Freud has always used his growing psychoanalytic understanding to address world events such as World War I as well as human psychology. The unbelievable death toll between 1914 to 1918 led Freud to attempt for the explanation and understanding of violence, conflict and destruction. He has placed greater importance to human aggression. Freud has revised many key aspects of his theory about aggression. He has dropped the idea of self-preservation drive and instead focuses on his new dual classification of two instinctual theories in both of which aggression played a significant part. He continued to develop his theory toward a more sophisticated picture of psychoanalytic view of human aggression. This paper aims to investigate the causes of aggression by probing into two different perspectives: Psychoanalysis and neo-Freudian analysis as well as social learning theory. This article specifically focuses on postulating psychoanalytic spectrum of aggression from Freudian and neo-Freudian point of views. It also attempts to examine the differences and similarities between and within these perspectives in search for answer to the main question >what are the causes of the human aggression?< In the first part of the paper, after the definition of aggression, it entails a close look to psychoanalytic approach and compare and contrast the psychoanalytic ideas within the paradigm. The second part focuses on neo-Freudian psycho-analysis of the aggression. The third section emphasizes Bandura’s social learning theory. The last section gives a summary of all perspectives.
Erich Fromm es sumamente respetado en el ámbito académico chino. Este trabajo preliminar revela las principales conclusiones de un extenso proyecto de recopilación de datos en China que nos da una idea básica de las tendencias en la aceptación de Fromm. Realizamos varias búsquedas en la literatura entre junio de 2012 y mayo de 2013 utilizando diferentes bases de datos en línea, en su mayoría de China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database >cnki<. Este trabajo ofrece una categorización de más de 800 contribuciones de autores chinos, analiza los resultados más importantes, compara la muy amplia aceptación de Fromm en China con la de otros países y hace sugerencias para futuros proyectos. Aunque en un principio esperábamos que Fromm fuese citado para criticar el capitalismo occidental, sus puntos de vista respecto a la forma de enfrentar >los dilemas del hombre moderno< se utilizan sobre todo para apuntalar comentarios críticos sobre la mala gestión de la propia China. De este modo, Fromm se utiliza como fuente de inspiración y creatividad en asuntos teóricos, así como en cuestiones prácticas, y también para hacer comentarios sobre el desarrollo espiritual y emocional del individuo en la China moderna. Hay, además, extensos debates chinos en torno a los conceptos de Fromm sobre >el carácter social<, >la naturaleza del hombre<, >el miedo a la libertad<, >la alienación<, >el marxismo como humanismo< y >el arte del amar<, y hay una interesante acogida de los conceptos de Fromm del psicoanálisis y de la psicología social en los estudios de literatura y arte. Las contribuciones humanistas y humanistas-éticas de Fromm son particularmente apreciadas por su importancia para la teoría y la práctica, aunque también hay una buena cantidad de críticas a Fromm en China.
[Chinese abstract not available] With the American psychologist Erich Fromm's humanistic ethics as a point of reference, this article analyzes >The Winter of Our Discontent< (1961), John Steinbeck's final work of fiction. This novel focuses on protagonist Ethan Allen Hawley as he succumbs to the influence of corrupt social values and thereby fails to actualize his primary potentiality for goodness. At the novel's end, however, as he is on the verge of suicide, he thinks about the innocence of his daughter, Ellen, and experiences an epiphany of light that leads to a realization of love for self and others. Overcoming his sense of alienation from the good, he embarks on a course of active freedom that will enable him to go on with his life. Steinbeck's exquisite depiction of Ethan's moral development reflects his own ethical concerns about the well-being of his beloved America. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 9/2023]