory and individual alienation, the individual alienation in internet society can be seen as the external alienation of individual demand and the internal psychological alienation, including Internet social rationality, consumption, relationship, spirit as well as personality alienation. The accumulative alienation of individuals may grow to substantive psychological issues, which hinders the sound development of college students’ personalities. Ideological and political workers and teachers in university hence should solve the problem of personality development from the aspects of constructing a healthy personality in order to achieve the all-around development of university students in morality, intelligence, physique fitness, beauty and labor, which lies in the core of mental health education in thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristic for a new era. [English version: www.cnki.net, 9/2021]
弗洛伊德提出梦境是了解人心理的重要途径,分析人物潜意识中的隐藏事件可治愈人物心理创伤。利用精神分析学理论分析人物梦境,可了解人物内心,从内而外完成对人物的塑造。短片《梦中人》讲述一个独自生活在城市里的青年林栋两天三夜的生活故事。在梦起梦落中回忆起儿时以自己内心的另一个人格身份夏桐成长的生活点滴。整个故事中穿插了二人很多奇幻的梦境,这些梦境将隐藏在两人内心深处的情感进行可视化展现。本文运用到了精神分析学家弗洛伊德的精神层次理论和释梦理论、荣格的人格面具理论和弗洛姆的社会潜意识理论。本文依托于精神分析学的整体理论框架下,分别从人物叙事空间的结构化表达、人物心理空间的具象化表达和人物的人格建构等方面针对创作中的叙事结构、叙事空间和叙述人进行分析阐述;针对电影视听语言中的镜头语言、光线色调、意象符号和声音的运用进行分析阐述;针对人物的人格建构、影响人物人格建构的环境因素进行分析阐述。
The Art of Loving [爱的艺术]
(2020)
在先锋作家创造的小说世界中,少年成为一道别样的风景。他们一改传统文学作品中明媚阳光的正面形象,不再是作家形而上的精神寄托者,而成为非理性与原生态的代名词,展现出一幅人性深处的生存图景。先锋小说中的少年形象凝聚着作家的自觉意识,对这类少年的书写是先锋作家对自我的又一次认知和超越。本文对先锋小说中少年形象的探讨,有助于挖掘少年形象背后的深层意义内涵,探讨先锋作家的审美意蕴和少年情怀,揭示少年形象建构与个人体验、时代精神的互动关联,从而对先锋小说中的少年形象作出准确定位和客观评价,以期实现文本研究的学术价值。目前对于先锋小说的研究主要集中于语言研究、叙事结构研究、作家转型前后的对比等方面,较少涉及人物形象领域,即便有少数探究少年形象的文本,也难以形成具体的体系。本文主要采用文本细读法,从以下六个部分对先锋小说中的少年形象加以分析和探讨。绪论部分对自古以来的少年形象进行历时性梳理,从而引出先锋小说中少年形象的价值所在。同时,界定先锋小说和少年的概念和范围,综合分析当下学界对于少年形象的研究现状的不足与优势,进一步指出本文的创新点,即对先锋小说的少年形象进行整体梳理并找出他们的共通之处,从叙事学的角度对少年形象进行解剖,进一步解读先锋作家笔下少年形象独特的美学价值与文学史意义。第一章主要归纳并分析先锋小说中的少年形象类型及其内蕴。笔者运用詹姆斯·O·卢格在《人生发展心理学》中的相关理论,将先锋小说中的少年形象分为四类:伊甸园少年、病患少年、暴戾少年和追寻少年,通过对这些少年形象的分析,初步探寻少年形象背后的内蕴和寓意,为下文的研究作铺垫。第二章主要探讨先锋小说中少年形象的塑造方法。首先,福斯特的《小说面面观》中提及的扁平人物与先锋小说中的少年群像高度重合,少年的个性在小说中被极度淡化,体现出先锋作家寓言化写作的色彩;其次,弗洛姆的异化理论中提及人的异化乃是社会力量所致,这为本章研究生存环境的异化与人物异化之间的密切关联提供了理论依据;最后,叙事视角问题成为解读先锋作家笔下少年形象的可行路径。从全知全能视角向限知视角的转变,实则是后现代主义思维方式的外显。第三章主要探究先锋小说中少年形象的塑造根源。分为两个方面:其一是从文学思潮的影响进行探讨。>文学是人学<的观念被后现代主义思潮解构,少年的主体性失落;从>写什么<到>怎么写<的转变,预示着小说观念的根本蜕变,人物形象的弱化成了文体走向自觉的代价,叙事方法的变革为少年形象的塑造提供了另一种途径;其二是从具体作家的少年经历出发,选取先锋作家中的三位典型代表——余华、苏童和残雪,探讨先锋作家的少年情结对小说中少年形象塑造的影响,得出结论——书写少年意味着成年之后作家对自我的又一次认知和超越,是>此在<与>彼在<进行对话的独特方式。第四章主要阐述先锋小说中少年形象塑造的价值意义。先锋小说所塑造出的少年形象的美学价值主要体现在两个方面:其一是通过对少年身上>丑<的挖掘,扩大了艺术表现的范围,展现出少年原生态的本来面目和人性深处的生存图景;其二是作家的寓言化书写追求作品的深度寓意,这一方面强化了作者形而上的思考,另一方面又存在使文本变得生硬晦涩的弊端。同时,先锋小说中的少年形象具有反传统的文学史意义。通过和其他时期文学中少年形象的对比不难发现,先锋小说中的少年具有非理性的>本我<色彩,现实教育意义也不甚突出。对少年形象的刻画,不仅影响着先锋作家们转型之后的创作,也影响了张悦然、韩寒、郭敬明等>80后<作家的写作。结语部分对论文进行总体概括与升华,进一步阐释先锋小说中少年形象的独特意义和书写价值,指出先锋作家笔下少年形象塑造的不足之处,试图为后人的研究提供参考。先锋小说中的少年书写是一种寓言化书写,这个寓言由少年的暴力、死亡、欲望、追寻、疾病等各个方面组成,寓意隐藏在作家对于社会成规的颠覆中。先锋作家为读者揭示出少年生存的原生态面貌,通过刻意暴露写作痕迹的书写方式,反映了作家对文化困境的思考,为读者展现出人性被压抑、被碾压的惨痛状态,以此唤醒人们追本溯源的体悟。
法兰克福学派基于对当代城市问题的关切,发展形成了独具特色和理论价值的城市理论。从纵向看,法兰克福学派的城市批判理论经历了历史哲学批判时期、交往行为理论批判时期和承认理论批判时期。在历史哲学批判时期,霍克海默、阿多诺和弗洛姆等从工具理性批判的视角审视城市的问题,从不同角度对发达资本主义社会中占支配地位的工具理性进行了批判。在交往行为理论批判时期,哈贝马斯开始关注公共领域的结构转型和主体的社会整合力量等>社会性的内部关系<,通过交往行为的力量从社会内部解决社会出现的问题。在承认理论批判时期,霍耐特认为必须走规范性和经验性批判相结合的道路,用承认理论去重新审视社会道德。从横向看,法兰克福学派城市理论批判的主题主要包括四个方面,经济、文化、空间和心理。经济作为整个城市批判理论的基础,体现在工具理性成为企业和人们活动的法则、企业和技术成为新的统治形式和当代资本主义社会的剥削程度和异化程度的加深。文化是法兰克福学派城市批判的重点,文化不仅倒退为欺骗大众的>文化工业<,而且文化为城市人提供逃避自由的模式。空间是法兰克福学派城市批判的重要组成部分,《巴黎拱廊计划》指出城市空间是受资本支配的含混空间,《启蒙辩证法》指出城市空间在理性退化为工具理性语境下具有同质化、欺骗性的特征,《公共领域的结构转型》指出城市空间>公<>私<领域的趋渐融合,《为承认而斗争》构建了自由展现个体自主性的城市空间。心理是法兰克福学派城市批判的新领域,弗洛姆揭示人们逃避自由与社会人本主义伦理的沦丧,马尔库塞指出发达社会人的单向度发展,霍耐特构建爱、法律和团结从而试图给个体提供基本自信、自尊和自重。法兰克福学派城市理论是对马克思城市理论的继承与发展,它批判资本主义城市的异化发展,重绘城市空间样貌,重建城市心理样态,提供解决当代城市问题的新视角,努力实现现代人的自由全面发展。法兰克福学派城市对我们规划、建设和发展中国特色的社会主义城市,具有重大的启示作用。
论文选取在思想政治教育视域下的慎独教育作为研究对象。是对当代教育的一个>纠偏<。慎独教育作为一种优秀的教育传统,在当代受到弱化是一种资源损失。当代思想政治教育面临这样一种困境:在应试教育大环境下,思想政治教育亦成为流于卷面分数、课堂考核为主要评价方式的课程。这样既不利于思想政治教育真正内化于心,亦不利于其教学内容外化于行,思想政治教育需要一场由>教<到>学<的转变。慎独教育的提出,旨在将>学习<还给学生,将>成人<这一教育目标转化为学生的人生目标。论文研究采用文献法,比较法,问题分析法等研究方法。就慎独教育而言,其理论基础贯通中西,这就需要我们对现存资料做大量的基础性工作。论文研究前提是做好文献搜集和整理,努力保证文献的真实性和准确性,在此基础上,尽量采用权威版本,以求更为忠实作者原意,进而能够实现对慎独教育的科学认识。而要准确地把握慎独教育思想及其价值,须在研究慎独教育之过程中,准确把握关于>自我<>自我教育<等概念在中西方思想史、文化史的传承,考察慎独教育内涵需要展开国内外比较研究,找到西方关于自我问题和自我教育问题中与慎独教育相似之处,或是能够为我国慎独教育提供借鉴方法和借鉴内容之处。在本论文的写作过程中,突出问题线索,以点带线,以线带面,从慎独教育的发生前提出发,研究其内涵,逻辑结构,发生机制,以期研究出一套适合我国国情的慎独教育方法论。论文的主要结构包括:慎独教育的理论基础,慎独教育的内涵,慎独教育的结构及在思想政治教育的视域下开展慎独教育的路径研究。慎独教育有着丰富的理论基础,马克思关于人的自由而全面发展理论充分论述了个体应该对其为>人<应做出的奋斗,以及如何处理个体与社会发展的关系;慎独教育有着深厚的传统文化积淀,作为儒家德化传统,>慎独<化育了一代代中华儿女,更加系统化、社会化的>慎独教育<在传承的基础之上致力于使之受众更广、更大众化。同时,西方哲学传统中对>自我<的认识亦对慎独教育理论之构建有十分重要的借鉴意义。弗洛姆作为西方马克思主义的重要代表人物,其构建的人道主义伦理学中将良心定义为内在权威,为慎独教育的重要方法:内省,提供合法性理论基础。思想政治教育本身就有深厚的自我教育内涵,而慎独教育正是一种特殊的自我教育,在思想政治教育视域域下开展慎独教育,有了合法性依据。慎独教育有着丰富的内涵。个体不能孤立于社会而须依赖于社会生存和发展,社会实践使个体获得社会身份和社会认同。但是这使个体容易陷入另一个危机:为获得社会认同而依赖外在权威,反而不利于自我成长。慎独教育之>知己<是对生活环境和个体价值观的全面了解;慎独教育之>内省<是个体以社会主流价值观为参照省察自我的价值观和实践行为,并在复杂多变的社会环境中客观、理性地认识自我、评价自我,并对自我价值观和实践进行修正,进而自我成长;>慎独<是一种自由的自律,是对个体社会性和自我性的平衡,体现在个体于教化中获得自我认识的评判标准,于社会实践中获得成长目标和成长规划,于社会交往中获得社会归属感,于社会评价中获得社会角色和社会定位。从而实现自主成长,自觉成人。论文结论是为解决在思想政治教育视域下开展慎独教育之路径。从个体角度出发,要求个体在社会中认识自我,在社会活动中积极调控自我,坚持独一无二的道德自我并在社会实践中成就独一无二的自我。同时,社会也应为个体之自由自觉发展提供尊重个性,注重社会主流价值观教育,以及民族精神之普及
弗洛姆的人本主义传播思想强调,人应当是传播活动乃至所有生命活动的中心,人类的一切造物都不应凌驾于人类自身之上。不同于法兰克福学派的其他成员,弗洛姆将对人性的心理分析和对纳粹极权主义及资本主义的社会文化批判有机结合,并在>诊断病因<的基础上,提出了人本主义的解决方案。弗洛姆认为,在法西斯社会和资本主义社会,人们只能通过一种不健康的方式来逃避孤独,个人与他人和世界的关系是扭曲的,>偶像崇拜<和>机械趋同<就是这种病症的典型表现。只有通过>爱<与>劳动<及对传播方式的改造,建立人和人、人与自然及世界的自发联系,实现>健康的传播<,才能真正克服孤独、焦虑和异化,促进人的自由发展。当今时代,20世纪弗洛姆的传播思想仍然值得我们珍视。从>人本主义<出发,最后回归到>人本主义<,即是弗洛姆传播思想对当下最大的启示。
Selbstsucht und Selbstliebe
(2020)
Selbstliebe und Selbstsucht
(2020)
Revisiting Authoritarianism
(2020)
This article traces the roots of the Authoritarian Personality (AP) project in the neo-Freudian/phenomenological tradition of the Frankfurt School (FS). It focuses on three of its major proponents (Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse) and examines the construction of the F-scale. It outlines how, according to FS-influenced scholars, the AP arose from the disciplinary measures inflicted on late 19th and early 20th century German middle-class youth, and details the sado-masochistic political style of the prototypical AP. It covers the critical reception of this characterization and explanation of authoritarianism by Bob Altemeyer and Anglo-American positivism. It concludes by arguing that in overlooking the inner life of the AP, positivism blinds us to compelling truths, about authoritarianism, and also about ourselves.
>千年第一思想家<马克思在系列著作中对家庭进行了深刻的论述,本文正是以马克思的经典著作为基础,探寻马克思家庭思想的奥秘。本文的主体一共有五章,可归纳为以下三点:第一,马克思家庭思想的发展历程。在对马克思相关著作中家庭思想进行提炼的基础上,依据时间顺序和马克思思想的发展线索,将马克思家庭思想划分为萌芽时期、展开时期、成熟时期。在马克思家庭思想萌芽时期,马克思家庭思想受西方浪漫主义思想的影响,主要展开对爱情和婚姻的论述。在马克思家庭思想展开时期,马克思家庭思想经历从黑格尔的理性主义转向费尔巴哈的人本唯物主义,最终形成历史唯物主义的过程,主要展开对家庭、市民社会与国家的关系,家庭中的夫妻关系,家庭的未来,家庭起源和发展的论述。在马克思家庭思想成熟时期,主要展开对资本主义家庭的批判,无产阶级家庭现状的剖析以及家庭形式的分析。第二,马克思家庭思想的理论溯源及其内在张力。首先指出柏拉图的家庭思想、西方浪漫主义思想、黑格尔的家庭思想、费尔巴哈的家庭思想、摩尔根的家庭思想是马克思家庭思想的理论溯源;其次阐述马克思家庭思想在发展过程中产生的应有和现有、理性和现实、认识和实践之间的张力。第三,马克思家庭思想对西方马克思主义的影响,包括对艾瑞克?弗洛姆家庭之爱的思想的影响,结构主义马克思主义婚姻、家庭思想的影响和马克思主义女性主义的妇女解放思想的影响。总之,本文以马克思的经典文本为依据,对其家庭思想的发展历程、理论溯源、内在张力以及对西方马克思主义的影响进行详细的阐述,得出以下结论:第一,马克思家庭思想在发展过程中经历了由西方浪漫主义转向理性主义再转向人本唯物主义,最终确立历史唯物主义的演变过程。第二,马克思家庭思想中存在应有和现有、理性和现实、认识和实践之间的内在张力。第三,西方马克思主义对马克思家庭思想进行了一定程度的发挥。
埃里希?弗洛姆,著名的人本主义哲学家、精神分析学家,其技术人道化思想是人文关怀主义研究的哲学理论之一,他的一生都在为了建立以人的全面发展为中心、技术服务于人类的理想社会环境而奋斗。弗洛姆认为,随着技术的不断发展,现代技术社会中人的发展受到了制约,社会偏离了人道化的发展,是一个异化的、病态的社会,他结合了心理学和社会学两个维度,提出了实现技术社会人道化的具体措施,希望将技术重新置于人的控制之中,营造一个健康的社会环境,最终实现人的全面发展。本文首先从弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想产生的时代背景、形成过程、思想追溯以及理论基础等四个方面入手,力图深入剖析其>技术人道化<思想。其次,对该思想的主要内容进行分析,从人的存在方式的异化现象,得出导致异化现象形成的>病原<,再>对症下药<提出如何摒除>病原<实现技术人道化发展的改革方向。最后,弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想从人性论出发,希望将人们的关注点回归到人自身的发展上,把总体社会变革与道德变革相结合,以期改变社会异化现象。虽然弗洛姆提出的实现技术社会人道化的具体方案不具有可实施性,只是构建了乌托邦式的健全社会,存在唯心主义及对资本主义批判的不彻底性,但也体现了人类对美好生活的憧憬。我国目前处于社会主义初级阶段,对我国目前技术发展的情况而言,弗洛姆技术人道化思想具有重要的借鉴意义,值得深入研究。弗洛姆技术人道化思想可以指引我们面对现代化技术社会快节奏的生活时如何树立合理的消费观念、坚定文化自信等。
This article focuses on the role that the notion of temporality can and should play in the tradition of Critical Theory. Following an overview of the critical analyses of time found in the works of Marx, Lukács, Weber, Adorno, Fromm, and Marcuse, the article analyzes Hartmut Rosa’s critique of social acceleration and argues that this critique lacks a firm normative basis. This basis is required, however, for one to claim why certain processes of social acceleration are wrong. It is shown that Rosa’s analyses of acceleration contain two suggestions for such a basis: autonomy understood as a narrative identity, and autonomy as defended by Honneth’s theory of recognition. After an exploration of both suggestions, in which the ideas of MacIntyre and Ricoeur are briefly discussed as well, it is argued that a combination of both may result in a specific, normative understanding of reification, which is defended against Honneth’s definition of this concept. Based on an interpretation of passages in Horkheimer and Adorno’s >Dialectic of Enlightenment< and Adorno’s notion of >working through the past<, the article claims that reification should be understood as a forgetting of the narratives that have shaped the self and the social structures under which this self is formed, and therefore as the inability to recognize the temporal dimensions of the autonomous self.
基于弗洛姆《爱的艺术》的理论,对弗洛姆的两个观点提出不同看法:一是针对>爱主要是给予不在得取<(Love is primarily giving, not receiving.)的观点反思爱的动机。爱的普遍动机在于得取被爱,这是由人的生存需求和社会本质决定的。被爱是去爱的根本动力,这才有助于人们在爱上积极主动给予。二是针对>博爱是一切爱的基础<(The most fundamental kind of love, which underlies all type of love, is brotherly love.)的观点反思爱的基础。博爱作为所有爱的基础,其非排他性与性爱的排他性存在矛盾。爱的基础不是博爱,而是自爱。一个人必须首先学会自爱,才有能力实现其他形式的爱。以自爱作为爱的起点,不仅有利于培养爱的能力,而且有助于使人走向成熟成就爱,使爱作为人类生存问题的解答具有人道主义和现实实践的双重意义。
阿图尔·施尼茨勒(Arthur Schnitzler,1862~1931),奥地利小说家、剧作家,维也纳现代派主要代表人物之一,也是第一个把意识流手法运用到德语文学中,并通篇采用内心独白手法的作家。论文选取施尼茨勒的两部作品《埃尔泽小姐》和《下一个女人》,运用精神分析理论,主要包括弗洛伊德的人格理论和弗洛姆的社会无意识理论来阐释两部作品的主人公精神病式自杀的原因,并对两部作品的异同进行比较:虽然两个主人公境遇不同,但他们的悲剧命运和导致悲剧命运的原因是类似的。论文首先介绍《埃尔泽小姐》和《下一个女人》这两部作品的内容概况和时代背景,交代19世纪末20世纪初的维也纳社会状况。第二部分阐释两部作品中主人公结局多种解读的可能性。但是无论何种结局,两个主人公最终都有着寻求自我出路失败的悲剧命运。第三部分运用弗洛伊德的人格理论分析主人公的内心冲突。当>自我<在>本我<冲动与>超我<监督之间的调节失去平衡时便会导致精神病。通过埃尔泽和古斯塔夫在看待金钱,两性,生与死时的内心冲突与变化阐释两个主人公精神病式自杀的内在原因。第四部分运用弗洛姆的社会无意识理论中的社会无意识产生机制,即社会过滤器,阐释两部作品中主人公精神病式自杀的外在原因。父权压制,女性被视为客体,金钱至上的社会意识是埃尔泽服毒的根本原因;社会道德在古斯塔夫意识里的根深蒂固,以及他对其他女性的道德要求是他的内心得不到安宁的根本原因。最后一部分对两部作品进行比较,虽然两部作品的主人公所处阶层,性别,境遇和寻求出路的具体方法不同,但他们都有着强烈的意识冲突,并最终走向精神病式自杀的悲剧命运。导致这种悲剧的根本原因都在于社会过滤机制的内化和对社会无意识的压制。
This paper criticizes the emphasis placed by contemporary social theory and political philosophy on institutionalism as the basis for the understanding, legitimation and changing of institutions, or social systems, and society as a whole. The more impactful characteristic of institutionalism is its technical-logical structuring, based on an impartial, neutral and formal proceduralism that autonomizes social systems in relation to political praxis and social normativity, depoliticizing these social systems. Here, they are no longer depoliticized, but assume political centrality as the fundamental social subjects of the legitimation and evolution of institutions and society. The paper’s central argument is that it is necessary to re-politicize the institutions and the social subjects or social classes in order to ground and streamline a direct political praxis and the civil society’s social-political subjects as the basis for framing and legitimizing the current process of Western modernization. Recovering the politicity and the carnality of institutions, of social classes and of the evolution of society, is the fundamental task for a contemporary critical social theory that faces the strong institutionalism based on systemic theory. Such politicization is the unforgettable teaching of Karl Marx and Erich Fromm: the institutions have political content and political subjects, they are the result of social struggles for hegemony between opposed social classes which are political. Now, such politicity-carnality must be unveiled and used for an emancipatory democratic political praxis as the route for social analysis and political change, in opposition to the technical-logical understanding both of the institutions and of the social subjects.
The article explains the importance of forming identity for the psychological and spiritual development of an individual. The author notes that the role of folk culture in the formation of national identity in modern society has diminished, and it analyzes the socio-psychological conditions in which the specific role of folk culture can be restored: modern economic and socio-cultural activities of new cultural functions; acquisition by assimilation by species; creation of favorable environment, including information environment; unifying the community around the main objectives of the educational process; to look for new educational practices and to consider cultural and historical psychology. Indeed, >one of the worst forms of psychological suffering is boredom, not knowing what to do with yourself and your life<, concluded Fromm. The consequences of the state not formed by individuals or the loss of identity become a crisis of national identity, which is a prerequisite for the loss of national sovereignty (national self-consciousness). Problem researchers tell us that the >living< of our native culture, the deep emotional connection with it, and the understanding of the meanings of it, are made by the individual, the customs, values, special forms of cultural, historical, social and spiritual life of the motherland. Book publishing centers, Russian culture of all nations, etc. Their self-awareness in difficult financial conditions made people think not only about survival, but also to adopt a language and culture that was alien to them.
Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell is considered to be one of the most influential British female writers in the 19th century, whose works are famous for reflecting the labor conflicts between the bourgeoisie and the working class, such as >Mary Barton<, >North and South<, >Ruth<, and so on. Mrs. Gaskell published her first novel >Mary Barton< in 1848. Taking the British Chartist Movement and the worker's strike as its background, the novel which has high realistic value profoundly describes the real social life and ideological situation of the workers in Manchester under the oppression of capitalists. In the 19th century, in terms of the English literature which reflects the daily life of the working class vividly and carefully, the achievements of this novel are incomparable with any other works. In recent years, with the rise of western feminism and the emergence of some criticisms of literary and cultural which focus on the social historical background, the classic novel >Mary Barton< has aroused people‘s interests and attentions again. Taking Mrs. Gaskell‘s >Mary Barton< as the research object, on the basis of Fromm‘s alienation theory, this thesis explains the theme of alienation in the novel.– The thesis consists of three parts including introduction, main body, and conclusion. The introduction part mainly presents the life of Mrs. Gaskell, the principal content of >Mary Barton<, as well as the literature review and thesis statement. The main body of this thesis is composed of five chapters. The first chapter mainly introduces the origin and development of alienation theory, especially the main contents of Fromm‘s alienation theory, including man‘s self-alienation, the alienation between man and man, and the alienation between man and nature. The second chapter analyzes the self-alienation of the characters in the novel, mostly including Mary‘s absurd view of love, John‘s twisted character, and Old Carson‘s vulgar view of interest, etc, which reveal the far-reaching impact of self-alienation on the characters, and ultimately lead to the tragic endings of these characters. The third chapter discusses the alienation between man and man from the aspects of family and work relations in the novel. The fourth chapter expounds the alienation between man and nature, that is, the opposite relationships between man and nature in the novel. On the one hand, the two metropolises of Manchester and London are gradually declining due to human activities. On the other hand, the disease outbreaks and the depletion of natural resources also have an indelible impact on people‘s lives. The fifth chapter explains the main reasons of the alienation in >Mary Barton<, which are the influence of the Chartist Movement, the rule of class consciousness and rights consciousness, the prevalence of egoism and the spread of Anthropocentrism. The conclusion part makes the summary of this thesis and briefly introduces the significance. Based on the analysis of the specific alienated images of characters in the novel, this thesis discusses the essence of alienation of human nature and estrangement of interpersonal relationship in capitalist society described by Mrs. Gaskell, and sparks thoughts about the nature of human, the relationships between man and nature and the relationships between people in contemporary society, which will further strengthen the confidence in building a healthy and harmonious society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Extremely important and basic category of Marx’s ideological system, the part of Marxist theories about human value, starting from the >realistic person< and aiming at realizing human value, is formed by examining the nature, alienation, liberation and all-round development of human from the perspective of human itself and its subjectivity, socially and practicality. Theoretically speaking, studying on Marxist human value thought provides theoretical support for contemporary China in the transition period on how to scientifically understand human nature and human development; practically speaking, this part is put forward on the basis of criticizing capitalist commodity economy so that studying it is of great significance to guide, further promotion of all-round development of human being.– First of all, Marx’s ideas of human value are raised under the realistic background of a series of unfairness existing in the capitalist private ownership system. They are based on such a social context, with severe class contradictions between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and poor workers trapped in extreme misery in the era of booming capitalism, as well as the theoretical background of the utopia socialism and the viewpoints of the German classical philosophers. These ideas derive mainly from three aspects of Hegel’s view of human nature and Feuerbach’s theory of humanism: human nature, human development and value targets. Marx admitted the significance, and content differentiation. Secondly, it analyzes the forming process of Marx’s value thought of human being, and divides the forming process into four stages. The period from the doctoral dissertation to the >German French Yearbooks< […] is the embryonic period of Marx’s value thought on human beings. Under the influence of Hegel’s self-consciousness and Hegel’s thinking on abstract human nature with Hegel’s language, Marx discussed the values of >human freedom< […]. Through the criticism of civil society and the research and >Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right<, Marx revealed the social reality of cannibalism under the capitalist private system. In the period from >Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844< to >The German Ideology<, Marx analyzed the alienation of human and its origin from the perspective of economics It is the first time to use the concept of >realistic individual< to criticize the abstract values of human beings, to discuss the >realistic person<, to make new regulations on the values of human beings, and to point out that the essence of human beings is the sum of all social relations; >The Communist Manifesto< is the rich period of Marx’s values of human beings. In this period, Marx’s Historical Materialism has been developed the basic formation, using the weapon of Historical Materialism, analyzes the process of the development of human society, and further puts forward that the ultimate goal of human values is to achieve the free and all-round development of human beings, and the future society of human beings is a communist society; the period of >Capital< and the >three Manuscripts< is the sublimation period of Marx’s human value thought, during which Marx makes in-depth analysis. The relationship between the development of >real man< and the social development, points out the three stages of the realization of man’s value, and finds out the factors that hinder man’s development.– Finally, Marx’s thought of human value has a significant impact on Western Marxism humanism, which has triggered the Western Marxism humanism thoughts. At the same time, it has important theoretical foundation significance and practical guidance significance for China, which is currently in a period of social transformation. It is still an indispensable >critical weapon< of our era. No matter the representative of Western Marxism such as Fromm and Marcuse, who start from the early manuscripts of Marx >Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844<, or those persons who start from the mature texts of Marx >The Communist Manifesto< and >Capital<, such as Lukács and Gramsci. Although there are big differences in their ideas, it can be found that an axis and the theme around them is that there is only one Marx, that is, Marxism with the highest purpose of eliminating alienation as the realization of human value, human liberation, free and all-round development. The influence of Marxist human values on the theory of western capitalism is also enlightening to China in the transition period. Under the background of faster and faster social development and accelerated economic globalization, we should draw on the attention of Western Marxists to human beings, pay attention to the development of human subjectivity, adhere to the people-oriented ideology, and strive to achieve human value and the true existence of human create sufficient social conditions for the free and all-round development and liberation of human beings. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
在《基督教的本质》一书中,费尔巴哈对基督教展开了深刻批判。将基督教中神秘的上帝复归于人,把上帝的本质回溯至人的自身的本质。在此之后,费尔巴哈将人的本质定义为>心<或>爱<,使得他把上帝的存在问题仅仅解释成是源于>心<的需求。同时,在上帝与人的关系方面,费尔巴哈也只是将基督教宣扬的人对上帝所具有的依附关系颠倒为上帝对人的依赖关系。在这两个方面,费尔巴哈都没有进行更为深入的探讨,而对这两个问题的进一步阐释可以从以下两个方面进行考察:一方面从青年黑格尔派进行的宗教批判运动出发,就费尔巴哈对基督教的批判进行回溯,简要地勾勒出这一图景。另一方面,借助弗洛姆所发展的精神分析,将费尔巴哈在《基督教的本质》一书中对基督教进行批判时所涉及的上帝的存在及上帝与人的关系的人本学实质问题,置于心理学视域下进行另一维度的阐释,使其实质得以更加明晰的显现。
Kazuo Ishiguro(1954 –) is a British-Japanese novelist and playwright. In 2017, Kazuo Ishiguro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Most of his works focus on the universal value of human beings in contemporary society, and emphasize the trend of integration and coexistence of multiple cultures in the era of globalization. At present, Ishiguro is one of the most famous writers in the English-speaking world today. He has written 7 novels and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize four times. His work >Never Let Me Go< in 2005 was listed on Time magazine’s list of the 100 greatest English language novels since the magazine’s first publication in 1923. >Never Let Me Go< also marks the first time that he attempted to write sci-fi novels.– The novel centers on the eternal literary theme of >destiny< and >freedom< in the context of human genetic technology. Through her memory flashback, the protagonist, Kathy, recalls the story between Ruth and Tommy, who grow up in Hailsham. Adopting a temperate and sentimental tone, Ishiguro traced the cloned group’s growth from childhood to adulthood, revealing their struggle with the >destiny< of organ donation and the end of life. >Never Let Me Go< contains the science-fiction elements that has not been involved in the previous novels of Ishiguro, and touches on the topic of morality and ethics of human cloning, which is a contentious issue in contemporary society. Critics have shown strong interests in this novel. In-depth studies of surrealism, genetic engineering, reflection of science and technology, have introduced many new interpretation methods. For the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel, many studies are limited to the reasons for its occurrence, and many readers question its rationality.– This thesis attempts to start with an understanding of Ishiguro’s consistent writing style and early life experience. Through analyzing the >constraints< and >freedom< in the novel, the thesis tries to explore the nature of the clones’ >non-resistance< with Fromm’s theory of freedom, thus, uncover Ishiguro’s reflection on human’s living condition. The first chapter explores the >constraints< in the novel. In the process of the clones’ growth, they suffer from various kind of constraints, like spatial isolation, social exclusion. This living state of the clones mirrors the condition of modern people in general. The second chapter mainly studies the >freedom< in the novel. In all kinds of >constraints<, the clones can still obtain a certain level of >freedom<. They create artworks, establish friendship and pursue love. Although they finally accept the doomed fate in the end, their short lives still triumph. The third chapter compares the clones’ choice of facing >death< with human beings’ choices and analyzes the positive meaning of the clones’ >non-resistance< approach. The thesis argues that the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel is not >escape from freedom<. Their behavior, thoughts and destiny are circumscribed, which makes them the >others< of the society, but they have not resisted in a violent way. Through positive artistic creation and establishing emotional ties, they find a sense of belonging, value of existence, thus gaining >positive freedom<. >Never Let Me Go< is not a typical science fiction novel with the theme of >cloning<. The novel’s concern is the ordinary people’s confrontation with futility and fate. It is in this sense that Ishiguro is a humanist writer with >compassion<. In >Never Let Me Go<, Ishiguro affirmed ordinary people’s value of existence when confronting the deter¬mi¬nistic force, which shows his concern for the living condition of modern people. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
辛克莱·刘易斯 (Sinclair Lewis) (1885-1951)因成为第一位荣获美国诺贝尔文学家的作家而世界闻名。刘易斯的小说主要呈现了经历了时代变化的一代人身上的忧虑,他也善于运用讽刺写作手法来探索无情的工业社会带来的一系列问题。刘易斯笔下的人物遭遇到这些社会或者职业相关的问题时,他时常给他们提供逃避性的解决办法,如逃避到大自然中去。刘易斯创作了许多著名的作品,其中《阿罗史密斯》是他自称倾注了全部心力的一部作品。和刘易斯一样,主人公阿罗史密斯也生活在在十九与二十世纪之交。当时美国经济迅速发展,物质生活极其丰富,但是越来越多的人在其中感受到了焦虑、恐惧、孤独和茫然。这种将自己看作是一个陌生人以及自己行为的奴隶的心理体验,是异化的一种表现,同时他也感觉他被自己,他人和社会排斥在外。这种现象不容忽视。根据弗洛姆的异化理论,这种心理现象是一种异化。在《阿罗史密斯》中,个人被异化的这种状态由主人公马丁阿罗史密斯淋漓精致地体现出来。迅猛发展的资本主义经济不断地将每个人变成能用钱衡量和被买卖的商品,马丁对纯粹科学的偏执和想和人们建立亲密联系的渴望就自然消失殆尽了。由于一系列原因,马丁陷入了被自己,他人和社会异化的处境。埃里希·弗洛姆在其异化理论中指出,如果采取适当的措施,个人的异化是能够被克服的。马丁异化的原因,表现和他为克服异化所做的尝试将会分三个部分进行讨论。第一章主要讨论马丁异化的原因。马丁被异化的根源在于资本主义经济对他的商品化,以及他与他人和社会的联系被切断。首先,资本主义经济的市场原则极大地损害了马丁的个人能力和救死扶伤的信心。第二,人生命的短暂与他的潜能之间的矛盾导致了他的异化。由于人的生命是有限的,当时历史条件下的医疗水平也是有限的,因此马丁不能发挥出他的全部潜能来治愈病患或者拯救他所爱的人的生命。在这种情形下,马丁从未放弃与这种矛盾进行对抗,但持续的失败陷入了沮丧与被异化的境地。第三,人类的心理与个性是马丁异化的主观原因。马丁生活在一个金钱至上的社会中,像他这般单纯善良的人竟然相信纯粹科学的存在,他难免不会被孤立和异化。不论是作为一个医学生,外科医生还是科学家,他时刻感觉到自己与别人的不同,被孤立和焦虑的情绪。第二章围绕着马丁的社会关系来展开他被异化的表现,主要是关于他和他自己,其他人以及社会的关系。本论文所指的他与自己关系的异化体现在他出卖自己的人格以及不断地对他人进行偶像崇拜的行为。马丁与他人异化的表现是他与自己最亲近的人之间的关系本质上却是物质利益的关系。而马丁与社会关系的异化则不仅体现在他离群索居,也体现在他参与社会活动的被动性上。第三章是关于马丁通过与人们和社会重新建立联系,以及在创造性活动中重新发现自己价值来克服异化的途径。其中最为有效的尝试是沉浸在科学研究之中,因为这能将他从他人的期待与压迫中解放出来,从而来推进研究,并为感染鼠疫的人带来希望。马丁也学会通过奉献和关爱他的病人和伴侣,从而从中培养爱。最后,他从超验主义者中吸取经验,并且意识到他能通过住在乡村实现自己的价值,因为他为自己而劳动,并且不再是资本主义经济中的一件商品。通过研究马丁的异化现象,本文揭示了资本主义社会中个人被异化的原因,表现以及克服异化的方法,并尝试为现代社会中经历异化体验的人提供较为可行的应对之策。
There are important studies that have directly focused on how, in times of conflict, it is possible for previously law abiding people to commit the most atrocious acts of cruelty and violence. The work of Erich Fromm (>Escape from Freedom<), Hannah Arendt (>Eichmann in Jerusalem<), Zygmunt Bauman (>Modernity and the Holocaust<) and Ernest Becker (>Escape from Evil<) have all contemplated the driving force of aggression and mass violence to further our understanding of how people are capable of engaging in extreme forms of cruelty and violence. This paper specifically addresses these issues by focusing on C. P. Taylor’s play >Good<. This provocative play examines how a seemingly >good< and intelligent university professor can gradually become caught up in the workings of the Third Reich. Taylor highlights the importance of appreciating how people can be steadily incorporated into an ideologically destructive system. I argue that the theatre is a powerful medium to explore these complex issues. The audience of >Good< find themselves confronted with the following question – >What would you have done?<
Lieben wir das Leben noch?
(2020)
Examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind.– Provides an introduction, a biographical sketch, a historical discussion of the development of each individual’s thought, and an explication of each of the four major works.– Includes discussions of Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm, Siegfried Kracauer, and Erich Neumann.
Introduction
(2020)
>Jewish Exiles’ Psychological Interpretations of Nazism< examines works of four German-Jewish scholars who, in their places of exile, sought to probe the pathology of the Nazi mind: Wilhelm Reich’s >The Mass Psychology of Fascism< (1933), Erich Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< (1941), Siegfried Kracauer’s >From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film< (1947), and Erich Neumann’s >Depth Psychology and a New Ethic< (1949). While scholars have examined these authors’ individual legacies, no comparative analysis of their shared concerns has yet been undertaken, nor have the content and form of their psychological inquiry into Nazism been seriously and systematically analyzed. Yet, the sense of urgency in their works calls for attention. They all took up their pens to counter Nazi barbarism, believing, like the English jurist and Judge Sir William Blackstone, that >scribere est agree< (to write is to act).
山下凯伦是当代亚裔美国文学界的先锋作家。作为日裔美国作家,其主要关注全球化背景下的少数族裔群体跨越国界建立家园的现象,体现其对人们当下生存状况的密切关注。《穿越雨林之弧》的悲剧背后是人类生存状况的反映,是主人公失去爱他人和爱自然的能力而导致的>家园失落<:失去了作为地理家园的>马塔考<和作为精神家园的>球<。基于此,本文主要运用弗洛姆的爱的理论解读该小说中爱的重要意义。论文第一章解读有关破碎的爱的现象,聚焦其表现形式和原因。该章首先分析小说中以人际间不成熟的爱为表现的>个人纯真<的丧失,包括病态的夫妻之爱,不完整的父母之爱以及冷漠的同胞之爱。论文接着分析了以人类对自然占有性的爱为表现的>集体纯真<的丧失,主要体现在为消费和科技所异化的鸽子、羽毛和马塔考。在景观化和表象化的资本主义世界中,主人公们逐渐失去了爱的能力。第二章聚焦破碎的爱所带来的后果,分析了破碎的爱给主人公所带来的>家园失落<。主人公们在追寻家园途中,不能正确地与他人和外部世界建立联系,也就是不能在爱中实现与他人和环境的统一,导致了马塔考的恶变,失去了地理上的家园。作为该小说的非自然叙述者,小丸一正额前转动的小球,以地球的视角讲述着发生在马塔考的悲剧。从一定意义上说,球的消失象征着亲密友爱的人际关系的消失以及对上帝神圣的信仰的丧失,表征着精神家园的失去,同时也在警醒人类要爱护共同的大家园——地球。论文的第三章分析了爱的建构路径,既分析了人际间的爱的实践,也分析了人对自然的爱的实践。给予、关爱、尊重是人际间的爱的重要要素,而人与自然之间的爱的关键在于人对自然的专注度与责任。小丸一正重获家园的结局展现了爱的重要性,而与之形成鲜明对比的特卫普却在马塔考丧失了自己的生命。接着,该章对人与人之间的爱和人与自然之间的爱进行总结并加以升华,认为两者综合起来就是对大地的爱。每个人都应像小丸一正一样,热爱土地,尊重和关爱土地上的一切,承担起土地伦理义务,与>土地共同体<中的其他成员和谐共生。该论文为解读山下凯伦的作品提供了一个新的视角,引发人们关于爱的思考,为生活在物质资源极其丰富的景观化社会中的人们该如何去爱身边的人或物提供指导。该论文通过细读小说《穿越雨林之弧》,分析了爱破碎的原因和结果以及爱的建构路径,挖掘出爱对于全球化背景下离散的人该如何在故乡之外建立家园的重要性,突显山下凯伦的人文关怀。在山下凯伦看来,解答人类生存问题的关键,在于在爱中实现人与自己、人与他人以及人与自然的统一。
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
This paper sets out to examine in a comparative framework Pitirim A. Sorokin and Erich Fromm's conceptions of love. The core argument is s in the complementarity between self-love and altruistic love. In conclude, altruistic love and self-love are not contradictory to each other. Those who don't love themselves cannot love others, nevertheless, those who ignore others cannot love themselves. What I try to show in this thesis is to clarify this fact.
石黑一雄用人文精神关怀现代社会中普通个体的生存状态。他的小说描写了他们的孤独与痛苦,展现了在时代巨变中被异化的人性。本文借助弗洛姆的异化理论与人道主义思想,分析石黑一雄作品中存在的人性异化主题。论文由四个部分构成,第一章总结国内外研究现状并指出从人性异化角度对作品进行分析的价值;第二章结合人性异化理论,从个体精神层面、人际关系层面与社会层面具体分析作品中的异化表现;第三章从人的心理动因与社会的环境诱因两个方面,分析异化形成的深层原因,揭示出外在环境激发了人物的内在动机并导致人物走向异化的过程;第四章总结石黑一雄小说中异化的解决方式,指出创伤叙述有助于人物反思自身异化的生存状态,而真正的爱则可以用积极的人际关系克服个人的孤绝感与无助感。结语部分点明石黑一雄异化书写所具有独特人文价值。本文认为石黑一雄的异化书写立足于个人,强调个体以内省与救赎达到与自我的和解,具有人本主义的倾向。