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Kevin B.Anderson and Russell Rockwell, Lexington Books (Apr. 杜娜叶夫斯卡碰 (Raya Dunayevskaya,1910—1987) 系马克思主义人道主义者、女权主义哲学家。本书的研究对象是她和另两位思想家H?马尔库塞(Herbert Marcuse,1898—1979)、E.弗洛姆 (Erich Fromm,1900—1980)在1954—1978 年间的往来书信。在本书中, K.B.安德森 (Kevin B. Anderson) 和R洛克威尔 (Russell Rockwell) 重点概括了这些书信中关于理论与政治的对话,话题涉及辩证的社会理论
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to construct a genealogy of therapeutic communities (TCs), with the espoused commitment to flattened hierarchies and democratic ideologies, the paper considers the lineage of the Frankfurt School of Social Research and its influence in setting a frame for TC ideology, with a particular focus on Herbert Marcuse and Erich Fromm. This genealogy provides further context to the contribution of two other key Frankfurters, Karl Mannheim and Michael Foulkes, who progressed therapeutic democracy in the UK and shaped the early days of the TC as a group-based treatment paradigm. Design/methodology/approach: Discourse analysis and collective biography based on biographical details, texts and witness accounts. Findings: The works of Marcuse and Fromm provide a hybrid psychosocial post-Freudian schemas that beckoned philosophic reconciliation between the state and the personal psyche culminating in new left psychoanalytic academic sectors. Erich Fromm's contribution is situated squarely in the clinical sphere in the USA dating from the 1930s after he fled from Germany and settled in the USA where he became a well-known lecturer at Chestnut Lodge during a time when it was developing its approach under the rubric of >milieu therapy<. Marcuse's influence on psychiatry is tracked through the development of ideas and writings emerging from his reading of Freud, finally intersecting with the emergence of TCs and anti-psychiatry when he delivered the keynote address at the Dialectics of Liberation Conference in London in 1967. Held at the height of the first generation of TCs, Joe Berke, R.D. Laing and colleagues considered Marcuse as someone to headline the Dialectics Conference because; >Marcuse was the Grandpapa of Flower Power< (Joe Berke said). Originality/value: A rapprochement between milieu therapy in the USA, influenced by Fromm and Marcuse and the European tradition of TCs, influenced by Mannheim and Foulkes is demonstrated. The Frankfurt Institute of Social Research can be seen as an ideological corner that transcends Atlantic divides, and provides a sturdy and lasting intellectual cornerstone for the history of ideas in the field of social psychiatry.
卡森•麦卡勒斯的《心是孤独的猎手》,一部描写美国南方一座小镇上一群饱受孤独之痛的精神隔离的人的小说,小说自1940年出版后即被高度关注。孤独几乎是麦卡勒斯所有小说的永恒主题,也是人类永远的情感感受。人为什么如此孤独?艾瑞克•弗洛姆的人本主义心理分析理论能帮助我们去探索这个问题。本文作者运用艾瑞克•弗洛姆的理论,通过分析人类生存的固有矛盾和人类的精神需要,探究了人类孤独的根源,以便帮助那些经历孤独的人得到心灵纾解。首先,本篇论文从两个方面讨论了孤独的根源,即人类生存的固有冲突和其所生存的环境。固有冲突包括生与死的矛盾,精神需要和物质需要的矛盾,潜能实现和人类生活所限的矛盾,个性化与社会化的矛盾。生存环境包括极度贫困,社会偏见和信仰危机。然后,进一步研究人类的需要,包括关联的需要,超越的需要,以及身份感的需要如何与孤独相联系。最后,本文通过聚焦人与人之间的倾诉和真爱被认为是突围孤独的有效方法。基于以上观点,本文作者得出结论:《心是孤独的猎手》通过对美国南方一座小镇上普通人的痛苦的描绘启迪读者思考孤独。根据弗洛姆的人本主义心理分析,本文得出结论:孤独不可避免,因为它根源于人类的实际需要和社会生存现实之间的固有矛盾。能够逃离或缓解孤独之痛的唯一方式是对倾诉和爱的艺术的理解。