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First generation Frankfurt School critical theorists argued that global solidarity was possible because human beings have similar vulnerabilities to mental and physical suffering. This approach to solidarity remains significant for any discussion of the ethical aspirations of critical theory. It also has ramifications for efforts to develop a sociological approach to global moral codes which is influenced by the idea of an emancipatory social theory. Informed by certain themes which were developed by Simone Weil, this article draws on the writings of Fromm, Horkheimer, Adorno and Elias to consider how a sociology of international moral codes can be developed. One of the aims of this project is to consider how far global moralities have developed forms of solidarity around the recognition of shared vulnerabilities to mental and physical suffering which are part of the species’ biological legacy.
ln this paper I discuss the various paths I have taken to become a poet who gives voice to some of the key environmental issues of our time. As I map out this journey I discuss a selection of my own poetry that focuses on the topic of environmental ethics and justice. The main influences on my poetry come from:· my own childhood experiences with nature, academic research I have done on pain and my personal experience of pain (inspired by Arthur Frank's book >The Wounded Storyteller< and Maurice Merleau-Ponty's late essay >The Intertwining<), the question concerning technology (inspired by Heidegger's essay of this name), philosophical hermeneutics (from Gadamer's work. especially >Truth and Method<), and the ethical obligation to bear witness to suffering. My goal as an essayist and a poet is to move toward the consilience described by E. O. Wilson's book of that name and to further me project of Erich Fromm as laid out in his book >To Have Or To Be<. Just as poetry by its nature cannot offer programs for social change, poets cannot exhort readers to take action; instead, we must inspire them to change by touching the very fiber of their being-in-the-world.
通过文本细读,以结构主义>整体观<和狄德罗>美在关系<文论思想为指导,主要运用法兰克福学派埃里希•弗洛姆的精神分析美学分析人物性格特征,把周朴园置于各种>现实关系<——与家人的关系、与侍萍的关系、与那个>空白<——>有钱有门第的小姐<的关系、与工人的关系等方面进行全面的、整体的人物性格分析,发现周朴园是典型的>虐待—被虐待症<的病态性格,偏重于>虐待症<性格。对周朴园病态性格形成的可能性因素进行了考察,揭示出中国国民>虐待——被虐待症<病态性格的大批量生产和文化根源。这一创新性阐释丰富了周朴园典型形象的代表意义;从部分与整体的关系视角,发现了文本中的>雷雨<意象、剧终时《圣经》的出现、剧中人台词——>天<与>天意<的反复言说,这三部分被有机地结合在一起,形成了对《雷雨》整体框架所表达的意蕴>人与宇宙的关系<的艺术表现;通过对文本、作家创作论、评论史的综合考察,可以看出,《雷雨》表现了人的命运主要受遗传基因、人的主观能动性、家庭和社会环境、宇宙中高于人类智慧的神秘力量几方面因素的综合作用。朱栋霖认为作为自然主义者、现实主义者、表现主义者、精神分析者、神秘主义者、象征主义者,或者作为诗人,奥尼尔都取得了不同程度的成就,除掉>精神分析者<、>神秘主义者<外,完全可以用来评价曹禺,本课题研究认为曹禺作为诗人剧作家也是一位精神分析大师;创作《雷雨》时的曹禺也是一个神秘主义者,又是一个辩证唯物主义者、一个先觉者。
The Theory of Love
(2007)
从技术产生之初至今,因其带给人类的巨大的物质利益,就一直受到人类的高度重视。然而,在对物质利益顶礼膜拜的同时,人类似乎忽视了技术与社会心理之间的关联。技术是人凭借理性创造与发展起来的,因此理所当然带有人类心理的印记,在一定程度上反映了人类的心理需求,对这一单向度的关系关注过多似乎并没有多大意义。可是时至今日,技术与社会心理之间的单向度关系已经一去不返了,人类社会心理需求依然主导着技术的发展方向,但与此同时,技术却也对社会心理的发展产生影响。有鉴于此,本文试图利用符号互动理论切入此问题,将技术视为一种特殊符号,从而研究技术对社会心理产生的影响。通过对大量现实的技术事例的分析表明,技术作为一种符号,在改变人类社会心理的交流方式和情境的基础上,对社会心理产生了积极与消极两方面的影响。技术的发展满足了人类社会心理中的自由感、认同感和宣泄感,有利于维持社会心理的平衡,维护整个人类社会的和谐发展。但与此同时,技术也打乱了人类的社会化进程,导致了人类社会的群体分裂,使人类社会心理趋于冷漠化与功利化,冲击了社会心理中原有的伦理道德观念。技术对社会心理的积极影响是不容否认的,但它的消极影响也是不容忽视的。进一步的分析显示,这种消极影响源于技术的异化现象。技术的异化使人类丧失了心理的自主性,人类社会心理逐渐被技术控制,成为技术的奴隶,越来越显示出技术化的倾向。这也是现代性危机的重要表现之一。在技术座架的促逼下,人类社会也越来越像一个>技术领域<由此形成了现代>理性人<的困境。那么,人类社会心理技术化的倾向完全不可逆转吗?针对此问题,本文试图借助弗洛姆的技术人道化理论,找到一条避免异化,使技术发展与社会心理形成良性互动的和谐发展道路。通过分析,本文认为,注重人的因素的介入,促进人类社会心理的完善及对技术的合理运用,并加强对技术的人文关怀,理性地运用技术伦理加以引导应是避免社会心理技术化的一条可行之路。