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托妮•莫里森,是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国黑人女作家,在美国和世界文坛上起着重要的作用。迄今为止,莫里森共创作了九部长篇小说。在2003年出版的第八部小说《爱》中,她继续关注在父权制、性别歧视和种族歧视下生活的黑人女性。小说《爱》以>爱<的缺失和复原为线索,描述了黑人女性悲惨的命运和生存状况。本论文分析了小说中黑人女性生活中种种爱的缺失的具体表现—扭曲的母爱,缺失的姐妹情谊,错位的婚姻关系,并以心理学家弗洛姆人道主义心理理论为依据,应用弗洛姆心理分析中的转移、投射和压抑理论,阐释了这些缺失的爱产生的根源。作者首先介绍托妮•莫里森,包括她的生平、文学成就及其作品的学术研究成果,并且概述小说《爱》的故事脉络及其相关的评论。其次,通过阐述心理学家弗洛姆人道主义心理理论,特别是他有关爱和心理机制(移情、投射和压抑)的理论,作者力图揭示小说中黑人家庭中母爱缺失和黑人女性中友爱缺失的具体表现来看黑人社区中人与人之间的爱的缺失的具体表现,并且重点分析梅与克里斯廷之间扭曲的母女关系及探讨克里斯廷与希德间冷漠的姐妹情谊。将分别从心理理论上分析其爱的缺失的根源是家庭之爱缺失的移情与人性弱点的投射。作者旨在说明黑人女性无爱的婚姻,以及黑人家庭和黑人团体的父权主义的压抑是导致希德畸形的婚姻和克里斯廷失败的婚姻的原因。之后,作者探讨了在黑人女性和黑人社区的共同努力下,黑人女性间化解仇恨,使姐妹之间的爱得以回归。最后,作者得出结论:莫里森通过关注黑人家庭、黑人女性及黑人社区中爱的缺失,来反映黑人女性真实的生存状态和悲惨的人生经历,借此来唤醒黑人社区中爱的回归。莫里森在小说《爱》中揭示了黑人女性生活中爱的缺失,同时她也为黑人女性找回失去的爱指明了一条道路:即黑人社区内部的团结和父权主义的消除。爱作为黑人种族凝聚力的象征,在黑人种族相互交流,相互理解,相互同情的努力下最终会得以回归。
This chapter introduces a psychosocial strand of thinking that offers a way to conceive of creative relations between the psyche and the world. Whereas much current psychosocial theory stresses how anxieties are managed by defending the self against the world or fuel subjection to oppressive social norms, the theories we engage with here point to ways in which anxieties can be employed in the urge to bridge inner longings and external realities. These ideas took form in the early Frankfurt School, which despite their comprehensive integration of psychoanalytic and social theory until recently has been comparatively marginalized in Anglophone Psychosocial Theory.– The chapter presents and discusses three notions: Erich Fromm’s Freedom, Hans Loewald’s Resonance, and Alfred Lorenzer’s Interaction. Even though different in emphasis and outlook, these notions contribute to a shared intellectual project, namely, to point to potentially productive and non-antagonist interactions between the psyche and society. They do so not by virtue of some resistant part of unspoiled nature residing in the body or in the mind, but by virtue of being able to point to the more or less life-enhancing and life-impeding forms this interaction of psychic energies and societal needs may take.– We argue that these theorists and their notions of freedom, resonance and interaction, contribute to further developing the materialist conception of the psychosocial in ways that appear specifically urgent today. They enable us to theorize tensions within current society, between dynamics that drive instrumentalization and reification on the one hand, and more life-enhancing and mutually enriching interactions between human beings, social structures, and natural environments on the other.
Zen and Compassion
(1967)
Die Praxis der Philosophie
(1978)
Ausgehend von den Entdeckungen und Erkenntnissen Sigmund Freuds wird deren Veränderung und Weiterentwicklung durch Erich FROMM dargestellt. Es wird berichtet, daß FROMMs Charaktertheorie eine Verbindung von Soziologie und Psychologie zu einer Sozialpsychologie sei. Die dem psychischen Geschehen zugrundeliegende Energie sei Ausdruck der gesellschaftlichen Kräfte. Sie resultiere aus jener menschlichen Situation, die entsteht, wenn das Individuum sich seiner Widersprüchlichkeit bewusst wird. Da die gesellschaftlichen Erfordernisse die psychische Struktur bestimmten, sei Therapie damit auch immer Gesellschaftskritik. FROMMs Versuch, im Begriff des Charakters die gesellschaftliche Existenz des Menschen zu respektieren und sein Verzicht auf die Libidotheorie führe zu einer Neueinschätzung des Selbstverständnisses der Psychoanalyse.
The Right Decision
(1961)
This dissertation investigates the relationship between the utopian idea of a normative totality and the genesis of modern totalitarianism in the exile novels Pardon wird nicht gegeben. Amazonas-trilogy, and November 1918 by Alfred Doblin (written between 1934 and 1937). – Chapter 1 analyses first the resurgence of narrative authority in the novel Pardon wird nicht gegeben as a function of Doblin's Marxist insight into economic determinism and as his literary contribution to the popular front of German emigres in the Paris of the 1930's. The novel describes the social rise and downfall of a proletarian whose sadomasochistic predisposition resembles the authoritarian character analysed by Erich FROMM in his psychoanalytic interpretation of Nationalsocialism. The protagonist's desire for social integration results in the destruction of his individuality through politically totalitarian groups. – Chapter 2 analyses the development of the concept of normative totality in Doblin's theory of the novel. – Chapter 3 shows how in Doblin's Amazonas-trilogy several historical attempts to realize a peaceful co-existence between European conquerors and their >Other< results in the brutal repression of the Native Indians. The desire of modern, rational, and technological man for a transcendental >home< is unmasked as the source also for the false totalitarian promises of salvation in our century. Doblin interprets Nationalsocialism as the repetition of earlier ecstasies of self-destruction, which in their turn were desperate responses to the loss of a holistic medieval order. – Chapter 4 follows the traces of Doblin's conversion to Catholicism in the narrative structure and content of November 1918. It elucidated the dialectics of totality totalitarianism by showing how Doblin's demand for a mystically motivated retreat from history results in the involuntary affirmation of those power structures whose inhuman face Doblins portrays in more than thousand pages. – The dissertation is framed by an introduction and a conclusion both of which deal with the problem of the relevance of his exile novels for our own time.
La vivienda y la familia
(1970)
Housing and the Family,
(1959)
How People Get Better
(1993)
Excursus I - The Theoretical Foundations of Horkheimer’s Split with Erich Fromm in the Late 1930s
(2011)
Historians, including intellectual historians such as myself, rely more on primary source research than philosophers. During the period 1992–2001, I conducted extensive research on both the Herbert Marcuse and Max Horkheimer Archives in Frankfurt, Germany. This essay describes my experiences working in these archives. I highlight, in particular, some of the most important discoveries I made in the archives and how the primary source documents shaped my understanding of Herbert Marcuse and Max Horkheimer’s crucial contributions to the development of Critical Theory. The essay also emphasizes the value of primary source research, especially for those working in the materialist tradition of the early Frankfurt School, which emphasizes the >Zeitkern der Wahrheit<, that is, the impossibility of separating ideas from a historically specific social context.
In his path-breaking analysis of the formation of an ideological >white< self-consciousness among American workers in the nineteenth century, David Roediger relies on a theoretical synthesis of historical materialism and psychoanalysis. This paper explores the parallels in methodology and content between Roediger’s work and the critical theory of Max Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, and Herbert Marcuse, which was also based on a synthesis of Marx and Freud. The paper seeks to place Roediger’s arguments in a broader theoretical context and to highlight the ongoing relevance of early Frankfurt School critical theory to contemporary discussions in critical race theory.
Zum Stress verurteilt?
(1974)
Das Plattenlaufen
(1929)
Heilpädagogik und Stottern
(1929)
Heilung ohne Feindbild
(1991)
Review Fromm, E.: Man for Himself. An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics (1947a, Portuguese)
(1963)
Summerhill: For and Against
(1970)
Amoebic pericarditis
(1976)
Paul Tillich's Philosophy of Culture, Science and Religion, New York (Harper & Row, Publishers 1965.
(1965)
On Being Human Religiously. Selected Essays in Religion and Society, Boston (Beacon Press) 1976.
(1976)
Children in Violence
(1996)
The Mother Not The Father
(1987)
Introduction
(1975)
Intrinsic Organization of Cerebral Tissue in Alerting, Orienting, and Discriminative Responses
(1967)
The Style of Life
(1967)
Selbstdarstellung,
(1973)
Veblen's Attack on Culture
(1941)