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The theory of social character and social unconsciousness is Erich Fromm’s great breakthrough in the field of spirits analysis, and is established by absorbing the historical materialism on the basis of individual unconsciousness theory of Freud’s an collective unconsciousness theory of Carl Gustav Jung. Fromm stresses the role of social psychology in social historical process through the analysis of social character, reveals the method by which social unconsciousness is transformed into consciousness. Fromm proceeds from the combination of psychological factor economic factor and political factor, analyzes the relationship between the generation of social unconsciousness social character social consciousness and social existence. We cannot simply consider that the social psychology methodology is the extensive application of individual psychological analysis to social psychology, most theoretic researchers haven’t conducted systematic and detailed research about the relationship between social character and social unconsciousness theory, the innovation of this paper is to elaborate the complicated and close relationship between social character and social unconsciousness.– This paper introduces the theory origins of social character and the definition classification function significance of social unconsciousness, expounds the mechanism and function of social character and social unconsciousness in social system, the significance of social character and social unconsciousness in Fromm’s ideas system, analyzes the theoretic methodology of social character by Fromm, discusses who decide and how to decide social characters from the perspective of human situation, human nature relationship and so on, points out the contribution and limits of the theory of social character and social unconsciousness, hopes to find something unique and essential to be borrowed to construct the harmonious society currently.
本文对弗洛伊德主义马克思主义思想家弗洛姆的>逃避自由<理论进行了系统研究,深入分析和阐释了弗洛姆逃避自由理论的理论基础、理论内涵及其理论启示与限度,力图彰显这一理论的当代意义和价值。本文共分三个部分进行了论述第一部分,阐述了弗洛姆逃避自由理论产生的时代背景及其理论来源。包括弗洛姆所生长的家庭环境及个人成长经历、弗洛姆所生活的时代背景对其思想产生的现实基础。同时弗洛姆将弗洛伊德的精神分析学说与马克思关于人的学说结合起来,综合分析了现代人逃避自由的社会性格形成的原因。第二部分:主要介绍了弗洛姆逃避自由理论的主要内容。首先,阐述了自由的含义,弗洛姆把人的自由区分为消极的自由和积极的自由,分析了资本主义社会中自由的双重含义,一方面随着科学技术的发展,人们逐渐摆脱了自然界的控制,获得了广泛的自由,有了自主性、独立思考、自主行动的权力。另一方面,获得这种自由的前提是以牺牲自我的安全感和归属感为代价,这时人们又会感到孤独、无权力和不安全感,从而产生了逃避自由的心理。其次,分析了现代人在逃避自由的过程中形成的三种不健康的性格特征:极权主义、破坏性和机械趋同。揭露了资本主义生产方式的异化必然产生异化的自由,这实质上就是人的异化,它的必然结果是使人丧失了主体性和创造性,失去了自我。再次,阐述了这种异化的心理正是纳粹主义在德国民众中迅速崛起的社会心理基础。最后论述了只有培养健全的人格才能形成现代人积极的自由,用爱来消解现代人自由的悖论,对实现健全的社会具有极其重大的理论价值。第三部分,论述了弗洛姆逃避自由理论对我国构建和谐社会的启示作用。在现代文明得以发展的今天,人们有自由却缺乏安全感,现代人对生活的态度是冷漠的、表面的、机械的。对他人的态度是理性的、没有任何感情的。随着人的个体化和独立性的增强,随之而来的孤独感和焦虑感也不断加强。随着社会经济的不断发展,社会出现很多的不和谐因素,现代人面临着诸多的如就业、失业等生存压力,贫富差距过大,严重影响人们的心理平衡。人际关系的不和谐、不融洽是人们心理问题的主要危机。因此弗洛姆所提倡的要求人们用创造性的爱去融合内心和世界,实现人与人之间的融合,让自己与自然、他人和谐相处,形成良性的互动关系,处理好人与人之间的和谐正是我国目前所坚持的以人为本,实现健全人格、修身养性、坦直率真、心灵健康,从而达到自身和谐的理论基础。但是弗洛姆提出的社会改良的方法,有它不切实际的一面。弗洛姆把人的发展和命运看作是自己选择的结果,而忽视了社会经济和环境对人的发展的决定作用,从而夸大了人的心理作用。他仅仅从抽象的人道主义出发,批判资本主义异化的本身,而没有批判资本主义社会制度,有明显的唯心和主观臆断倾向。