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The formation of Erich Fromm’s thought of >Escape from freedom< is based on the inheritance and absorption of Marxism and Freud, on the one hand, Erich Fromm draws on Marxism’s social criticism and alienation theory to analyze the social psychological factors that give rise to escape from freedom, on the other hand, it draws on Freud’s psychoanalysis to analyze the individual psychological factors of escape from freedom, and combines the two. By analyzing the phenomenon of >Escape from freedom<, Erich Fromm points out the spiritual crisis of modern people’s existence and seeks to find ways to construct a sound society and a sound personality. Erich Fromm’s >Escape from freedom< was born out of the Protestant Reformation and the development of capitalism. The Protestant Reformation freed the individual from the constraints of God and the church, but when the individual lost the barriers of the church, he could not feel his place in the secular life. In the course of the development of capitalism, the individual gradually neglects the relation with the other because of the separation of the capitalist division of labor from the other, and the individual pays more attention to his own life, cause the loneliness of the heart. Both contribute to the instability of social organization structure and the unhealthy psychology of the individual, a phenomenon Erich Fromm calls >The duality of freedom<. In Erich Fromm’s view, the duality of freedom is one of the most important reasons for the >Escape from freedom<. Along with the development of capitalism, the idea of >Escape from freedom< took the form of authoritarianism, desire for destruction, and automaton conformity, which Erich Fromm believed had a negative effect on the individual, the psychological factors that gave birth to the Second World War. Since the end of the Second World War, the hidden dangers of Nazism have not been completely eliminated in modern society, and there is a democratic crisis in modern society due to the lack of >Sense of tragedy<. So Erich Fromm addresses the problems of the future by nurturing new people who re-exist and building new societies in which people develop as they are. With the further development of capitalism, industrial civilization does show new features different from the past, and the causes and manifestations of >Escape from freedom< have also changed accordingly. Such social phenomena as the disappearance of >Grand narrative< and >Systematic exploitation< of workers in the industrial civilized society show that the >individualization process< has been reconstructed under the new social situation, >Escape from freedom< is manifested by the further loss of individual identity and hostility from >The other<. Erich Fromm proposed to overcome alienated personality through creative activities, through the form of collective art to cultivate a sound personality, in order to deal with the >Escape from freedom<. By systematically combing Erich Fromm’s theory of >Escape from freedom< and combining it with his Marxist philosophy criticism of Erich Fromm, it can be seen that Erich Fromm’s critique of capitalism does not touch on the Base and political structure of capitalism, and that the basis for judging the soundness of society ignores the factor of productivity, and the >Love< which is used to construct people’s spiritual health has ideality and limitation. Therefore, only on the basis of Marxism and historical materialism, from the perspective of concrete practice, to carry out a critical study of Erich Fromm’s thought of >Escape from freedom<, can draw lessons from Erich Fromm’s thought, for the construction of a harmonious society to provide reference. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
Western capitalist societies in the 1940s and 1950s had a significant improvement in the level of productivity development, but during this period there were problems with the overall mental status of social members. Fromm believes that society as a whole will be in a morbid state just like individuals. At this time, criticism of society should be used to replace the rejection of individuals who do not adapt to society. In order to carry out social critical work, Fromm mainly absorbed the ideas of Freud and Marx, combined psychoanalysis with the social and historical research method as the prototype of historical materialism, and changed the validity of Freud’s theory from the personal or family scope extends to the social scope, and social character is formed from this.– This article systematically introduces and explores the theory of social character. On the one hand, the introduction reveals the research background and significance of this article, on the other hand, it also introduces the status quo of the research on Fromm’s thought at home and abroad, especially his theory of social character.– The first chapter introduces the two major theoretical sources of social character: Freud’s theory and Marxist philosophy, including Freud’s psychoanalysis, subconscious theory and individual character dynamics and society as a prototype of historical materialism. The specific content of historical research method and historical materialism.– The second chapter restores its complete theoretical form from the three aspects of the formation process, main content and function of social character, laying a foundation for exploring the theoretical and practical significance of social character.– Chapter Three discusses the theoretical significance of social character in depth, mainly from the position of the theory in Fromm’s thought and its significance to historical materialism. Specifically, social character is an important theoretical weapon for Fromm to criticize Western capitalist society. Fromm also uses the ideal social character-productive character to try to restore the historical subject; in addition, social character not only supplements and developed the relationship between social existence and social consciousness, economic foundation and superstructure, and also explored the relationship between subject and object in historical materialism, and restored the subjective dimension of historical materialism on this basis.– Finally, the fourth chapter of the article reveals the practical significance of social personality for thinking and resolving the main contradictions in our society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
This paper analyzes >The Winter of Our Discontent<, John Steinbeck’s last novel, from the perspective of humanistic ethics as advocated by American psychologist Erich Fromm. Affected by corrupt social values, the protagonist Ethan fails to realize his primary potentiality for goodness at first. Touched by his untainted daughter Alan, however, Ethan eventually experiences an epiphany, gradually recognizes the importance of self-love, and overcomes alienation in his realization of active freedom. By tracking Ethan’s moral development, Steinbeck gives voice to his own ethical concerns. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 6/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] With the American psychologist Erich Fromm's humanistic ethics as a point of reference, this article analyzes >The Winter of Our Discontent< (1961), John Steinbeck's final work of fiction. This novel focuses on protagonist Ethan Allen Hawley as he succumbs to the influence of corrupt social values and thereby fails to actualize his primary potentiality for goodness. At the novel's end, however, as he is on the verge of suicide, he thinks about the innocence of his daughter, Ellen, and experiences an epiphany of light that leads to a realization of love for self and others. Overcoming his sense of alienation from the good, he embarks on a course of active freedom that will enable him to go on with his life. Steinbeck's exquisite depiction of Ethan's moral development reflects his own ethical concerns about the well-being of his beloved America. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2023]
As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters a new era, people’s leisure needs are growing, and the problem of leisure and human development has become increasingly prominent. On the basis of criticizing the antagonism of capitalist leisure, Marx put forward the communist ideal which takes human’s overall and free development as the basic principle, which has important enlightenment to reflect on contemporary leisure. Understanding leisure, learning leisure, as well as practicing leisure are the only ways to realize the all-round development of people and a better life for people. The former leisure thought can deepen our understanding of Marx’s leisure thought, and can be used as a tool to reflect on the leisure problem. Hegel’s philosophy of master and slave initially revealed the antagonism of leisure and its way out, and Feuerbach’s criticism of alienation provided a model for reflection on leisure alienation. He regarded god as the highest leisure person and love as the essence of human, which meant that the way to overcome leisure alienation lies in the integration of leisure and human development. French utopianism socialism proposed the combination of leisure and work. Veblen criticized the conspicuous consumption of the leisure class. Fromm criticized the emphasis on possession over survival. These theories revealed that leisure and human development can be unified. The leisure discussed by Marx is divided into three levels, including the leisure of rest and relaxation, the leisure of consumption and entertainment and the leisure of human development. Marx’s leisure thought is deeply embedded in consumption theory, free time theory and labor theory. Specifically, human development is the fundamental purpose of leisure, which is the path to human development; Consumption is an important carrier of leisure, and real leisure consumption can promote human development; Free time is the essence of leisure and expands the space for human development; Labor is the foundation of leisure, labor and leisure unity can expand leisure space, make leisure more realistic; The four aspects are interrelated and all reflect the practical logic of communism which takes human development as the center. Marx’s leisure thought has important enlightenment for understanding contemporary leisure theory, leisure status, leisure problems and countermeasures: to build a new leisure value system, to coordinate the relationship between human and nature, society and self; to build a new connotation of leisure consumption and overcome consumer materialization, pay attention to humanistic meaning; to build a new connotations of free time, and realize the comprehensive and free development of human being; to build a new type of labor-leisure relationship, achieve the unity of the two, and to realize the highest human value. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Some successors of Marxists once insist that the >substance<of the world is >abstract matter< of old materialism. Western Marxists who are the affirmative or negative of >substance< commonly demand re-understanding Marx’s texts because they think that the judgment doesn’t embody the real Marxist philosophical revolution. With the refusing to >abstract matter<, Lukács, Fromm, Schmidt and Gramsci etc.do their most to emphasize ontological significance of historical practice and the nullity of two-pattern of materialism and idealism to understanding Marxist philosophy. Though Western Marxism excessively emphasis on practice, their theoretical approach has important theoretical significance to the research of contemporary Chinese Marxist philosophy. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023]
This thesis conducts a comparative study between >The Summer before the Dark< by the British writer Doris Lessing and >The Edible Woman< by the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood from the perspective of Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis. >The Summer before the Dark< and >The Edible Woman< share a significant common theme, that is, the dilemma of contemporary women. Alienation is a prevalent phenomenon in modern society and as members of that society, females cannot escape from this problem. >The Summer before the Dark< describes the story of a middle-aged housewife, Kate, who pursues her true self after temporarily escaping from her family, and >The Edible Woman< depicts working class Marian’s process of searching for mental independence and escaping from an alienating spiritual predicament. By examining the view of human nature, alienation and road to sanity proposed Erich Fromm, this thesis thoroughly analyzes and compares the similarities between the two protagonists’ behavior when confronted with alienation, their process of awakening self-awareness and differences in their routes to mental sanity. Through systematic comparison and analysis, it can be concluded that Kate’s maternal love for children and Marian’s erotic love for Peter provide the respective sources of their alienation. Obsession with others gives them a false sense of identity which enables them to cast off their deeply-rooted feelings of separation. In such symbiotic relationships with others, both Kate and Marian lose their self-awareness as an individual being and they cannot realize their spiritual dilemma. Mental independence and self-awareness are the key to getting rid of plight and the way to mental health for them. Through intensive study, the thesis suggests a solution for those trapped in a spiritual dilemma: productive love. Productive love can meet man’s need for union with others and provide a sense of identity with the prerequisite of the development of integrity. It is the final answer to conditions of individual living plight and the only way to achieve personal equilibrium. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
E. M. Forster’s works mostly reflect the social realities of his time. At the beginning of the 20th century England was in a significant historical period of social transformation. Although material wealth was abundant people’s spiritual state and moral level were constantly retrogressive. >Where Angels Fear to Tread< was set in this background. The moral values expressed in the Mrs. Herritons the family relationships between members and the mental state of each person all reflected the social status quo of their time. This thesis analyzes the phenomenon of alienation in >Where Angels Fear to Tread< through Fromm’s theory of alienation. Alienation has become a common social phenomenon people are in a state of controlling and being controlled so they lost their own independent personality productivity and creativity. In addition money and interests dominate social relations which makes people feel less care for each other thus the social relationship is becoming more and more indifferent. This phenomenon of alienation was not only reflected in British society at the beginning of the twentieth century but also was evident in contemporary times. This thesis studies the novel with the theory of alienation. Through analyzing the manifestations of alienation in characters exploring the causes of alienation and finally achieving the ultimate goal of curing the alienation of characters this thesis not only reflects the novelist’s desire to reveal the alienation of the British middle class but also provides methods and ideas to solve the spiritual alienation of modern people through the study of alienation resistance. This thesis is mainly divided into three parts-introduction main body and conclusion. The introduction gives a brief presentation to the novelist and his works followed by a comprehensive overview of the current state of domestic and international research on >Where Angels Fear to Tread<. Finally the purpose and significance of the text are explained. The introductory part is a prelude to the rest of the study. The main part is divided into three chapters.– The first chapter starts with the embodiment of alienation which explores the embodiment of alienation between individuals and society between individuals and other people and between individuals and themselves. From these three aspects the thesis makes a specific study on the embodiment of alienation and characters’ behavior under alienation.– The second chapter mainly explores the causes of alienation. There are many reasons for characters’ alienation. On the one hand characters’ personality defects lead to their self-loss. On the other hand the influence of long-term family environment is on a person as well as the influence of social environment on them.– The third chapter studies the resistance to alienation. The resistance to alienation also starts from three aspects. The first is the individual’s efforts to get rid of his own alienation. Secondly from the perspective of love it explains the importance of creative love to improve people’s alienation. Thirdly from the social perspective it expounds the positive role of a good social environment for people to get rid of alienation. The conclusion summarizes the content of the above chapters. It can be seen that Foster has a sober understanding of the society he lives in. He expresses the concern of people’s alienation and shows his hope for overcoming alienation. With the rapid development of productive forces the great wealth of material materials and the increasing consumer demand the seemingly sound society hides a profound spiritual crisis which also coincides with Fromm’s alienation theory. Through the analysis it can be seen that studying human alienation is necessary and feasible. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
[Chinese abstract not available] With the rapid development of the Internet and the widespread use of mobile devices, short video applications have become widely available on people’s smartphones, playing an important role in their daily lives. Currently, short video technology is constantly changing and gradually improving its functions, which has greatly enriched people’s daily life, and browsing short videos has become an important way of leisure for people, and the number of short videos has grown geometrically with users, however, short video technology has also produced alienation in this process. This article, based on Marxist humanist thought, Marcuse’s theory of technological alienation, and Fromm’s humanization of technology, delves deeply into the related issues of short video technology alienation and its governance, providing important theoretical guidance and practical reference for the development of short videos.– The specific performance of short video technology alienation is mainly in the following four aspects: First, the thinking alienation caused by short video algorithm recommendation technology, which is mainly reflected in the gradual reduction of people’s logical thinking ability, the weakening of rational judgment ability and the increasing instrumental rationality; second, the aesthetic alienation caused by short video beauty technology, mainly manifested by the objectification of self-aesthetics, the convergence of individual aesthetics and the increasing vulgarization of the mass aesthetic; thirdly, the alienation of values caused by short video rewarding technology is mainly reflected in the formation of wrong career and consumption views by diversified values, the enhancement of utilitarian values and the prevalence of egoistic values; finally, the alienation of self-presentation caused by following technology is mainly reflected in the entertainment and homogenization of self-presentation and the confusion of real self and ideal self. The causes of the problem of short video technology alienation can be attributed to three main aspects. Firstly, on the technological level, the flawed design of short video technology, including structural elements, and the uncertainty of the consequences of its application, have led to the occurrence of short video technology alienation. Secondly, on the subject level, the blind pursuit of profit by the design subject, the value of flow prioritization by the production subject, and the lack of rationality by the application subject have all contributed to the problem. Thirdly, on the social level, the undesirable effect of short video pan-entertainment, the imperfect moral education of short video technology and the unsound social supervision all lead to the alienation of short video technology to a certain extent.– This article analyzes and summarizes the problem of short video technology alienation through the method of literature analysis and the combination of theory and practice. The following measures are proposed: first, technical governance of short video technology alienation by establishing the concept of human-centered design, improving the algorithm recommendation technology system and forming an information filtering ecological environment; second, for individual governance, it is necessary to strengthen the unity of designer’s rights and obligations, promote the unity of author’s subjectivity and initiative, and encourage application users to rationally evaluate technology; third, in terms of social governance, the leading role of values should be improved, the moral education of short video technology should be strengthened, and the social regulation system should be improved. These measures are expected to promote the progress of short video technology and create a healthy short video environment. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
埃里希?弗洛姆,著名的人本主义哲学家、精神分析学家,其技术人道化思想是人文关怀主义研究的哲学理论之一,他的一生都在为了建立以人的全面发展为中心、技术服务于人类的理想社会环境而奋斗。弗洛姆认为,随着技术的不断发展,现代技术社会中人的发展受到了制约,社会偏离了人道化的发展,是一个异化的、病态的社会,他结合了心理学和社会学两个维度,提出了实现技术社会人道化的具体措施,希望将技术重新置于人的控制之中,营造一个健康的社会环境,最终实现人的全面发展。本文首先从弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想产生的时代背景、形成过程、思想追溯以及理论基础等四个方面入手,力图深入剖析其>技术人道化<思想。其次,对该思想的主要内容进行分析,从人的存在方式的异化现象,得出导致异化现象形成的>病原<,再>对症下药<提出如何摒除>病原<实现技术人道化发展的改革方向。最后,弗洛姆>技术人道化<思想从人性论出发,希望将人们的关注点回归到人自身的发展上,把总体社会变革与道德变革相结合,以期改变社会异化现象。虽然弗洛姆提出的实现技术社会人道化的具体方案不具有可实施性,只是构建了乌托邦式的健全社会,存在唯心主义及对资本主义批判的不彻底性,但也体现了人类对美好生活的憧憬。我国目前处于社会主义初级阶段,对我国目前技术发展的情况而言,弗洛姆技术人道化思想具有重要的借鉴意义,值得深入研究。弗洛姆技术人道化思想可以指引我们面对现代化技术社会快节奏的生活时如何树立合理的消费观念、坚定文化自信等。
Fromm inherited Marx’s humanistic thought and developed the psychoanalysis, not only do not obey the thought of theoretical connotation and forms, an important connotation in disobedience thought, also proposed shall establish a disobedient socialism and on the basis of the civil liberties cooperation of human society, form the unique ideological system. At the same time, he analyzed the phenomenon of human alienation and the adverse factors hindering the free development of human beings. The epistemological basis of his humanistic thought is the critical theory, criticizing the basic contradictions existing in capitalist society, and holding that people need to have the courage to disobey the orders of power if they want to establish humanistic socialism. On this basis, Fromm emphasizes the core concepts such as the condition of disobedience and the theoretical basis of social character, which provides a theoretical foundation for people to realize real free and comprehensive development. In addition, Fromm criticized the bureaucratic system of capitalism, the problem of old age and the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom. Based on Fromm’s disobedience thought theory origin and realistic background starting, explore the surrounding Fromm’s ideas of disobedience and evaluation, this paper expounds the main contents of Fromm’s disobedience thought, taking Marxist theory as the foundation, the theory of Fromm’s ideas of noncompliance with the value and limitations were analyzed, and thus introduces Fromm’s ideas of disobedience. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
The eminent British novelist and poet Thomas Hardy wrote fifteen novels, four collections of short stories, over 900 poems and two verse dramas throughout his life, leaving a valuable literary heritage for the people of the UK and the world. Jude the Obscure is set in England of 1860 s. It recounts the tragedy of the protagonist countryman Jude Fawley’s struggle for college minister and a stable marriage. It is considered as the first modern novel in the history of British literature. The theme of alienation is a basic theme of modernist literature. It is displayed in Hardy’s novels, especially in >Jude the Obscure<. This thesis adopts the humanistic psychoanalysis of the German-American Jewish social psychologist Erich Fromm to discuss and analyze the representations and reasons for Jude’s alienation in the novel. Jude lived in a stage when capitalism was rapidly developing. The social economy was thriving. The achievements of political democracy were increasingly consolidated, and the cultural cause was flourishing. Influenced by the capitalist civilization, Jude strove to stand firm in metropolises. However, the development of capitalism has two sides. With the continuous progress in economy and the technology, economic features of capitalism such as the quantification and the abstraction were constantly highlighted. The connections between individuals and the connections between people and concrete objects were increasingly vague. Political democracy not only brought people freedom, but also increased people’s sense of loneliness and powerlessness. On the one hand, cultural education encouraged individuals to develop the character of ambition and competition. On the other hand, it compelled individuals to act in accordance with social norms. In such a society, people were in atomic states. They did not get acquainted with each other. The psychological needs of individuals, also the needs of human nature that were based on their existence conditions could not be satisfied. People were only obliged to conform to social norms, which caused the alienation of individuals. Jude’s alienation is the root of his tragedy. Based on the previous research findings, this thesis attempts to interpret the theme of alienation in >Jude the Obscure< via the theory of Erich Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis. It hopes to have a better understanding of Hardy’s modernist literary spirit. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Fromm is a representative of >Freudian Marxism<. He combined some of Marx’s guidance theories and Freud’s seminars on the spirit level, and analyzed their mental orientation, their current plight, and revealed the profound psychological mechanism of modern man and the nature of the alienation of personality. He proposed a new theory of >escape from freedom< which was totally different from the former one. The only way to truly free yourself is to use love and creative work. His theory of escaping freedom not only provides insight and reflection to the people in the pursuit of real freedom, but also provide some reference for the construction of socialism in China’s new era. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
>Woman in Love< explores the psychological problems of love with a passion and depth unprecedented in English fiction, and represents the highest achievement of Lawrence’s work. It represents the highest achievement of Lawrence’s work, and thus, along with >The Rainbow<, it became the forerunner of the modern novel. The novel revolves around sheer devastation and renders the inquiry about philosophy, life, love and death from the rushing urge to die over and over again, displaying a profound modernity, searching for eternal values in the essence of life and carnal faith. This thesis uses Erich Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis theory, which includes the theory of human needs, authoritarianism, destructiveness, the productive orientation, man’s alienation and man’s living situation and analyzes alienations of characters in >Women in Love<, causes, and proposes positive ways to face it. This thesis consists of three parts: introduction, main body and conclusion. Introduction part includes brief introduction of Lawrence, >Women in Love< and humanistic psychoanalysis theory and literary review of >Women in Love<. The main body of the thesis is divided into three chapters. – The first chapter analyses the alienations of the characters from the psychological description and interactions with others. They no longer pay attention to their own spirit state; appear their destructiveness; alienate themselves and others as objects; lack inner vitality and lose the desire for love and fun of life.– The second chapter analyzes the causes of alienation, including the weakening of humanistic conscience under irrational authority; repression by >social filter<; unbalance of >polarity< connection between the sense of self and that of others), and the gradual erosion of people’s mental state by industrial society.– The third chapter puts forward the possible salvation from human needs. Fromm thinks that alienated people are uncreative people. A truly healthy man is one who loves others, has the sense of identity, develops reason, returns to the nature, and pursues his lifestyle under >the being mode<.– Conclusion part expounds the alienation of characters in >Women in Love<, explores Lawrence’s thinking on human nature through the characteristics of characters in the novel so as to display the artistic charm of >Women in Love< and point out the practical significance of this paper. In addition, this thesis aims to appeal to modern people to understand daily life and to find their own identity and lifestyle by providing a new and meaningful perspective. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
From ancient times to the present, the issue of freedom has always been a hot issue of people’s attention. People’s yearning and pursuit of freedom is an inexhaustible driving force for the progress of human society. In the twentieth century, people found that the development of industry and technology did not bring true freedom and happiness, but made people’s hearts more lonely and spiritually empty, and gradually fell into the contradiction of pursuing freedom and escaping from freedom. Fromm saw the suffering of people. He approached from a microscopic psychological point of view, inheriting and further developing Marx’s free thought on the basis of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. First, Fromm’s inheritance of Marx’s idea of freedom includes: First, both men have taken the actual individual as the subject of freedom, and have set achievable goals of freedom. Second, both men applied the method of integrating theory with practice and unifying history and logic to study the question of freedom. Third, Fromm’s free thought embodies a strong critical and humanitarian spirit, which is consistent with the inner spirit of Marx’s free thought. Secondly, Fromm’s development of Marx’s free ideas includes: First, Marx tried to achieve the free liberation of man through social revolution, while Fromm wanted to achieve the free development of man through psychological revolution. Second, Marx’s theory of labor alienation strongly criticized capitalist society; Fromm put forward a new theory of alienation, which examined the unfree phenomena of capitalist society from a psychological point of view, and usefully supplemented Marx’s free thought. Third, Marx put forward a beautiful vision of the future society, advocating the establishment of a communist society to achieve the free and all-round development of people; Fromm envisioned the establishment of a sound society through political, economic and cultural reforms, which is a supplement to the future free development model of mankind. Fourth, Fromm’s focus on the analysis of human freedom from a personal, microscopic and psychological perspective is an innovation in the perspective of the study of freedom issues. Finally, reflection and evaluation: First, it is pointed out that the defects of Fromm’s inheritance and development of Marx’s free thought, the exaggerated role of psychological factors, the lack of a thorough path to solve the problem, and the unrealistic method of seeking positive freedom. Second, analyze the contemporary values and practical enlightenment of Fromm’s inheritance and development of Marx’s free thought. It provides a new direction for people to pursue freedom and a new perspective for the analysis and solution of social problems; it is necessary to attach importance to the issue of human freedom and development, attach importance to the coordination of the relationship between science and technology and humanities, and pay attention to strengthening the construction of social spiritual civilization. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Joyce Carol Oates (1938 –), one of the most prominent and influential writers in contemporary American literature, is distinguished for her prolificacy in a variety of styles and genres. Oates’s works are unique in exposing the violence and evil in American society. Her works give readers a whole picture of American society, which vividly and graphically reflects the real life from all social backgrounds and presents the reality that lies beneath the surface of American prosperous society. >Them<, published in 1969, is one of Oates’s most important and representative works. The story, spanning almost three decades, presented the real life of the three Wendalls and a panoramic view of American society, which mirrored the living conditions and miserable fate of the lower class. Under the theoretical guidance of Fromm’s theory of social character, the thesis adopts the research method of close reading and makes a profound discussion on the female images in >Them< based on the impact of social reality and family interpersonal relationship on people’s psychology.– The thesis selects three typical female characters in >Them< – Loretta, her daughter Maureen and Nadine as representatives, and analyzes the formation and the expression of their personalities, so as to reveal how female images are distorted in the patriarchal society. Oates portrays the misfortunes and sufferings of women’s lives in the novel. These women, who explore the way of living, are brave enough to resist and break through the shackles of fate. However, they finally lose their self-consciousness under the trouble of social environment and the imbalance of family interpersonal relationship. The three female characters in Oates’s >Them< seek freedom through marriage and money. While they have female consciousness and rebellious spirit, they are always surrounded by violence and male discourse. Therefore, no matter what efforts they make, none of them can get rid of the shackles of patriarchal society. They are doomed to failure. Through the portrayal of women’s living conditions, it arouses readers’ attention and sympathy to women, which reflects Oates’s deep thinking of contemporary women’s issues and the fate of humanity. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
面对百年未有之大变局,>加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局<,消费已成为打通国内大循环生产、分配、流通、消费各个环节的重要突破口,作为劳动力再生产的必要手段,消费结构和质量更是关系到人民对美好生活的追求。数字经济时代人民消费的方式、内容和结构都发生了深刻的变革,消费主义文化在虚拟和现实世界交互中被放大,导致背离人本身需要的数字消费异化现象越来越成为一个不容忽视的社会问题。一、消费异化的根源消费异化理论可追溯到法兰克福学派埃里希·弗洛姆和赫伯特·马尔库塞的>消费领域的异化>和>虚假的需要<等概念。弗洛姆提到:因为消费成了目的本身因为消费不再是为了使用或享受买来的消费物品,所以购买和消费的行为成了强迫性的和非理性的目的。>同样,马尔库塞认为消费异化使人按照<虚假的需求>而消费,<>虚假的需求<是指那些在个人的压抑中由特殊的社 …
《永远讲不完的故事》是德国作家米切尔·恩德最具代表性的青少年奇幻文学作品之一。作者借以小主人公巴斯蒂安在现实世界的遭遇深刻阐释现代人的普遍精神现状:孤独和内心荒芜,并致力于通过主人公在幻想王国的冒险重建一个新的价值世界来改变现状。为寻找这个新的价值世界,本文首先借用社会心理学家弗洛姆的“>社会性格<理论对文章提及的旧世界以及不同社会模式下的价值进行挖掘,再对生活在这些价值模式下的人进行主体间性分析。通过分析导致巴斯蒂安孤独以及内心荒芜的是一个理性当道的世界,而帮助他从幻想王国重回现实世界的则是>爱<。在这个以爱为名的世界里,爱不仅帮助巴斯蒂安突破孤独的壁垒,而且用其所独有的创造性丰富个体内心世界。除此之外,爱还帮助巴斯蒂安以全新的观点发现世界,重寻自我。因此,>爱<作为新的价值当之无愧,必能引导人类精神重新归家,还给人其人性尊严。
The theory of social character is a creative theory that Fromm combines Marx’s social thought and consciousness view on the basis of Freud’s theory of character. Fromm regards Marx as a person of world historical significance. Although Freud sees personal psychological factors, he neglects the influence of social environment on human personality, which limits his vision. Marx thinks far more deeply and more than Freud. He examines human behavior from the social and economic structure, but the irrational factors were ignored, so Fromm tried to >melt the two into one furnace<. Meanwhile, the misreading and Misreading of Marx thought by >pseudo Marxism< made Fromm spend a lot of energy on studying and thinking about Marxism, not only criticizing it, but also expounding his understanding of Marxism. The author proposes the theory of social character to make up for the deficiency of Marx in the micro psychological level and the concrete transformation mechanism between economic foundation and superstructure. The concept of >social character< clearly reflects the traces of Marxist thought. Under the influence of Marx’s thought, Fromm examined the character in the relationship between man and the world, insisted that >the main thing of human is social existence<, and modified Freud with Marx ’social tendency, and explained the decisive effect of social economic structure on social character from the root and change of social character.– At the same time, we also noticed the role of >bond< and >explosive mortar< of social character, so as to explain the relative independence of social character. Not only that, Fromm also explored the foundation and premise of social character, namely, social unconsciousness. He put unconsciousness in the concrete world of reality for understanding, insisted that >consciousness is the product of society< and modified Freud’s >libido< with Marx’s >historical power<. He not only expounded the decisive role of social existence on social unconsciousness, but also saw the negative effect of social unconsciousness on social existence, and tried to make people realize the repression of facts, and seek the way of social change to break this repression.– Fromm’s theory of social character is influenced by Marx’s thought. Although he always bases on the people in the real society and examines the human character in social history, he still regards Marx thought as spiritual existentialism in essence, and the theoretical focus is on the role of social character on human behavior and thinking, and does not really understand Marxism, not only does the understanding of human nature stay in the abstract theory of human nature, but also does not touch the fundamental contradiction of capitalist society, and it is not realistic with a strong utopian color. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
There are three types of Ch’an kung-an that often bewilder Buddhologists; namely, (1) the contradictory, (2) the inexpressible, and (3) mixture of the two. D. T. Suzuki and the scholars influenced by him, for example, E. Fromm, think that these three types of kung-an imply the truth realized by Ch’an masters, the truth which goes beyond daily language and logic. However, as the author points out, there are two traditions in Ch’an School: (1) the >Buddha-nature< tradition based on the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, and (2) the prajna tradition based on the Diamond Sūtra. Suzuki and Fromm’s interpretation only emphasizes the first tradition and ignores the second one. According to the second tradition, the contradiction and inexpressibility of kung-an may seem to indicate the truth of non-existence-śūnyatā, not necessarily indicating the truly existing >Buddha-nature<.
本文聚焦于东欧新马克思主义理论家马尔库什对马克思>人的本质<概念的解读。在《马克思主义与人类学》中,马尔库什试图将马克思的>人的本质<概念与历史概念缝合在一起,进而阐明马克思的唯物史观。在有效区分>人的本性>和>人的本质<的基础上,他剖析了>人的本质<概念的三个要素:劳动、社会性和意识,并揭示出人的本质不是一切时代每个人类个体所必然具备的特性的总和,而是人类的真实的历史存在的那些特性,即自由、普遍性和主体性的实现。马尔库什对马克思>人的本质<概念的解读,秉承了卢卡奇人道主义马克思主义的基本思路,同时又有效避免了弗洛姆和阿尔都塞的理论缺陷,在一定程度上超越了西方马克思主义理论家的基本理路,对我们深入理解马克思思想具有重要的参考价值。
As a master of American literature and a representative writer of academic school in the 20th century, Saul Bellow revealed the spiritual crisis encountered by intellectuals and reflected the spiritual emptiness of people in the social background of moral decline and materialistic desire. >More Die of Heartbreak< is a novel written by Bellow during his latter period of creation. The novel shows the complicated contemporary love, marriage, family condition and the alienated society that is trapped by money, consumerism, and sex. In this thesis, Erich Fromm’s humanism is used to deeply interpret the embodiments, causes, and salvation of alienation in >More Die of Heartbreak<.– The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which mainly introduces Saul Bellow, >More Die of Heartbreak<, research status at home and abroad, alienation and humanistic theory.– Chapter two interprets the embodiments of alienation in >More Die of Heartbreak<, including self-alienation, interpersonal alienation, and alienation between people and society.– Chapter three explores the causes of alienation. Firstly, self-alienation is mainly caused by receptive character, irrational need for relatedness, and alienated way to satisfy relatedness. Secondly, causes of interpersonal alienation mainly include morbidity and liberation of sex, nonproductive character orientation, the impact of pragmatism and the contradiction of different cultures. Thirdly, consumers’ morbid desire for sign value and the media with negative guidance also lead to alienation between human and society.– Chapter four explores how to overcome alienation. Firstly, it expounds that Benn and Kenneth overcome self-alienation through self-improvement. Secondly, individuals can overcome loneliness and rebuild harmonious interpersonal relationships under the salvation of love. Finally, the being mode of existence advocated by Fromm is helpful for individuals to overcome the influence of social alienation and reshape harmony between man and society.– The last chapter is the conclusion, which points out that although contemporary westerners are troubled by alienation, people can still resist alienation through self-improvement, love, and choosing the being mode of existence. It is significant to overcome alienation in a materialistic society from the perspective of humanism. While exploring the embodiments, causes, and solutions of alienation in >More Die of Heartbreak<, this thesis hopes to raise people’s concern about the elimination of alienation and provide enlightenment on how to overcome alienation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] Fromm analyzed the spiritual predicament of modern people after the two World Wars through the combination of Marxism and Freudian psychoanalysis, and pointed out that the spontaneous individualization had to be subject to social conditions, resulting in the gap between positive freedom and negative freedom. In order to escape the burden brought by such negative freedom, people would rather lose their freedom than gain security and survival. In modern society, there is a common psychology of escape from freedom, which presents different forms of expression, and eventually results in totalitarianism and unsound society. Fromm tried to eliminate the ills of modern society by finding a way to realize positive freedom. The escape from freedom emphasized by Fromm is a prominent manifestation of modernity. At present, in the background of modernization and globalization, through the critical thinking of Fromm’s thought of escape from freedom, it is still enlightening and useful for the development of Chinese modernization to pursue and surpass this kind of modernity. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 12/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] As a contemporary psychoanalyst and philosopher, Fromm devoted his life to researching how to heal the mentally ill in contemporary society and to uncovering the root causes of people’s sicknesses in capitalist society. He tried to explain, what is the nature of human beings, what are human needs and the causes of human pathological alienation, etc. Unlike the one-sided criticism of other thinkers on political and economic aspects, Fromm analyzed the causes of the sickness of Western capitalist society from the internal to the external environment, from the individual to the group, from the individual to the society, from the primitive society to the historical class change, from the aspects of man and others, man and nature, man and society, and man and himself, and built a blueprint of a sane society. He pointed out the need to make a sane society a reality through the simultaneous implementation of a political, economic, and psychological revolution.– This paper is a re-investigative analysis of Fromm’s idea of sane society, divided into four parts. The first part, to sort out the background and ideological origins of Fromm’s sane society theory. In the second part, we analyze the logical structure of Fromm’s sane society theory, analyze the nature of human beings, the dichotomy of human existence, human survival needs, and human social needs, and focus on the problem of mental alienation arising from the suppression of human survival needs, the social character as an intermediary between individuals and society, and the root cause of the alienation of social character, and make a presentation of the pathological personality and pathological society presented by the alienation. The presentation is based on this. On this basis, Fromm’s vision of economic change, political change, and cultural change and his strategies for practice are discussed. The last section analyzes the theoretical orientation of sane social thought and its practical implications for contemporary society. It is not difficult to find from Fromm’s sane social thought that his thought is very distinctly humanistic. By thinking about human nature and how to forge a healthy personality, combining Freud’s psychoanalytic doctrine with Marx’s theory of anthropology and the theory of labor alienation, he formed his unique theoretical system, the humanistic psychoanalysis. His concern for the mental health of all human beings and his pursuit of the >free development of all human beings< are in line with the core values of the comprehensive development of the state under the current conditions of socialist market economy, which are people-oriented and have great inspiration and practical guidance on how to solve social problems. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
Celeste Ng is one of the most prominent contemporary Chinese American writers. Her debut novel >Everything I Never Told You<, which took six years to complete, has obtained a huge success since it was published. It won the first place of Amazon Book of the Year in 2014, making a sensation in the European and American literary circles. At present, scholars at home and abroad have mostly studied >Everything I Never Told You< from the perspectives of post-colonialism, feminism, cultural conflict, family education and family relations, but few of them have analyzed it from the perspective of alienation. Therefore, this thesis attempts to apply Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation to analyze the alienation theme in >Everything I Never Told You< from three perspectives: the alienation between man and society, the alienation between man and man, and the alienation between man and self, and elaborating on the ways in which each of these family members overcomes alienation to achieve salvation. Through the interpretation of alienation in >Everything I Never Told You<, this thesis aims to reveal the survival dilemma of the interracial families in Celeste Ng’s writings, insinuating the alienated state of modern people, and trying to provide a way for modern people to overcome alienation. When in a state of alienation, people can overcome alienation and achieve salvation by actively facing the dilemma, promoting their self-identity, cultivating the ability to love and building harmonious interpersonal relationships. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023]
In all ages, whatever social economy and class structure change, happiness is always the pursuit goal of people from vary historical ages. Based on the social and historical reality, the philosophers have given a lot of judgments about happiness, and happiness problem is always a major task in ethnics study. However, the ideologists a tall times and in all countries have vary opinions about happiness unable to decide which is right. So, for the people in modern society it has important meaning to card happiness theory and discuss its signification and essence. Firstly this paper carded the tradition of Chinese happiness theory. In the view of history, Chinese ideologists’ viewpoints of happiness can be divided into two parts, deontology and utilitarianism. Although these two parts have different contestations respectively, they also have an accordant viewpoint at happiness realization, that is, to achieve happiness by self-improvement.– Then this paper carded tradition of western happiness theory to classify it into two kinds, hedonistic eudemonism and consummate eudemonism. The hedonistic considered that happiness was based on people’s feeling. They thought feeling pleasure was happiness with some representatives such as Locke, Bentham, Muller, Feuerbach etc. However the consummate was firstly mentioned by Aristotle. It considered that perfection was happiness with some other representatives such as Paulsen, Fromm etc.– The third part of paper summarized Marxist eudemonism including main structure, inscapes, social historical conditions, evolution rules and characters etc. Marxist eudemonism is based on criticism and self-reflection on hedonistic and consummate. Itis scientific to lead contemporary people to correctly realize and achieve happiness.– The last part of paper tried to give a contemporary interpretation on happiness. It considered that contemporary happiness mainly embodied in the people’s livelihood. After clarifying meanings of people’s livelihood and its problem, this paper discussed essence of people’s livelihood happiness, gave an opinion that the government must be mainly responsible for people’s livelihood happiness, and finally proposed a method to achieve happiness, that is, to establish a people oriented concept of happiness. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 6/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] What is the unique feature of China’s model of development? Upon reviewing the >dialectics of development< that draws on both Amartya Sen and Erich Fromm, this paper argues that the China Model may have a particular strength in reconstructing its Confucian tradition towards social solidarity. In China, like other countries with a rapid development, swift social transformation has brought to fore as many positive as negative consequences, on the basis of which a mixed record of development in modern society can be pathologically diagnosed. Following the Durkheimer's premise that these social ills may be cured by a shift from mechanical solidarity (characteristic of a traditional society) to its organic counterpart, this paper, drawing on both Fisk and Confucius, proposes the idea of >civitas homini<as the core concept to anchor such transition. It defines the linking of individuals to each other in particular and to society in general via voluntary associations that are based on multiple cohesive factors, whether it be modern or traditional. It emphasises the respecting of individual rights to choice and liberties based on informed reasoning faculties. Different forms of >civitas homini<, when combined together, shall reach a stage of >res publica latium< (commonwealth) that ensures both individual liberties and social solidarity, with different communities entering into terms of intersubjective recognition, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence. Through this >civitas homini<, we can rewrite the paradigm of development as one that aims at solidarity rather than purely individualistic freedom. [Author's English]
Anne Tyler is deemed as one of the most outstanding writers and literary critics in contemporary America. Over her long career, distinguished by her vivid description of the conflicts in family life, Tyler has continually published over twenty novels, as well as over fifty short stories and numerous book reviews. Among them, Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant (1982) and >The Accidental Tourist< (1985) are two typical examples. The two novels share a common theme: alienation and loneliness, and the author uses the narrative model of internal focalization in both novels. The difference is that in >Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant<, Tyler flexibly adopts three models of internal focalization: fixed internal focalization, variable internal focalization and multiple internal focalization. While in >The Accidental Tourist<, fixed internal focalization is employed throughout the story. These two novels do not have the tortuous and bizarre storyline, but only revolve around trivial matters that have occurred in family, including the contradiction and estrangement between family members and so on. Judging from the existing literature at home and abroad, there is still great potential for in-depth research on Anne Tyler and her two novels. Based on Gérard Genette’s Narrative Theories, this thesis is devoted to a comparative study of alienation in Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant and >The Accidental Tourist< by means of close reading and theoretical analysis, so as to help readers gain a deep understanding of Tyler’s writing style and alienation theme, and also render a new perspective for further interpretation of Tyler’s family novels. This thesis consists of six parts. Chapter One first gives a brief introduction to the writer Anne Tyler and her works. Then, the definition of alienation is presented, especially Fromm’s views on alienation. In the end of this chapter, the significance and structure of the thesis are pointed out.– Chapter Two is Literature Review. In this part, the study on Anne Tyler and her two representative novels at home and abroad are shown.– Chapter Three is the theoretical framework of the thesis, in which Genette’s narratology theory is explained in detail, especially the narrative focalization: zero focalization, internal focalization, external focalization.– Chapter Four and Chapter Five are the main body of the thesis. Chapter Four aims to compare and analyze the manifestation of alienation in the two novels from different internal focalization types. This chapter can be divided into two parts. The first part will analyze the self-alienation in the two novels. The second part will explore the alienation of interpersonal relationship in the two novels, including two types: the alienation among family members and the alienation with non-family members. And the environmental alienation will be taken into consideration in this part, which accelerates the alienation of characters in the two novels.– Chapter Five is expected to elaborate the external and internal reasons of the alienation in the two novels, and explore the countermeasures to overcome alienation. External reasons, such as the social and historical background, the writer’s experience, the influence of American Southern literature and the family background are analyzed. In view of the internal reasons, this thesis puts an emphasis on personal attitude and choice. In terms of countermeasures, the strength of family ties weakens the alienation in >Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant<. While in >The Accidental Tourist<, the greatness of affection helps the protagonist Macon overcome alienation partially.– Chapter Six – conclusion part, the author summaries the previous viewpoints and puts forward the suggestion for further study. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
The young American novelist Anthony Doerr spent ten years creating >All the Light We Cannot See<, which won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Literature for its subtle storyline and beautiful writing upon its publication. The novel tells the story of Werner, an orphan who embarks on the way of negative freedom due to his ignorance to the world and his worship of authoritarianism, and eventually breaks free from various fetters to gain true freedom. The German humanist philosopher Fromm constructs the unique theory of freedom based on psychoanalysis and Marxism. The negative freedom and positive freedom he proposed constitute the core of his theory of freedom. Fromm argues that the removal of external obstacles does not imply true freedom because it does not guarantee the realization of true development of man’s own power. Instead, positive freedom is the essence of freedom, and true freedom can be fully achieved only when man fully exerts his power of spontaneity and creativity and establishes a close connection with the world. Based on Fromm’s theory of freedom, this thesis interprets the manifestations of Werner’s descent into negative freedom in terms of authoritarianism, destructiveness, and automaton conformity. In addition, this thesis addresses three periods of Werner’s pursuit of positive freedom, namely, the beginning period of conscience awakening, the critical period of spontaneous development, and the realization period of positive freedom. True freedom can be achieved only when man lives spontaneously as a complete subject. Negative freedom brings Werner anxiety and loneliness, so he sets out to pursue positive freedom. Ultimately, Werner achieves self-identity and positive freedom through love, creative work and rational faith. The purpose of this thesis is to reveal that freedom from bondage and obstacles offers us only negative freedom, which seems to bring a sense of security but is followed by endless loneliness and nothingness. Unlike negative freedom, positive freedom provides a true sense of happiness and belonging based on self-actualization. We should acknowledge the existence of negative freedom and strive to achieve true freedom through spontaneous love and creative activity. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
In the last decade we have witnessed the vast development of AI algorithm, which is perceived as a new approach to solve human problems. Meanwhile, within the humanist framework love is regarded as the answer to human survival as well as to the question of good life. However, love itself is in crisis today. AI (which is exactly how love is pronounced in Chinese/Mandarin), with its algorithmic revolution, is nonetheless powerless in coping with the crisis of love revolution. In the post-humanistic horizon, we are facing three different kinds of >black box<. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
佛洛姆雖然沒有提出系統的教育理論,但其理論以人的全面發展、充分誕生為目標,以建立人本主義的社會主義社會為理想,冀望人人覺悟異化的實相,努力克服非理性的熱情與性格,發展生產性格,以解決生存的矛盾,而能夠健全的生活,實具有教育理論的內涵。本文所嘗試為其建立的教育理論,奠基於其人性論、異化論與歷史唯物論,既重視人本身人性力量的發揮,也重視社會整體結構對人發展的影響,有別於先前對其教育理論探討者之忽視社會結構的分析。其人性論承繼馬克思的人性論,以自由而有意識的活動的社會存有為人的本質,同時又根據其心理分析實踐的反思,以內在於人生存處境的矛盾為人的本質。人要獲得自由,必須擴大對自己無意識的覺察,從無意識的壓抑中解放出來。在最深的無意識中,人可以覺察到普遍的人性,而體驗到與所有人類為一體。一般人無法意識到如此深的無意識,但如能意識到其性格結構、社會性格、社會無意識、社會的意識形態等,則能覺察到諸種壓抑其自由發展的內、外在障礙。資本主義社會的生產方式,促使人發展非生產性的市場性格、接受性格等異化的性格,又發展出產業與人工頭腦時代的宗教,來強化這些性格。人由這些非生產性格發展出貪婪、自戀、亂倫固著、威權性格、破壞性等非理性熱情,又屈從於匿名權威,成為自動機器人,遂不得自由發展。人由生產性的工作、工作社群、產業民主、健全消費、全民參與式民主、集體藝術、人本主義的宗教與教育,可以發展生產性格結構,發展生產性的愛與理性的力量,以克服與自我、他人、自然異化的生存矛盾,而達到與世界合一的真我,真正得到自由的發展。生產性格者能夠帶動產生更多的生產性格者,一個社會若有許多生產性格者,就能逐漸轉變社會盛行的價值與觀念,進而逐漸轉變社會性格與社會的生產方式。佛洛姆以生產性的愛為基礎的認識論,和格物致知的修養功夫相似,必須格除私欲,克服自戀等非理性熱情,以無我的愛與世界關聯,心清淨無染,才能看清世界。在這個基礎上,才能發展愛與理性的能力,及其他的人性潛能。故學為聖人,放下自我,從自我的牢籠中脫離出來,乃人得以自由發展的重要關鍵。以「存有」情態學習人類導師與人本宗教的教誨,知行合一的實踐博愛,能夠克服自戀,發展生產性格。能相當程度的發展生產性格,解決生存矛盾之後,才能健全的生活,發展各種人性潛能。生產性格的教育者與領導人「作之君、作之親、作之師」,將家庭、學校、公司等小團體,建立成以愛生性為導向的學習社會,可以促進所有成員生產性格的發展。這種學習社會可以漸次擴大,而將整個社會、國家建立成以愛生性為導向的團體。經由教育者的愛與人格典範、童蒙養正、教勞結合、內在自我實現動機的啟發、落實所教內容、對受教者的信心,可以幫助人發展生產性格,克服異化。教育學的理論與實踐,應更重視整體社會結構與歷史對人的影響,應更重視德育對人整體發展的影響,避免將自私、異化的人視為常態,而應以幫助人發展成生產性格者為目標去進行研究與實踐。
Since the 1980s, new changes have taken place in capitalism: neoliberalism has become the main political and economic practice in contemporary western capitalist society, while the mode of production has gradually shifted from materiality to the parallel production mode of materiality and non-materiality. The rule mode of capitalism has changed from negative power to positive power. In the operation process of contemporary capitalism, although it seems to emphasize individual freedom and liberation, it still insists on the logic of capital multiplication to rule the operation of the whole society in essence. Therefore, it also causes various social problems in the western capitalist society. How to understand the society under the power operation of contemporary neoliberalism, where its contemporary symptoms are manifested, and how to deal with it have also aroused the attention and concern of many social critical theorists, so many theories of understanding and surpassing contemporary capitalist society have emerged. Han Byung-chul’s critical theory of psychopolitics was born. The theory of >psycho-politics< has a self-evident need to be distinguished from the analytic Marxism of Fromm, Horkheimer, and Althusser. On the surface, although psychoanalysis and psychopolitics share the thinking of >spirit<, their purport and analysis methods are quite different. Psychoanalysis of Marxism is to psychoanalysis as a way to how individual psychology works interpretation in the manipulation of capitalism, and Han Byung-chul political theory put forward by the spirit is the spiritual production as the breakthrough point, discusses the new liberal regime by >self optimization> and >emotion< economic Angle used to describe the spirit be capital. In fact, this is also a critique of the capitalist ideology of deep thinking. As a social critic, Han Byung-chul was influenced by the development of contemporary capitalist society and the theories of the existing social critics. So he is not only in combination with the new situation of the contemporary developed capitalism, at the same time also learn to many social critics, especially the critical theory of Marx’s capital, the Frankfurt school’s theory of ideological criticism, aesthetic liberation theory and life, a political scientist at foucault and others thought, for their own critical theory analysis model to lay the ideological foundation. After the politics of life has become an important perspective of neoliberal governance, the politics of spirit proposed by Han Byung-chul can be regarded as an important supplement to the politics of life. At present, the thinking of governance should also shift from physical domination to spiritual thinking. Han Byung-chul ’s overall analysis of psycho-politics contains the overall logic of neoliberal power operation. In Byung-Chul Han’s analysis, burnout society, transparent society and performance society constitute three perspectives to examine contemporary capitalism, which also contains the results of the role of spiritual and political power, monitoring power and capital power. Among them, the theory of >self-exploitation< constitutes the core theory of Byung-Chul Han’s critique of psychopolitics. Whether >self-exploitation< constitutes a breakthrough point to solve contemporary problems beyond Marx’s critical view of capital. This paper attempts to understand the theory of self-exploitation put forward by Han Byung-chul from the perspective of Marx’s capital criticism. Although Han Byung-chul thinks that self-exploitation constitutes the existing state of contemporary individual alienation, he does not understand the way of individual existence from the employment labor system, so he does not get to the root of individual alienation in capitalist society. Secondly, by analyzing Marx’s critique of political economy to Han Byung-chul proposed social alienation phenomenon, we found that the power of capital as the essential power structure of the contemporary social daily life way, and Han Byungchul liberation path is not functioning, according to the theory of capital and power in modern society, but only through the liberation of consciousness, Therefore, it misses the essential elements of the critique of capitalism. Han Byung-chul’s theory of self-exploitation is not tenable in the context of political economy criticism. Self-exploitation is simply the result of modern capitalism making its methods of exploitation more secretive. Han Byung-chul’s critique of contemporary capitalist society based on the theory of psycho-politics does not surpass the theoretical roots of Marx’s critique of capital. However, Marx’s critical theory of political economy may respond to the current form of social alienation as an essential dimension of Marx’s critical theory of political economy, which criticizes the mode of production and multiplication of capital. Han Byung-chul is based on a contemporary social critical theory constructed in the development reality of contemporary capitalism. The ultimate appeal of his theory is consistent with That of Marx. Han Byung-chul perspective of contemporary capitalist society effectiveness not only embodies the contemporary of Marxism, but also face to face with modern problems put forward the path of liberation and beyond, is to rebuild the other in order to reconstruct a new relationship, at the same time through lust to open up a redemption of emotions and the individual psychology, and to call for the reconstruction of the authority, a truth so as to resist the rule of capitalism. The road of aesthetic redemption of Frankfurt School also constitutes a main way for Han Byung-chul to transcend modernity. He criticizes the logic of contemporary capital multiplication, so as to escape the alienation caused by capital to individuals through the desire for beauty, and reform individual life field through aesthetic redemption. In general, it is very valuable for Han Byung-chul to analyze the pathological features of contemporary capitalist society based on >psycho-politics<. He provided a new way of thinking about the contemporary capitalist society and deepened his criticism of the capitalist society. However, he did not clarify the root of capitalist social alienation, did not combine the basic thinking of Marx and Engels’ political economy criticism, and only gave a limited way to transcend social alienation from the subject point of view. However, Han Byung-chul’s critical theory of spiritual politics also has some practical enlightenment, that is, it urges us to reflect on the operating mechanism of contemporary capitalist society, liberate alienated labor, and promote the reform of civilization concept. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
The >Buddhist< culture itself, as a subculture, is usually characterized by the coexistence of rationality and sensibility and the coexistence of aggressiveness and anxiety. The choice of “Buddhist” life for college students is an escape to a certain extent. They leave their families and come to a relatively free university. A sense of loneliness and powerlessness is generated, which leads them to defend themselves to relieve pressure, thus the psychological phenomenon of >escape from freedom< appears. However, there is a certain pragmatism while escaping. This seemingly free and easy >Buddha system< Mentality actually has a negative impact on the subjective well-being of college students. In Fromm’s view, freedom has dual meanings. These college students who advertise as >Buddhist youth< are in the predicament of freedom. However, in reality, some college students choose to escape from negative freedom to overcome their inner loneliness. This paper analyzes this phenomenon based on Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom<, and attempts to propose a path to achieve positive freedom and help college students pursue positive freedom. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
The film literary drama >No Escape< is a crime genre drama with the theme of >revenge<. It mainly tells that Fang Tonghang, a spiritless novelist in a small town, discovered that his uncle suddenly became a suspect in a murder case. In order to clear his uncle’s suspicion, Fang Tonghang had to find the real murderer within three days. During the process of finding the real murderer, Fang Tonghang uncover a twenty-year past by visiting and researching different witnesses and exhibits. The plot finally focuses on a broken father-daughter relationship, discussing the alienation of people under money worship. The main storyline of the film literary drama >No Escape< is that the small town novelist Fang Tonghang received a contract intention from Honghui Publishing center after repeated setbacks in his work. The victim was Zou Tezhu, vice president of Honghui Group, who went to Li town for a holiday in a low-key manner. By mistake, the former assistant policeman Zhiwei, who chased the traffickers because of suspicion, became the >true murderer< witnessed by the inn attendant Xiao Mao. To restore his uncle Fang Zhiwei’s innocence, Fang Tonghang had to be ordered by Wei Tingjun, vice president of the Honghui Group, capture the real murderer within three days. Through interviews with waiter Xiaomao, uncle Wu who sells cigarettes, cleaning staff aunt Wu, and Wei Tingjun, the party concerned, the possibility of the murderer was found. In the end, real murderer Jing Lan was identified by the return trafficker Lao San in the secondary plot.– Creation interpretation uses five parts: summary of the work, character setting, narrative structure, mirror language style and creative reflection to sort out and think about the drama creation. The main part of the work overview is based on the origin of the topic selection, around the drama structure, combined with the aesthetic tendency of the genre film and the moral and ethical themes, it tells the origin of the creation and a brief plot analysis. The character setting part mainly focuses on the three main characters of Fang Tonghang, Jing Lan, and Wei Tingjun, explaining the significance of their creation, using Maslow’s demand theory and Marx’s theory of human alienation proposed by Fromm to explain the projections on Jing Lan and Wei Tingjun. In the narrative structure, use the book-in-book structure similar to the movie >Atonement<, and focus on the >introduction of events< and >critical events< proposed by Syd Field, which will introduce the construction before the event and the internal operation rules of the key event Describe. Mirror language style part analyzes the basic aesthetic structure of this drama, taking the Korean crime genre film >Cry<as an example, expounds the stylized pursuit of the genre film under the decadent aesthetics of the small town. The creative reflection part summarizes the shortcomings in the creative experience, and reflects on the shortcomings in the script creation from the perspective of characterization and plot structure. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023]
In modern industrial society, alienation has become a general problem existing in politics, economy, culture and other fields. For this reason, based on humanism Fromm's uses Freudian psychoanalysis to expose the symptoms of alienation in modern society. And in the perspective of Marxism, he ran through the analysis of human psychological mechanism to seek a solution to eliminate the symptoms of alienation. However, in essence, Fromm exaggerated the role of psychological factors in eliminating alienation, so it has inevitable limitation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
彼得·汉德克(1942.12.06—)是奥地利著名作家、剧作家、电影编剧和导演。2019年汉德克获得了诺贝尔文学奖。20世纪70年代汉德克发表了两部以女性为主人公的作品——《无欲的悲歌》(1972)和《左撇子女人》(1976)。在这两部作品中,汉德克笔触细腻地书写了两个女主人公——母亲和玛丽安娜对自由的追求,揭示了男权社会对女性长久的压迫以及女性在弱势境况下的抗争,作品一经发表就引起了社会的高度关注。汉德克笔下的两位女主人公对自由的追求是贯穿两部作品的线索。国内外大多数学者对两部作品的研究都集中女性主义、互文性、叙事手法等角度,尚未有学者从女性追求自由的角度对两部作品进行阐释。因此,本文旨在以弗洛姆自由理论解读母亲和玛丽安娜的追求自由之路并深入剖析两个女主人公追求自由不同结局的原因,进而阐明汉德克的女性自由观。个体为获得自由而摆脱了既为其提供庇护又束缚其发展的>始发纽带<后,陷入了无能为力的孤立状态。面对巨大的无助和孤独,个体有两种选择:一种是逃避自由带来的负担,以牺牲自我为代价逃向>继发纽带<,重新建立依赖与臣服关系;另一种则是继续前进,积极发挥自发性,努力实现以个体的独一无二及个性为基础的积极自由。母亲被原生家庭保护的同时,也被其束缚,因此她选择逃离原生家庭。然而面对着失去原生家庭这一>始发纽带<后的巨大的孤独和无助,母亲以牺牲自我为代价,试图通过臣服于男权、盲从于他人在>继发纽带<中获得安全和稳定。然而>继发纽带<只是禁锢个体的又一个枷锁,母亲最终心灰意冷,选择逃避现实,而这更加剧了母亲的孤独和无助。最终,在现实和理想之间的困境中徘徊的母亲没能获得自由,而是走向了灭亡。玛丽安娜在获得看似幸福,实则枯燥乏味的婚姻庇护的同时,也被其压抑了个性,束缚了发展。因此玛丽安娜选择逃离婚姻这一>始发纽带<。但与母亲的选择相反,玛丽安娜在面对逃离婚姻后的孤独和无助时,并未逃向>继发纽带<,而是选择正视孤独,坚持自我,勇敢反抗男权,在积极同世界相连中探寻生命的意义。最终,玛丽安娜获得了积极自由。母亲和玛丽安娜追求自由结局不同,究其原因可从主客观两个层面进行分析。在保守压抑的环境中长大的母亲习惯性依赖他人,害怕孤独且抗拒独处,并在不平等的感情关系中愈发失去爱人与爱己的能力,这些都一定程度上对母亲追求自由产生消极影响。而玛丽安娜则在较为开明宽松的家庭氛围中长大,在追求自由过程中不仅始终坚持自我,正视孤独,在独处中通过内省反思自我,而且能够有尊严地爱人和爱己,保持对生活的热忱,在爱中积极与世界相连。此外,玛丽安娜所处时代正值女权运动兴起,女性意识觉醒,这为玛丽安娜追求自由创造了有利客观条件。对比母亲和玛丽安娜对自由之追求可窥汉德克的女性自由观。汉德克认为女性只有在良好的客观生存环境和自身主观努力缺一不可的情况下方能获得积极自由。在他看来,独处是女性通往自由的必经之路,在独处中女性方能通过自省找到与世界相处的模式;对生活、自我及他人之爱是女性追求自由的动力源泉;良好的日常生活环境则为女性获得自由创造了必要条件。
Love as an Event [作为事件的爱]
(2022)
Viet Thanh Nguyen is an outstanding contemporary American writer of Vietnamese descent. His debut work, >The Sympathizer<, has received widespread attention from the literary world since it was published and has won many literary awards. >The Sympathizer< tells the protagonist’s story serving as a double-face spy in North Vietnam and South Vietnam after the Vietnam War. He is torn not only between his covert mission and his cover identity but also between his homeland and the United States, and between his French and Vietnamese ancestries. He splits between these two worlds. Being tortured by multiple identities, coupled with a tense individual environment, his inner world is full of anxiety, and eventually alienated. In addition to this, characters in >The Sympathizer< are all alienated to some degree. Erich Fromm is a famous American psychoanalyst and an important representative of the Frankfurt School of Western Marxism. This thesis tends to apply his views on alienation to the discussion of the characters’ self-alienation, alienation in interpersonal relations and alienation from society in >The Sympathizer<, and probe into the causes of the alienation. The thesis includes an introduction, five main chapters, and a conclusion. The introductory section briefly introduces Viet Thanh Nguyen’s life experience and the main content of >The Sympathizer<, literature review, and the thesis statement.– Chapter 1 briefly describes the origins and development of the alienation theory and focuses on Fromm’s viewpoints on alienation. This chapter points that the alienation is chiefly embodied in human alienation which includes people’s self-alienation, alienation in interpersonal relations and alienation from society.– Chapter 2 analyzes the self-alienation in >The Sympathizer<. The characters’ self-alienation can be presented through changes in their identity, behavior, and psychology.– Chapter Three analyzes the alienation in interpersonal relations in >The Sympathizer< mainly from the two aspects of family relationship and gender relationship. In the alienation of family relations, the absence of the father and the contempt of relatives are discussed. In the alienation of the relationship between the sexes, the imbalance between the status of lovers’ sexual pleasure instead of love is analyzed, which indicates that there is neither love nor trust or responsibility among people, but merely hostility and indifference.– Chapter 4 analyzes the alienation from society. The scope of all human activities must be governed and manipulated by relevant rules and regulations. It is mainly reflected in the fact that people become tools in social activities. At the same time, people follow the principle of benefit-oriented behavior in actions.– Chapter 5 analyzes the factors leading to human alienation from two aspects: external factors and internal factors. The former includes wars between nations, splits within countries, and different cultural values between the white and nonwhite; the latter involves moral degradation and the strong power of Hollywood discourse.– The conclusion indicates that alienation is widespread in the society and it is a common problem or challenge faced by all human beings. The thesis applies Fromm’s alienation theory to conduct a comprehensive analysis of >The Sympathizer<, aiming to expose the alienation phenomenon in society truly and profoundly, which helps people seek the right direction on the road of self-seeking and has specific practical significance. [www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
Ian Mc Ewan is one of the most influential novelists in the contemporary British literary world. He has won he Booker Prize, the Maugham Prize for Literature and so on. Mc Ewan’s >The Cement Garden< was published in 1978, which is one of his outstanding and representative works in his early career. On the basis of Fromm’s theory of human nature the thesis aims to analyze the growth environment of the children in >The Cement Garden< and its influence on the construction of the children’s personality in three aspects: the needs satisfaction, the love interactions and the formation of social personalities. Through the analysis of the children’s growth in the three aspects the thesis interprets the inevitability the tragedy of the children and we can deeply understand Mc Ewan’s reflection on human nature and his pursuit and exploration of the sound human nature. The thesis is divided into four chapters besides introduction and conclusion. The introduction part briefly introduces Mc Ewan’s life, creation and his important work >The Cement Garden<. On this basis it reviews the research status of the novel both at home and abroad, thus clarifying the innovation of the thesis and explaining the purpose, significance and structure of the thesis. The first chapter is the theoretical basis, which briefly reviews the origin and development of Fromm’s theory of human nature. It discusses in detail the people’s needs, the emotion interactions and the formation of social personalities in the theory of human nature.– The second chapter analyzes the unsatisfying needs of the children in the construction of human nature. The insufficient association, the deficiency of root-seeking requirements and the unfulfilling sense of identity make the children cannot satisfy their critical needs in the growth process. Mc Ewan also shows that only by establishing contact and communication, paying attention to spiritual needs and improving sense of identity can the children improve their sound human nature in a positive and active life.– The third chapter discusses the lack of love interactions in the construction of human nature. Because of the mother’s unconditional love, the father’s conditional love, the unequal emotion interactions of the siblings and the abnormal and selfish self-love the family members lack the ability of caring for others and the ability of efficient interactions. At the same time the children also show the efforts to build the sound human nature in their limited brotherhood and pursuit of beauty and emotion.– The fourth chapter discusses the formation of the social personalities of the children in the construction of human nature. With the non-productive personality and the negative behavioral representations the children cannot interact effectively with the outside world and they drift away from the society. At the same time, Mc Ewan also shows that only in the satisfaction of human instinct and the healthy family relationships can the children form the positive social personality.– The conclusion part of the thesis points out that >The Cement Garden< reveals the necessity of a healthy growth environment for the construction of the sound human nature of the children. The exploration of children’s growth environment from the perspective of human nature theory not only shows the author’s concern for the human nature problem in the children’s growth, but also provides new ideas on how to construct the sound human nature in modern society. On the basis of Fromm’s theory of human nature the thesis analyzes the construction of human nature of the children in >The Cement Garden< in three aspects: the needs satisfaction, the love interactions and the formation of social personalities. Fromm’s theory of human nature shows that the satisfaction of needs, the comfort of emotions and the positive social personality are the indispensable factors for the construction of the sound human nature. In the novel the children grow up without these factors and result in the final tragic ending. However, >The Cement Garden< is not a worthless work describing the morbid survival state. Mc Ewen shows that the sound human nature plays an important role in the growth of children. Therefore, the novel is of profound social significance in arousing the concern and reflection of contemporary people on the construction of the sound human nature and healthy society. The analysis of >The Cement Garden< through the use of Fromm’s theory of human nature can provide a new perspective for the study of McEwen’s works. [English: www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
群文阅读能让学生的思维方式变得多元化,思维获得提升,让语文教学焕发新的活力。基于此,笔者设计了以《群文阅读高中读本》(高一)中>剪不断的生命脐带<为议题的群文教学。前置任务:学生运用浏览、默读、批读、细读等方法阅读,整体感知文本内容,并完成导学案。课堂探究:首先,通过分析《触龙说赵太后》(《战国策》)掌握劝说的艺术,懂得由>父母之爱子,则为之计深远<到>对一朵花的爱是欣赏与合理的浇灌<的关于真爱的哲学。其次,比较阅读《我的母亲》(胡适)《谢幕的教养》(刘心武)《母亲的力量》(孟鸿)《多年父子成兄弟》(汪曾祺)《父母与孩子之间的爱》(艾里希·弗洛姆),分析概括父母行为、性格和对孩子的影响,感受父母对孩子的爱,激起学生心灵的共鸣。
[Chinese abstract not available.] Family affection is the emotion that can’t cut off in one’s whole life. Since ancient times, the Chinese nation has always attached great importance to family ties. Family education is never out of date. The Times call for students with both moral integrity and ability. In recent years, the rapid development of China’s economy has also brought a series of problems, the weak concept of family affection and the lack of family education has aroused people’s high attention. This paper takes the family affection unit of the unified compilation of junior high school Chinese textbooks that has been put into use nationwide as the research object, and discusses the family affection unit from five aspects, including the following contents. First of all, the paper reveals the basis and necessity of family affection education in junior high school chinese. Theories include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Erikson’s theory of stages of personality development and Fromm’s art of loving. Then from the three aspects of moral cultivation, socialist cultural construction and carrying forward the traditional virtues of filial piety and respect for the elderly, the necessity of this research is expounded.– Secondly, it sorts out the compilation of the unified version of junior high school Chinese family unit, and analyzes it from four dimensions: text selection system, reading aid system, practice system and knowledge system. Also it excavates the hidden teaching resources in the books.– Thirdly, it investigates the current situation of the unified junior high school Chinese family unit teaching, and on the basis of analyzing the data, it finds that there are problems such as insufficient in-depth text interpretation, old-fashioned and single reading way, insufficient emotional input, and lack of guidance in extended reading.– The fourth part discusses the implementation strategy of unified junior middle school Chinese family unit teaching. This chapter is also the core of this paper. Multiple teaching strategies can be adopted in the specific teaching practice of family unit. Such as the use of knowledge, rich knowledge reserves; In-depth reading of the text, mining the emotional value; Organize reading training to arouse emotional resonance; strengthen situational teaching to stimulate learning interest; carry out dialogue between teachers and students to generate feelings of affection; Linkage inside and outside the classroom, expand learning resources and so on.– Lastly, based on junior high school Chinese family unit teaching strategy to display two teaching designs >Golden Flower< and >Lotus Leaf-Mother<. [English: www.cnki.net, 9/2022]
The prominent modernist writer Katherine Mansfield exhibits her innovative modernity, mixture of complex sentiments and rational interior exploration most conspicuously in her short stories. Yet despite the modernity of her thought, spontaneity and extroversion, of her expression and her other pivotal contributions to modernist literature, she is marginalized in literary arena with some of her themes, such as escape, being neglected by her readership and scholarship. However, escape as a complex and action has actually been one of the most essential themes recurring in Mansfield’s short stories and her life when she has kept struggling between idealism and realism. And escape as a shared choice of her characters trapped in predicaments or psychological dilemmas is often formulated in the contradiction between the escapists and society as well as their own intrapsychic conflict. Therefore, the thesis will engage Erich Fromm’s theories of human nature and escape to offer a socio-psychological reading of Mansfield’s escape theme accordingly. The thesis discusses the escape theme of Mansfield’s 16 short stories in three aspects of manifestations, causes and final destinations of escape. Chapter one focuses on the two major patterns of escape in terms of its manifestation: retreat and camouflage, which are respectively defined by escapists’ receptive orientation or marketing orientation. Receptive oriented Rosabel and the old lady and marketing oriented Gregory and Duquette are among the train of escapists examined here.– Chapter two unrolls the causes of the escape. The external determinants include three kinds of social forces restraining various human needs and two kinds of alienated family relations caused by authority or immature love. Miss Brill’s escape posed by social ostracism, Linda’s escape stemming from social convention and Ma Parker’s escape due to social hierarchy demonstrate how these three social forces determine their escapes. Moreover, escapes of Kezia and Matilda as results of their alienated relations with parents and the escapists including Monica and Mr. Salesby formulated in their alienated relations with spouses highlight the causality between the alienated family relations and escape. And the internal determinant refers to the identity dilemma that stems from one’s doubt over either his real self or social self. Both Bertha’s escape from her real self and Millie’s from her social self are made in a common backdrop of their identity dilemma.– As for the two opposite destinations including the positive and the negative ones, chapter three elucidates them as respectively the results of positive freedom or negative freedom procured by escapists represented by Miss Moss. Briefly, either through retreat or camouflage, most escapists perpetuate or exacerbate their predicaments after transient alleviation brought by their escapes. Only a few productive oriented ones could escape from predicaments ultimately for their escapes underpinned by their productiveness are quintessentially spontaneous negotiations with the world rather than self-deluding compromises or evasions. Hence they could realize their inherent potentiality, remain self-consciousness and external connection in the midst of escape and extricate themselves from their predicaments afterwards.– Besides, the theme of escape illustrated in the thesis is actually imbued with Mansfield’s own life experience and philosophy. Through offering a socio-psychological interpretation of Mansfield’s escape theme, the thesis hence hopefully aims to enrich the understanding of Mansfield and her characters, draw more attention to Mansfield and invoke, in particular, more reflections on the escape of her short stories, especially in the contemporary context of human existence. [English: www.cnki.net, 4/2022]
Kurt Vonnegut (1922 – 2007) is a prominent American writer. As a soldier surviving the World War II, he is exceptionally concerned about the society in wartime and the future of human beings. This thesis takes Vonnegut’s fourth novel >Cat’s Cradle< published in 1963 as the research subject. Through the portrayal of the major characters – Dr. Felix Hoenikker and his three children, Dr. Asa Breed and Jonah, the novel exposes a series of social issues such as the misuse of science and technology, religious nihilism, and man’s alienation. Based upon Ihab Hasan’s postmodernism theory and Eric Fromm’s alienation theory, this study aims at interpreting the creative features of >Cat’s Cradle< from three aspects: alienation, indeterminacy and Fragmentation through analyzing the content and the form. Simultaneously, the research tries to dig out Vonnegut’s writing intention, which is to break the scientism and religious nihilism and arouse man’s courage and wisdom of facing up to life. Chapter One begins with a brief introduction to Kurt Vonnegut’s life and his works, pointing out that Cat’s Cradle is worth studying due to its experimental writing style and concern for the social reality. Then, the significance and the layout of the study are indicated.– Chapter Two introduces and analyzes the previous studies on >Cat’s Cradle< at home and abroad, through which the writer finds it necessary to study the textual and practical significance of >Cat’s Cradle< in postmodern context. The theoretical framework of the thesis includes Ihab Hassan’s postmodernism viewpoints and Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation.– Chapter Three draws on Fromm’s alienation view and Hasan’s self-less-ness and depth-less-ness view, pointing out that alienated people in postmodern society often lose their human nature, and nihility and absurdity are the main features of human beings. Through the analysis of the main characters in the novel such as Dr. Hoenikker, Dr. Asa Breed, Dr. Hoenikker’s children and narrator Jonah, Vonnegut’s depiction of the absurdity and indifference in human nature is exposed.– Chapter Four discusses the characteristic of indeterminacy embodied in >Cat’s Cradle< from the aspects of identity and theme. It not only analyzes the importance of indeterminacy in highlighting the author’s writing intention, but also denotes that indeterminacy has permeated into the thoughts and actions of people living in postmodern society. Vonnegut’s concerns and worries about the instability of postmodern society are also demonstrated.– Deriving from the postmodernism literary feature of Fragmentation, Chapter Five tries to dig out the significance of fragmentation in realizing the author’s writing intention and subverting the creation of traditional novels. Meanwhile, the adoption of Fragmentation insinuates the chaotic and disordered state of postmodern society.– Chapter Six summarizes the main content of this thesis, indicating the importance of Vonnegut’s excellent writing skills in exposing social reality problems, and inspiring the public to think and act positively for the survival and development of postmodern society and human beings. >Cat’s Cradle< presents a moral tragedy in a comedy way. It is novel in plot, clever in conception and rich in theme, therefore, it is popular among readers and worthy of further study by scholars. In addition, Vonnegut’s profound reflection on history and serious concern for reality greatly inspire readers all over the world. Therefore, this book is not only a classic literary work worthy of study, but also a novel with paramount practical significance. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] Erich Fromm’s concern for human existence is an important part in the construction of his social critical theory. His philosophy of existence originated from his early growth experience, including the theory of social character, the thinking of human existence requirements, the examination of human’s lifestyles. And the suggestions on how persons can move towards a well existence after the categorization. Searching on Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence from a holistic perspective will help us clarify the value orientation and theoretical vision of Erich Fromm’s social criticism, and help us to build the panorama of Erich Fromm’s philosophy. Although Erich Fromm’s theoretical construction is not perfect, his belief in our ability to achieve a better life can inspire us to move forward.– Firstly, Erich Fromm’s early growth experience exposed him to psychoanalytic and Marxist theories, and focused his perspective on human survival. After joining the Frankfurt Institute, the research on the mental and psychological conditions of Weimar German manual workers and white collar workers, which he presided over, provided empirical support for his social criticism theory, and also inspired him to propose a theory of social character, thereby promoting the birth of Escape from Freedom. He connected the thoughts of Freud and Marx with humanism, and paid more attention to human existence. He firmly believed that people can continuously develop to a good life.– Secondly, psychoanalytic theory influenced Erich Fromm’s focus on human survival needs. He found that human existence needs are divided into two categories, one is the existence needs brought about by human natural nature, and the other is the existence needs brought about by human social nature. With the constraints of the existence needs of man’s natural nature, man has also evolved a developed mind in an attempt to surpass himself. The need of human social nature also stems from this transcendence. At the same time, the development of the human brain promotes the emergence of human rationality. Rationality is both sides now, which brings human beings the ability to self-reflect, making them not satisfied with the harmonious and stable state of nature at present, and constantly changing themselves; however, it has also caused mankind to remain in an unbalanced state, resulting in a contradiction in human existence, namely, the antinomy between life and death and its historical contradiction. Based on this contradiction, people have generated the need for social existence, which can be divided into five aspects: relevance, transcendence, root-seeking, sense of identity, and orientation and dedication to alleviate the pain caused by this contradiction. In addition to the existence needs brought about by human natural and social natures, the personality generated by human beings in society also has an impact on the existence needs. This is manifested in two aspects, namely, non-productive orientation and productive orientation. The former is the personality generated by alienated people when facing society, while the latter is the personality displayed by genuine people when facing society and realizing themselves. Non-productive orientation can be divided into four categories: acceptance orientation, exploitation orientation, hoarding orientation, and market orientation. The productive orientation, or creative orientation, is centered on >love<. Compared to non-productive orientation, productive orientation can meet the needs of positive communication with the world, demonstrate one’s individuality, and achieve one’s own development.– Furthermore, after paying attention to human survival needs, the alienation thought of Marxist theory prompted Erich Fromm to pay attention to human’s lifestyle. He divided the way people live in life into two categories: having and being. The alienated lifestyle with having is aimed at possession, and the experience of re possession is constantly trying to obtain something that can be endowed with value; fear, fear oneself not having more. Due to the endless possession, they find it difficult to overcome the spiritual dilemma that possession brings to themselves. The lifestyle of being that breaks away from alienation and focuses on the development of existence is the goal. The survival exper+J35622ience of existence is to obtain what can truly enrich and develop oneself. They do not focus on what they have obtained, but on what they have obtained from it. Through the actions of obtaining, they continuously develop to achieve their own realization. Therefore, those who focus on their own re existence can actively develop themselves and move towards true happiness. On his analysis, Erich Fromm proposed an idea of how to turn to a being lifestyle of life. As long as people themselves can know that they are suffering, recognize the root causes of suffering, find ways to eliminate suffering, and change their existence lifestyle, there is hope that they will emerge from the spiritual dilemma of having. The process of individuals turning to new people needs to be accompanied by social changes and the emergence of a new society, but it is also necessary to be prepared to practice the >art of being< Erich Fromm clarified four obstacles that affect the art of practicing existence, namely, >flashiness, gossip, (believing) gain without payments, and avoiding pain<. Five methods for cultivating the art of being are proposed, namely, >unswerving, sober, conscious, focused, and thoughtful<. Individuals are ready to become new people, and with the emergence of a new society, they can move from the alienated self to the true >I am who I am<.– From Erich Fromm’s analysis of human existence needs and lifestyles, we can see his deep and humanistic concern for human existence. However, his concerns are not comprehensive. Erich Fromm focused on the generality of human personality, while ignoring the uniqueness of human beings; focusing on the individual existence of human beings, while ignoring the interactive behavior with others. Erich Fromm’s division of human existence lifestyles, limited by his proposed functional possession and possible egoistic explanations of being, is not very successful. This paper also proposes an idea to solve these two aspects of problems, in order to improve his theory of human existence. There is a view that Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence is an interesting combination of psychoanalytic models and existential philosophy. Although the field of psychology has not developed a school of existentialism, Sartre’s >Existentialism is a Humanism< provides argument support for this view. It can be found that Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence can meet the >existential humanism<, and naturally it is also existential. From the perspective of existentialism, Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence recognizes that existence precedes essence, advocates the essence of time, upholds humanitarianism, recognizes human freedom and responsibility, focuses on human authenticity, and considers human morality; showing the light of existentialism. In short, Erich Fromm’s concern for human existence is profound and full of Humanism. And hopes and expectations for people also float on paper to inspire us to live better. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
Margaret Drabble (1939 –) is one of the most influential and prolific women writers in contemporary British literature, who has awarded the CBE and the DBE by the Queen of England. Different from the contemporary female intellectuals’ struggle in previous works, Drabble shows great humanistic concerns after 1980s, and explores such contemporary social dilemmas as moral disorder, loss of faith, twisted relationship, and money worship. As a mature work of Drabble, >The Radiant Trilogy<, >The Radiant Way<, >A Natural Curiosity<, >The Gates of Ivory<) completely shows her reflections on ideological changing in modern society. Based on Erich Fromm’s humanistic philosophy, this thesis exposes the alienation with human distortion and moral decay, deepening the study of Drabble’s work from moral dimension. Fromm’s humanistic philosophy discussed the alienation, negative freedom and love, exposing the relation of >quantification< and >abstraction< with self-alienation, invisible authority and consumption alienation etc. Besides, he regards the reconstruction of self-identity, the reclaiming of love and the restoration of creative life as essential elements to realize the integrity of human with the self, the outside world and human activities. Chapter one explains how alienation is caused and intensified by modern social development in >The Radiant Trilogy<. It discusses the political, economic, informative and cultural crisis based on >quantification< and >abstraction< under the capitalist system and the technological revolution. The causes of alienation vary from person to person, but from macro-perspective, society was the root. Individualism and commercial liberalization of Thatcher Government in the 1980s aggravates the alienated situation in society, meanwhile, the regime of bureaucratic, the capitalization of the economy, the decreasing value of knowledge, and the distortion of information contributes to a widespread alienation.– Chapter two discusses the Internal reflections of alienation on human nature in >The Radiant Trilogy<, including the absence of self, the twisted relationships, the invisible authority, the decay of professional moral and the distortion of values. Alix and Shirley’s various results of alienation under different living environments, Liz’s loss in >party socializing<, the public’s indifference to Paul, Charles’ commercialization in work, and Miss Porntip’s money worship all embodies the results of alienation’s attack to traditional ethical standards and social customs.– Chapter three explores the approach to overcome alienation in >The Radiant Trilogy<. With Fromm’s idea of >the new human<, thesis excavates three protagonists’ efforts on transcending alienation through self-return, mature love and creative life. Once lost in unreliable social friendship, Liz rediscovers her self-identity and regains the warmth of family. Alix, with selfless love and generosity, heals Paul’s wounds left by alienation and original sin. In addition, the friendship between Liz, Alix and Esther builds a radiant way for them to pursue a removal of alienation. Alienation is aroused by social, political, economic, cultural factors, and specifically embodied as the separation of human from himself, from others, from work, and from consumption. With Margaret Drabble’s turning from feminism to humanism, >The Radiant Trilogy< expresses the radiance and hope of saving alienation in modern society with mature love and productive activities. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] Paulo Freire is regarded as the initiator of the >third revolution< in the history of educational theory since Herbart and Dewey, and the first educational philosopher who applied critical theory and its related concepts to the field of education in modern times. He proposes a kind of dialogic education as opposed to >banking education<. This study takes >how can education realize humanization< as the core issue to explore the ethics of Freire’s dialogic education, reveal the critical value of his thought, and hope to provide a reference for educational ethics. Freire’s dialogic education confronts the reality of Brazilian education, that is, educational inequality caused by colonialism and cultural invasion.– In the first chapter of this paper, it is pointed out that Freire criticized the >dehumanization< oppression of the educated in >banking education<, and pointed out that >banking education< denied the subjective value of the educated under the premise of the dichotomy between man and the world, and destroyed the educated’s reflective and critical ability by deifying knowledge or instilling mechanical content, which eventually led to the alienation of the relationship between teachers and students. Out of the ethical concern and moral response to the oppressed, Freire took education as a field to fight against the dehumanization’s situation, and proposed a kind of >dialogic education< aimed at realizing the ontological mission of >humanization<. Freire’s dialogic education is based on complex philosophy, which is characterized by eclecticism. The second chapter of this paper explains the philosophical basis of dialogic education in a systematic way, and lays a theoretical foundation for the ethical connotation of the next chapter. Specifically, this paper discusses the philosophical basis of dialogic education from three dimensions: methodology, ontology and axiology. Firstly, this paper analyzes the structural contradiction of >oppressor-oppressed< in >banking education< with reference to the psychological and pathological mechanism of Hegel’s >master-slave dialectic< and Fromm’s >sadism-masochism<, and puts forward that its methodological basis lies in dialectics. Secondly, based on Marx’s >false consciousness<, >alienated labor< and Sartre’s >presupposition of absolute human freedom<, this paper analyzes the alienation of >oppressor-oppressed< and the fear of freedom in education, and puts forward that its existential basis lies in human freedom and the possibility of dehumanization. Thirdly, this paper analyzes the eclectic attitude of dialogic education with the reference of Christian humanism and Marxist emancipation of mind, and puts forward that its axiological basis is based on the realization of the soundness of human nature. Based on the relevant theories of philosophical foundations, the third chapter of this paper explains the ethical content of dialogic education from three aspects: ethical principles, educational process, and ethical purposes. Taking Freire’s ontological mission of humanization, autonomy and motivation of love as the ethical principles of dialogic education, it urges people to reconstruct their cognition of themselves and society from a critical perspective, and returns the right to voice to the marginalized people who are drowning in the >culture of silence<. Dialogic education is a process of awakening consciousness and conscience, which aims at achieving equality, solidarity and emancipation among subjects. At the same time, the ethical purpose of dialogic education is to maintain the openness of dialogue through critical reading and writing, and to develop a specific way of being and acting for human emancipation.– The fourth chapter focuses on the two challenges faced by dialogic education, namely, the conflict between guidance and equal dialogue in the process of dialogic education, and the implicit inequality in the process of conscience awakening. This paper argues that we should distinguish between directive, permissive, and manipulative behaviors of educators in the educational process, and find a balance between directive and democratic teaching to achieve an equal ethical relationship between educators and educated people. At the same time, our interpretation of Freire’s thought should be comprehensive and objective, instead of clinging to his early works. We should face up to the ethical purpose of Freire’s dialogic education, that is, to realize human liberation in the process of facing universal human ethics. All in all, Freire’s ethical position is consistent. He always takes the realization of >humanization< as his educational vision, pays attention to the life and communication of the oppressed bottom groups, and emphasizes the rights of vulnerable groups or minorities. He affirmed the ethical connotation of >education< and strived to promote >education as a truly good cause<. Therefore, dialogic education has always sought the liberation of all people as its ultimate goal, and its purpose finally points to a kind of >universal human ethics which is indispensable to human communication life<. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
Walker Percy is a well-known southern American writer in the 1950s in the literary circles. He won the National Book Award in 1962 for >The Moviegoer<. In his works, Walker Percy unfolds people’s quests for the living ways and the diagnosis of contemporary American social problems. In >The Moviegoer<, the protagonist, Binx is engaged in a quest for a new living way, which is defined by himself the >search<; however, the >search< appears pointless and ambiguous. What is the >search< has been the focus of many scholars since its publication. Taking Binx’s >search< in >The Moviegoer< as the research target, this thesis employs Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom to interpret Binx’s plight and way out in a comprehensive way, pointing out that Binx >search< is a process from positive freedom to negative freedom proposed by Fromm. The thesis is divided into three parts: introduction, Chapter 1 to Chapter 3 and conclusion. The introduction summarizes Walker Percy’s life and literary creation experience, the research background of Walker Percy’s works at home and abroad and the introduction to Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom as the theoretical base. The first chapter explores that the origin of Binx’s >search< is that he falls into a stage of negative freedom, which is manifested in the rupture of the primary ties in society and family and in the isolation from the outside world. The second chapter analyzes the mistake of Binx’s >search< lies in his intention to escape from freedom. Binx is addicted to playing movie stars’ roles, submitting to anonymous authority, and being a consumer. In the view of Fromm’s theory of freedom, he escapes from freedom by submission and conformity. The third chapter studies that the solution of Binx’s >search< is to achieve positive freedom, which can be realized through love and creative work. Binx pursues love, creative work, and the uniqueness of the individual. Finally, this thesis concludes that Binx’s >search< is the realization of man’s free development defined by Fromm. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] With the continuous development and progress of science and technology, consumption occupies an increasingly important position in People’s Daily life. The >productive society< of Marx’s era was gradually replaced by the >consumer society< whose main activity was consumption. When the West first entered the consumer society, the consumption problem was more prominent. In this regard, the Western Marxists gradually turned from abstract theoretical research to positive exploration of reality. Fromm, with his unique perspective, revealed the consumption problem from the perspectives of psychology, sociology, philosophy and so on. Fromm believes that modern society is an unsound >artificial world<, where everything created by human beings is high above him. Individuals are integrated into a cultural chain woven by science and technology, mass culture and bureaucratic state, forming a cultural object lacking in criticism and self-awareness, which also causes the alienation of human nature. This alienation of human nature is especially obvious in the field of consumption.– This paper mainly discusses the consumption alienation in the developed industrial society. First of all, it combs the conditions of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation. Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation came into being under the influence of the cultural crisis of Western society in the 20th century and the social critical theory of Frankfurt School. Secondly, it traces the influence of Marx’s labor alienation theory, Freud’s psychoanalysis theory and Lukács’ materialization theory on Fromm’s consumption alienation theory. Then, it introduces the connotation, origin, harm and solution of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation, and compares it with those of Marcuse, Baudrillard and Ben Agger. Finally, based on Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation to reflect on the development of today’s world. The limitation lies in the fact that Fromm’s humanistic tendency lacks materialist foundation, and the utopian revolutionary road of subbing consumption alienation proposed by Fromm is bound to be unworkable. However, it is undeniable that Fromm’s consumption alienation theory provides practical reference and reflection for China to avoid the phenomena caused by this theory in the new era. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
消费作为一种现象存在于人类的日常生活中,是人类生存需要使用的手段。随着科学技术的进步、生产能力的不断提高,人们在消费过程中其消费方式、消费目的不断发生着变化,甚至说是发生了某种程度上的异化。西方是最早进入消费社会的国家,消费异化现象较为突出,弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的代表人物之一,他在认真分析并借鉴马克思的劳动异化理论和弗洛伊德的精神分析学说的基础之上,又借鉴于卢卡奇的物化理论及马尔库塞的单向度理论,把社会批判理论作为其立足点,从社会心理学这样的全新视角诠释了他的乌托邦救赎之路。他针对20世纪资本主义社会的现实情况,剖析出消费异化的表现、危害、根源及其消除路径,指出消费不能仅仅是对消费品的消耗和浪费、占有和享乐,而是要在消费的过程中充分展现人的主体性,体现生命的价值和意义。消费应该是理性的、适度的,而不是盲目的、无止境的占有。在中国,伴随着全球化的发展,西方社会的生活方式、文化、价值观念等逐渐渗透到我国日常生活领域,因此,面对如今不同于20世纪的新的时代,弗洛姆的消费异化理论给我们带来了哪些思考,这是本课题的研究目的所在。
V. S. Naipaul is widely recognized as one of the most outstanding novelists in the history of English literature. With the multicultural background and unique writing angles, he was awarded Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001. As a representative work in his early time, >A House for Mr. Biswas< provides us with firsthand materials to understand the living dilemmas of the immigrants. In the novel, the cultural estrangement and identity displacement faced by the exiled people are vividly presented through a comical description of the protagonist, Mohun Biswas’s persistent striving for his own >house< under the duel impact of the intrusion of the suzerain culture and the bondage of the tradition. This thesis intends to explore the alienated image of Mr. Biswas and probe into the intrinsic reasons in light of Erich Fromm’s psychological alienation theory. Besides, Naipaul’s affirmative attitude to the question that whether people from the third world can establish their home and realize their identity in suzerains is discussed and revealed in the thesis. The thesis holds that Naipaul, through a detailed depiction of Mohun Biswas’s pursuit of the >house< in his life, endows his rather modest achievement with a heroic dimension, transforming himself into a self-made hero who conquers difficulties and achieves success >through failures<. Compared with escape, an excitement hidden in the engulfing and repulsive world is eventually grasped by Mr. Biswas. He confirms such possibility through his perseverance and struggles. The ending also reflects Naipaul’s own dream of a utopian society that can accommodate self-realization pursued by the immigrants. [English: www.cnki.net, 6/2022]
[Chinese abstract not available] Erich Fromm is a Western Marxist and a major representative of the >Freudian Marxism< school. His thoughts are very rich, among which the critical theory of character structure is of great significance and is an important component of Fromm’s ideological system. This theory is an original theory formed by Fromm on the basis of combining Marx’s thought and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, and on this basis, he deeply criticized Western capitalist society. The content of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure is mainly reflected in the trilogy of character structure theory, namely, >Escape from Freedom<, >Man for Himself<, and >The Sane Society<. Through these three books, we can see the clear thread of the construction and development of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure: from the analysis of the causes of specific social phenomena-the rise and popularity of fascism-to the theoretical framework, and finally highlight the future direction of this theory. >Escape from Freedom< is mainly a probe into the origin of the significant event of the emergence and popularity of fascism in the 1930s, revealing the universal state of modern people’s escape from freedom and the formation of psychological mechanisms for escape from freedom. Starting from the discussion of human nature issues, >Man for Himself< proposed a division and in-depth interpretation of human social personality, and initially completed the configuration of the critical theory of personality structure. >The Sane Society< is the development and extension of the themes in >Escape from Freedom< and >Man for Himself<, highlighting the ideal future pointed to by the critical theory of character structure.– The introduction first introduces the theoretical value and practical significance of the research, then combs the research status of domestic and foreign scholars on Fromm’s critical theory of character structure, summarizes the main viewpoints of the academic community on its theory and the existing problems. Finally, the research methods, research objectives, and innovations of this article are proposed. The first chapter mainly analyzes the origin of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure. The changes brought about by the two world wars and the industrial revolution are the realistic background for the emergence of this theory. Marx’s thought and Freud’s theory are the theoretical source and foundation of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure. Fromm, based on Marxist positions and methods, placed human beings in the relationship between human beings and the world and analyzed human behavior from the perspective of economic and social structures. However, he believed that Marx ignored the importance of irrational factors and did not realize the laws of human nature itself. So Fromm borrowed Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and devoted himself to theoretical elaboration of modern people’s social personality from the perspective of social psychology.– The second chapter mainly analyzes the foundation of the critical theory of character structure: the escape freedom theory. In the book >Escape from Freedom<, Fromm reveals the formation process of the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom based on the situation of people escaping freedom in modern society, and forms a systematic theory of escaping freedom. This article mainly expounds the process and reasons for people’s transition from pursuing freedom to escaping freedom, and sorts out three manifestations of the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom: authoritarianism, destructive desire, and mechanical convergence. Fromm seeks to find a positive way out of love and labor for people, enabling them to maintain individual independence, achieve positive freedom, and establish close ties with others. The third chapter mainly explains the construction of the critical theory of personality structure. >Man for Himself< is a sequel to escaping freedom. Fromm further reveals the alienation of modern personality structure in his book. The discussion of human nature is the foundation and prerequisite for the concept of social character. Fromm revealed three main contradictions faced by human beings by analyzing their survival dilemmas, which led to various needs. It is precisely because people have adopted different ways and means in the process of striving to meet these needs that they have formed different social personalities. This part systematically explores the connotation of social character, the expression of alienation of human social character, and the division of social character-productive and non-productive social character. It focuses on explaining four types of pathological non-productive social character, and initially proposes an ideal personality under sound social conditions, namely, productive social character.– The fourth chapter mainly discusses the future dimensions of the critical theory of personality structure. >The Sane Society< is the ideological extension of >Escape from Freedom< and >Man for Himself<. Since the existing society is morbid and cannot support the shaping of an ideal productive social character, it should move towards the construction of a sound society. Fromm proposed three solutions to the problems of capitalist society: totalitarianism, super capitalism, and socialism beyond both. He analyzed the reasons why the three solutions could not be implemented, and then advocated the establishment of >Humanistic socialism<. He proposed standards and theoretical ideas for a sound society, and discussed specific reform plans for moving towards a sound society. The fifth chapter evaluates the value and limitations of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure. This theory enriches Marx’s alienation theory, expands the content of Marxist social character and Freud’s character theory, and has unique theoretical contributions. At the same time, it also deepened the criticism of contemporary capitalist society. Of course, it also has the limitations of breaking away from historical materialism and not touching the fundamental contradictions of capitalist society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024]
Through hackling Herbert Marcuse’s theory of alienation criticism and liberation in the psychoanalytic context, the article aims to illustrate what influence on Marcuse the psychoanalysis theory has. Besides, by analyzing and comparing with other theorists’ alienation criticism and liberation theory in the related Schools, the article tries to find out not only the similarities and differences but also the successive relationship between each other. Meanwhile the article tries to discuss the evaluation of Marcuse’s of alienation criticism and the liberation theory in the contemporary. As a Western Marxist esthetician, Marcuse combines Marxist aesthetics with Freudian psychoanalysis. He focuses on emphasizing biological characteristics and psychological analysis of individuals of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Furthermore, Marcuse transforms and re-interprets Freud’s psychoanalytic concepts such as instinct, unconscious, personality structure by combining with Marx’s social and cultural critique theory, and creates his own critique concept, which contains additional depression, reality principle and erotic sublimation. More importantly, Marcuse rediscovers Freud’s brilliant exposition on imagination and fantasy, associates Freud’s theory with aesthetic and artistic liberation path, tries to regard aesthetic art as a tool to liberate individuals and reform the society. Thus Marcuse builds up a new horizon for sensibility, art and aesthetic field. From Freud to Marcuse and Erich Fromm, to Deleuze and Jameson, they all have different understandings of concepts such as unconscious. Therefore they form different civilizations and Liberation theories. Those differences reflect an academic transition. Owing to combination unconscious and artistic, the emphasis on biological foundation for psychoanalysis and establishment of aesthetic utopia, Marcuse plays an important role in the academic development. Marcuse’s alienation critique and aesthetic liberation theory can be seen as a cultural critique, in which aesthetics become an important tool for criticism and redemption. His focus on individual’s alienation reflects a strong humanistic care, and point to an utopian imagination about the future. But his analysis on human alienation in the psychoanalytic context has surmounted the specific social historical conditions and ideological barriers, and has a great significance for the contemporary China. [English: www.cnki.net, 6/2022]
Entering the 14th Five-Year Plan period, accompanied by significant trend of China’s population aging, the digital integration of the elderly group has become the core concern in academic circles. In view of this, taking Erich Fromm’s humanistic theory and his philosophy for considering China’s reality, open the interface between the elderly and technology from three top-level designs of understanding needs, stimulating creativity, and strengthening education support, which could help the elderly group to adapt to digital life and enjoy its dividends smoothly. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
Love should be the moral ideality, spiritual backbone and value foundation which person should always be pursued. Ever since the society start, there has been mankind love of existence and mankind to love of pursue. But the spirit of love is lost in the social modernize. The interpersonal relation steps up a piece more, the morals apathetic phenomenon is widespread day by day, and the precious love is slowly disappearing; Person himself bear of the more and more mental stress, the self-contradict conflict of the outside in the mind and body turn worse, and the mental problem has already become an outstanding social problem; the relationship of the person and the nature also is placed in unprecedented opposition period. So, the ability of love for person has been appeared a certain degree to change with degeneration. Now, love, friendship, benevolence, all the precious virtues of person are giving way to the inhospitality, insulate, conflict, antinomy, all the hostile relationship. The western scholars have put forward many resolve paths, like Feuerbach’s >The Religion of Love<, Fromm’s >The art of Loving<, and Marcuse’s >The Liberation of Eros< etc., all include very big meaning to loving theories analytical and realistic social judgment, but can’t resolve the problem from the source. But the our country then is clearly putting forward the harmonious social great speculation of the socialism which sets up >democracy rule of law, fair justice, trustworthiness friendly affection, the stability have a preface, vibrant, person and nature harmony get along with<, resetting alight the mankind’s fire of love, indicating mankind continuously toward the communism that person is free but develop completely.– Except the foreword and epilogue, this paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter mainly trims the thinking development about love in china and overseas history, which gives us academic references for solving the social problems. The second chapter analyses the loving alienation and imperfection problem in the contemporary society. Draw lessons from western scholars’ research in the middle of the modern capitalism society, emphasize to point out that our country in the transform period appears the loving alienation and imperfection problem to have particular history source and realistic back ground at present, and compare the loving problems between china and overseas, explicit socialism harmony society be resolve loving alienation and imperfection, rebuild the ability of mankind’s love, carry out the basic path of the mankind’s love. Finally point out how to reconstruct the ability of mankind’s love in the socialism harmony society. On the one hand continuously perfect the democracy role of law system, make the fair justice become the initial value of socialism, on the other hand strengthen the loving education, make the love become the behavior norm of the socialism and the spirit main factor of the socialism, provide strong spirit motive in the construction for the harmonious society. Deep study on this problem makes for much: to eliminate the thinking misunderstanding and transiting the social mental mentality; to make a better development of market economy in social democracy; to accelerate an intimately, cooperative and mutual affectionate social relationship; to establish a harmonious socialism social, construct an honest and helpful, friendly and harmonious social ethic atmosphere. By all means the harmonious society is the society full of a love. We must inherit the loving tradition in the excellent culture in the present stage and on the base of actual society continuously raise mankind spiritual civilization character, continuously make great effort for the harmonious society that full of love. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023]
As one of the most prestigious writers in contemporary British literary circles, Kazuo Ishiguro won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Literature owing to the fact that his novel with great emotional force, >has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world<. Kazuo Ishiguro’s works have received a high degree of attention as soon as they were published. His works emphasize self-salvation and cherish the warmth of the world, break through the limitations of the theme of immigrant writers and set his sights on the universal human nature of the world. >The Remains of the Day< is the third novel published by Kazuo Ishiguro. It is known for its simplicity, elegance and subtle narrative style and it is also his most prestigious work so far. Kazuo Ishiguro succeeded in portraying the role of Stevens, a high-level butler who dedicated his life to the career of butlers in >The Remains of the Day<. The novel unfolds with Stevens, an ordinary British butler, using a reminiscence narrative approach. Stevens, the protagonist in his twilight years, has a reputation, but he is lonely, self-abased and helpless, and his identity is severely alienated. With Miss Kenton’s letter and permission from his new employer, Stevens sets off on a six-day trip. Through the memories of the past, the people he meets and the things he sees during the journey, he explores the true meaning of life and rebuild the alienated identity. The novel leaves the reader with a hopeful open ending, which implies that Stevens will embrace a more real life on a positive way in the rest of the time.
Academia usually studies and interprets >The Remains of the Day< from the perspectives of post-colonialism, cultural studies and narrative techniques. Some critics also analyze the power mechanism embodied in the novel from the perspective of the image of the other. However, the research on Stevens’ identity cognition is not enough. Therefore, from the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis finds that Stevens’ identity cognition is seriously alienated. The influence of social environment, the relationship between the dominant and the dominated, and the human nature that is the fear of loneliness are the most fundamental psychological factors of Stevens’ identity alienation. From the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis will reveal the lonely and helpless living state of Stevens, the root of Stevens’ identity alienation under the influence of the change of the times and the people around him, and the road of redemption to rebuild his identity recognition. In the meantime, the thesis aims to explore the intention that Ishiguro Kazuo tries to achieve in depicting the living conditions of the universal individual in modern society. First, in view of the theory of >abstract< social psychological analysis, the thesis discusses the social and environmental factors which contribute to the formation and alienation of Stevens’ identity under the imperialist consciousness. Next, with the help of Fromm’s authority theory, the deep psychological causes of Stevens’ identity alienation from his treatment of father-son affection, loyalty and love are investigated. Then, from the perspectives of history and memory, love and emotion, the thesis analyzes the significance and value of Stevens’ salvation of identity alienation. >The Remains of the Day< enlightens us that we should recognize our own identities and adapt to society correctly. Even if our identities are alienated, we can be redeemed and rebuilt through our own efforts, rekindling hope in life. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
The human term is Marx’s lifelong theoretical subject. As the core connotation of Marx’s philosophy, Marx’s alienation theory expresses Marx’s profound thinking and active exploration of human value. Marx’s alienation theory differs from Hegel’s and Feuerbach’s theory. For Marx, he takes the realistic individual as the object of study, discusses four parts of alienation in >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844<. This book discusses about the four specific aspects of labor alienation theory. Marx’s alienation theory is not invariable, but with the maturity and deepening of Marx’s thought constantly changing and developing. >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844< as a concentrated expression of Marx’s early alienation theory, highlights the human alienation. At the middle and late of alienation theory focuses more on the level of methodology. After the publication of the 1844 manuscripts, western Marxists further enriched and developed Marx’s alienation theory. With Lukács and Fromm as representatives, they also proposed the alienation theory at the spiritual and psychological levels. Based on Marx’s alienation theory, this paper analyzes the theme of alienation in the novel from three aspects, including the alienation under the customs and conditions, the alienation of individuals and collectivity, and the alienation of family relations, by means of literature research, comparative analysis and other methods. The first level of alienation expresses existential alienation and spiritual alienation through some means of expression. The second alienation focuses on the three characters depicted by Xiao Hong, and reveals the alienation of individual and collective. The third level mainly focuses on the alienation of the sex and family in >Hū lán hé zhuà<. The significance and value of individual life and existence revealed in the novel can also play a certain role in warning and guiding the problem of alienation arising in the developing of society. More than one hundred years ago, when China was facing the choice of system, Marx’s alienation theory played a significant role. For the current reality, we need to combine Marx’s theory alienation with social development, and realize, criticize and improve ourselves in the new stage of social development, so realize liberation and the freedom of human. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]
[Chinese abstract not available] >Ragtime<, published in 1975, is the fourth novel written by Jewish-American novelist E. L. Doctorow, for which he was awarded >the 1976 National Book Critics Circle Award<. Doctorow focused on the important figures in three families to explore the fate of different classes in the United States, and he didn’t try to write a grand history of the entire United States to reflect that time. He perfectly presented three very different American family freedom dilemmas in >Ragtime<: One was a wealthy middle-class white family, the other was a Jewish family from European immigrants, and the last was a black family, which genuinely reproduced the microcosm of all classes in that era. At present, some scholars have explored >Ragtime< from different angles such as feminist criticism and new historicism. Because of its unique writing style and ingenious narrative techniques, there are also many scholars studying the narrative strategy of the novel. However, there is a lack of comprehensive comments on the dilemma of freedom of the protagonists, the mechanism to negative freedom and how to realize positive freedom in the novel. From the perspective of Fromm’s freedom theory, we can find that the freedom dilemma of an individual in modern society makes people confused. So manipulation and being manipulated, a desire to destroy, automaton conformity, and other mechanisms of negative freedom come into being. As for Fromm, to be a complete human being, to be truly free must be achieved through the spontaneous love and creative labor of the individual. Based on Fromm’s view of freedom, the interpretation of >Ragtime< is of guiding significance for individuals in today’s society to move from freedom dilemma to positive freedom. Ultimately, the liberation and free and all-around development of human beings is the highest value orientation for realizing a community with a shared future for mankind, which promotes the human beings to move towards a better tomorrow.