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The history of psychoanalysis has developed along two main routes: metapsychological (drive theory) and relational. So-called >relational psychoanalysis< derives from the convergence of several traditions – interpersonal and sociocultural (Sullivan, Fromm), object relations theory (Fairbairn), self psychology (Kohut), and intersubjective systems theory (Stolorow, Atwood, Orange) – enriched along many decades by a variety of strong contributions from Ferenczi to independent thinkers such as Bion, Winnicott, Bowlby, Pichon Rivière, W. and M. Baranger, J. Sandler, Ogden, and Bollas, among many others. Facing its main controversies in terms of theory, present psychoanalysis evolves between heuristic versus hermeneutic, intrapsychic versus intersubjective, fantasy versus trauma, conflict versus deficit, and drives versus motivational systems. Controversies in technique have also evolved from a neutrality and abstinence model to an optimal provision and frustration model experienced in mutuality but ethically balanced. This paper displays the main concepts of the relational perspective, in which intersubjectivity is both a constitutive frame for human beings and the essential way for change. Developments from infant research and neuroscience – and the deep social and cultural changes facing twenty-first century societies – promote a new scene for today's psychoanalysis in convergence with these relational proposals.
Psychoanalysis as a natural science: Reconsidering Freud's >scientistic self-misunderstanding<
(2016)
This paper centres on Habermas's judgement that when Freud assesses psychoanalysis as a natural science, this constitutes a scientific self-misunderstanding. The author discusses Brenner's conviction that Freud's view is not a misunderstanding but is true for psychoanalysis and rejects his conclusion. In the author's view, Freud's assessment of psychoanalysis must be seen as a misunderstanding whose basis lies in its subject. Unconscious figures assert themselves under the repetition compulsion in the same manner as natural laws, each of which asserts itself beyond individual consciousness. It was the discovery of the unconscious that led Freud to conceive of psychoanalysis as a natural science and it seems that this conception is rooted in the structural identity between unconscious and natural processes. Freud's misunderstanding of pseudo-nature as nature seems to be indebted to his energy concept. As it is impossible to deduce psychic energies and their distribution by means of the psychoanalytic method, this being dependent on language, the author recommends replacing the economic metapsychological viewpoint by an affective one. The author goes on further to discuss the object of psychoanalytic investigation, the psychoanalytic method used to acquire knowledge, and the function held by metapsychology.
Celem artykułu jest wskazanie miejsca i znaczenia w filozofii Ericha Fromma obecnych w jego pracach figur czasu mesjańskiego i rytuału sza¬batu. Powiązane ze sobą dają się odczytać jako integralna część koncepcji Fromma, prowadząca w jego myśli do pedagogii azylu – posiadającego istotny potencjał emancypacyjny i edukacyjny rozwiązania problemu alienacji współczesnego człowieka.
Psychoanalytic supervision in the new millennium. On pressing needs and impressing possibilities
(2016)
Having now completed its first century, psychoanalytic supervision has been and continues to be regarded as the cornerstone of psychoanalytic education; it is the primary means by which (1) psychoanalytic ideology becomes translated into practical product, and (2) budding analytic practitioners develop and grow in their therapeutic skills and professional identity. The supreme significance of supervision in contributing to the >making< of the competent psychoanalytic practitioner now seems a widely accepted given, even axiomatic. But as its second century gets underway, what have we learned from psychoanalytic supervision's first 100 years? What are its most pressing needs and, in turn, impressing possibilities at this time? And what needs to most change if psychoanalytic supervision is to most profitably advance in the years and decades ahead? In this paper, I would like to consider those questions, giving focus to five needs that seem to most require attention now: (1) making the practice of psychoanalytic treatment an increasingly competency-based, concretized learning affair; (2) enhancing the efficacy of supervisors through competency-based practice and training in psychoanalytic supervision; (3) more effectively incorporating existing technology and emerging technological advances into supervision and using them to enhance the psychoanalytic learning process; (4) better attending to matters of difference and diversity, and striving to seamlessly integrate them into the conceptualization and conduct of the psychoanalytic supervision experience; and (5) vigorously researching the psychoanalytic supervision process and working to establish an evidence base for supervisory practice.
Деструктивность относится к числу фундаментальных дискурсивных категорий, которые играют значительную роль в организации коммуникативного взаимодействия и определяют прагматику дискурса; ее изучение способствует пониманию некоторых механизмов и принципов коммуникации, а также идентификации стратегий и тактик, используемых деструктивной коммуникативной личностью. Актуальность настоящего исследования определяется нарастающими проявлениями агрессивности в различных типах дискурса и, соответственно, необходимостью расширения знаний о деструктивном поведении коммуникативной личности. Исследование базируется на теории дискурс-анализа и теории деструктивности (Z. Harris, T. van Dijk, A. Buss, E. Fromm, D. Ponton, K. Hacker, R. Wodak, Н.Д. Арутюнова, В.И. Карасик, М.Л. Макаров, Е.И. Шейгал и др.). Развивая теорию деструктивности Э. Фромма (1973), авторы уточняют понятие >деструктивности< по отношению к политическому дискурсу и соотносят его с родственным понятием агрессивности. В статье на материале отрывков из выступлений кандидатов на пост президента 2016 г. анализируется категория деструктивности в современном политическом дискурсе США. Особое внимание уделяется доминирующей деструктивной интенции – нанести вред репутации оппонента и уменьшить его политические шансы, а также функциям вербальной агрессии: с одной стороны, дискредитировать оппонента, с другой, настроить аудиторию против него/нее и вызвать у аудитории ощущение опасности, исходящей от политического оппонента. Проводится анализ вербальных и невербальных средств выражения деструктивности в политическом дискурсе США. Делается вывод о том, что оскорбительные реплики политиков – результат не спонтанного эмоционального всплеска, а тщательно продуманной деструктивной стратегии, в которой агональная природа политического дискурса стимулирует использование средств инструментальной агрессии (Басс, 1971) ради борьбы за власть, понижения статуса оппонента и ухудшения его публичного имиджа.
The author analyzes the temporal dimension of depression by making reference to one of the clinical cases he treated and re-examining a clinical case analyzed by Edith Jacobson. According to the result of his observations, the developmental psychodynamics of a depressive state normally appears to take place in two distinct phases: a first narcissistic loss, which gives rise to an integrative conflict and to the formation of a certain identificatory structure, is later followed by a second narcissistic loss, which leads to the real depressive state. The two phases present a specific, intrinsic connection constituted by the implication of the same identificatory element of the self, recognition of which can favour a clinical work that more closely adheres to the deep dynamics of depression.
Extreme and complex traumatization represents a severe problem in today's world. Many traumatized individuals and their families live in difficult conditions in refugee camps, in shelters, and in exile. Treatment and rehabilitation approaches thus need to take social and cultural conditions into consideration. This paper will discuss how psychoanalytic therapy may be helpful for severely traumatized patients, as well as the mechanisms of change in the therapeutic process. It focuses on how traumatic experiences are actualized in the transference and bring the analyst into a situation where enactments inevitably occur. It will be shown how these processes may lead to a symbolization of nonsymbolized reminiscences of traumatic experiences. Psychoanalytic therapy with patient with complicated loss experiences will be analyzed, and some conclusions based on this and others researched therapies will be discussed. The advantages of working with trauma-related material in the transference will be considered.