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弗洛姆对>积极自由<与>消极自由<的区分,具有着重要的伦理与政治意义。其自由概念的实质是通过人的本质力量的发展来反对外在权威,提倡通过人自身发展与社会条件的改善实现真正的自由,孜孜以求人的自由发展。伯林的自由概念的实质则是阻止权威的入侵,摆脱任何形式的束缚,体现对最低限度的个人自由不可侵犯的神圣信仰。伯林在《自由论》中对弗洛姆的>积极自由<进行了批判,他认为>积极自由<最终会走向自由的反面,导致人自由的丧失,而只有>消极自由<才能确保人的自由和权利。弗洛姆从人的发展与潜能实现的角度认为,>积极自由<在逻辑上已包含了>消极自由<,>消极自由>是实现>积极自由<的必要条件,但只有>积极自由<才能保障人之自由的全面实现。这是弗洛姆对伯林等西方自由主义的最好回应。弗洛姆的>积极自由<更符合人的本性,更能代表人类发展的趋势和要求。
Anna Seghers in Heidelberg
(2014)
The boundary concept has been central to discussions on ethics and psychoanalysis over the past few decades. The main distinction has been between less malignant boundary crossings and more harmful violations. More recently, the concept has been criticized as not discriminating between technique and ethics. The author argues that these problems are connected to the way the boundary concept is defined. He suggests that it is specified to indicate a delimitation of an analytic area of conduct. In an analogous manner, an area of ethical conduct is framed by a boundary between ethical and unethical actions in the treatment situation. The analytic area has a narrower limitation than ethics and a stricter articulation of its concept of attitude; not all unanalytic actions are unethical. This simple model of interpersonally specified boundaries allows us to discriminate between different kinds of transgression in analytic work. In addition to violations and crossings, a third instance is described denoting a transgression of the analytic but not the ethical boundary. These can be called boundary stretchings, and are either intended or unintended deviations of method. The slippery slope mechanism of ethical misconduct is an imminent risk if boundary stretchings are ignored and not subject to scrutiny and analysis.