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孤独感是人类区别于其它动物的一种特有的精神现象,作为一种深度的心理体验,其重要表征是主体与对象相疏离所导致的一种铭心刻骨的精神空落感,这种感受深化了人类对痛苦的理解。社会心理学家弗洛姆已经注意到这一现象。他认为人也许能够忍受诸如饥饿或压迫等各种痛苦,但却很难忍受所有痛苦中最痛苦的一种—一那就是全然的孤独,而日本哲人三木清则更直接了当地宣称:>一切人间的罪恶都产生于不能忍受孤独<,并且他进一步认为。>孤独之所以令人恐惧并不是因为孤独本身,而是由于孤独的条件。任何对象都无法使我超越孤独,在孤独中我是将对象的世界作为一个整体来超越。<①那么,产生孤独的条件是什么呢?其根源是什么呢?本文试图对此作一分析。
Integration and Self-Healing. Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia. Hillsdale, NJ (The Analytic Press) 1988.
(1988)
A Secure Base. Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York (Basic Books) 1988.
(1988)
Translation of Meaning
(1988)
Religion heute und morgen
(1988)
Dies ist ES
(1988)
Sex in Dreams
(1988)
Disarticulated Accumulation, Agroexport, and Ecological Crisis in Nicaragua: The Case Of Cotton
(1988)
Einführung
(1988)
The technology of literacy for any given culture helps to Determine the character of its members. In less than 3,000 years, Western culture has been transformed from an oral/aural culture through many increasingly literate phases to a present stage which is approaching >computer literacy<. Erich FROMM suggests that in the course of Western civilization, the trend has been one of increasing individuation and experienced individuality. He argues that as humans have gained more freedom, they have come to feel more lonely and alienated from each other than in cultures with less freedom, where people have greater feelings of security and belonging. The social upheavals of the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation have enlarged people's freedom, leaving them with the conflict between individuality and security. Shifts in literacy technology, such as the discovery/invention of the transposable alphabet and the development of a practical method for casting movable type, form part of the underpinning of shifts in human consciousness. What, then, are the implications of the current pre-eminence of computers in modern society? What spiritual and philosophical views might be generated as a result of >computer literacy<? Because the lag time between literacy technology shift and cultural outcome appears to be decreasing, society may soon become aware of the cultural effects of the computer revolution.
ESP in Dreams
(1988)
Cilveks un kultura
(1988)
Finding Omens in Dreams
(1988)
Argues that religious principles--especially Puritan theology--have never ceased to be an undercurrent in American psychology and psychiatry. The Puritan doctrine of human nature, sin, and the Covenant of Grace made the individual responsible for madness as a consequence of sin and unbridled passions; hence, the >moral management< treatment of the insane in Colonial America. Humanistic psychologists (e.g., H. S. Sullivan, K. Horney, E. FROMM, C. Rogers) attributed mental disease to lack of, or only partial, integration into one's sociocultural environment: this goal could be achieved through therapy. Psychology and psychiatry became substitutes for religion, but the Puritan ability to confront the darkest aspects of the human psyche was lost.
Emansipaation Pyrkimys
(1988)
The Meanings of Dreams
(1988)
Schizophrene Erfahrung
(1988)
Der Mensch und die Welt
(1988)
Why Read Hegel?
(1988)