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A Psychodynamic (NonOedipal) and Brain Function Hypothesis Regarding a Type of Male Sexual Masochism
(2005)
本文主要从存在主义和精神分析性格学的角度来分析约翰•福尔斯的两个对立的文学典型:一个是极端病态的、不易觉察的恋死性格典型克莱格,另一个是高度健康的恋生人格、潜在的存在主义者米兰达。我们的研究方法基本循着弗洛姆的人本主义心理分析方法、霍妮的社会文化理论和存在主义等等侧重于人的社会性的心理分析方法来分析文学人物的性格结构。这是一种跨学科的尝试,而且恋死癖与恋生的性格结构还非常新颖,目前国内无人涉猎。存在主义精神心理分析学派认为人内在有一种天生的成长因子,爱生倾向是人生的第一潜能,但是当环境极度恶劣,爱生不得之时,人就会发展恋死潜能,表现出破坏性。恶性的破坏性表现为恶性自恋,虐待-受虐情结,恶性窖藏性格和恋死性格。爱生性格则表现为独立、自由、自发关怀与爱他人的能力。前者是人类的向阻碍生命方向的恶性回归,后者是人类向促进生命方向的艰难发展。无论是爱生还是恋死,都是根植于人类的性格结构之中。人类的性格结构是人的第二本能,是人生意义的来源。人类存在需要表现为需要献身目标,与他人的关联性,团结与有根感,超越的需要和定向框架的需要。克莱格的人生定向基本是恶性回归和破坏性的不断加深,而米兰达的人生定向则是爱生和对此时此地此在的存在的关注和敞开。弗洛姆的专著《关于人类破坏性的剖析》、《人心》和《逃避自由》可以帮助我们理解某些相当怪异的人格和费解的文本,男主人公克莱格的日记就是一个典型的实例。当我们试图从弗洛伊德的性本能论和无意识理论去理解他的怪异和变态时几乎一无所获,难以取得新的理解,但用弗洛姆的理论一分析,一切疑难简直迎刃而解。而且,令人惊诧的是,弗洛姆的许多心理分析的描述和福尔斯的文本的具体化表现差不多一模一样,令人特别惊诧于心理分析与文学的暗合。在第一章里,我们论述了我们上述的人本主义理论框架,提出了本文的主要观点,介绍了小说的大致梗概和前人对《收藏家》的评论。
During the first twenty years that Freud spent creating his theory, he assumed that most of the functions responsible for creating mental-thought structures were organized according to two different forms or principles of thought. He called these forms >primary process< and >secondary process<. The >secondary process< is identified with rational thinking and the ego, and it is easy to follow the changes that this concept underwent in the works of Freud that followed. The concept of >primary process<, on the other hand, disappeared from his later works with no explanation. This article traces the changes that the >primary process< underwent in Freud's thinking and examines the connection between his analytical technique and his research method. A close study of the changes that the >primary process< underwent reveals that Freud's developmental thought process included concepts whose directional changes may be termed >regressive<.