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The concept of countertransference has a long history in psychoanalysis. This paper sketches the phenomenon referred to by countertransference and the development of the concept, from being signs of disturbance in the analyst to an important road to knowledge about the patient's inner life. The complexity of the questions discussed today – how to understand the concepts of neutrality, abstinence, and empathy; the relative subjective mutuality and symmetry of the analytic situation; the analyst's enactments and self-disclosure of feelings – reflects the complexity of the contemporary view of the patient–analyst relationship. In conclusion, the author presents a model illustrating the disturbing and informative aspects of countertransference together with the conceptual relationship between countertransference on the one hand and empathy and projective identification on the other. Finally, by differentiating between intuitive and irrational levels of functioning, an integrated model for countertransference is presented, synthesising the essence of the concept as it is used today.
Begrüßung
(2009)
Using one detailed case presentation, this paper examines the clinical hardship of making accurate and helpful interpretations that do not become part of the patient's defensive system. The author argues that interpretive acting-out is inevitable in the psychoanalytic process. But, if properly monitored, understood, and contained, these interpretive enactments can sometimes actually be a profit to the overall treatment. Issues of projective identification, countertransference, and the importance of realizing our transference role in the patient's changing phantasies are discussed throughout the case material.
The aim of this Bachelor’s thesis is to controvert the scholars who studied human nature; to assess their opinions, and to confirm or displace them. The author also aims at creating a delineation of human nature and deciding if the capitalist order is appropriate for the society, and for individuals with this nature. He describes what qualities the capitalist order creates in people and tries to prove that it this particular system which creates negative qualities in people, e.g. egoism. If the author disapproves capitalism as inappropriate for human society, he will offer an alternative better for the society, which would develop the individual’s positive qualities. The thesis takes form of a text analysis, controversy to various scholars, and the author’s own opinions.
a) To analyze some relevant contributions of marxist inspiration authors to the work and alienation theme. Concretely, we have analyzed contributions from Paul Lafargue, Agnes Heller, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm, André Gorz and Jon Elster. b) To elaborate a proposal for the development of a materialistic and compatible with ethical values theory of alienation. c) To scan the contribution of this proposal to the theoretical and empirical analysis of suffering in social links, and specially in work. This thesis contains three parts. One deals with the analysis of the theoretical contributions made from some marxists traditions to the work alienated question. Another deals with a theoretical development of that theory and its links with human suffering. And the last one deals with an empirical analysis of nineteen interviews made to workers from an automobile industry multinational enterprise. The followings are the fundamental conclusions of the theoretical and empirical analysis: a) The analyzed authors do not usually bring us a materialistic approach to alienation, and when they do it, they circumscribe the theory to the ethical values arena. b) There is an inevitable suffering in social life that should not be confounded with an inevitable alienation. c) Alienation, understood as lose of control among our controllable links, creates surplus coercions and sufferings. d) Conditions for the abolishment of surplus suffering are established where we recover control among our links. e) Work is a fundamental activity for the construction of our subjectivity and for the configuration of our social links. f) The way we produce and produce ourselves in work highly conditions the kind and intensity of our sufferings. Thereby, work is a fundamental arena in the strategy of avoiding avoidables sufferings.
Este trabajo trata de cómo se inicia el psicoanálisis con Freud, a partir de los conceptos centrales de una mente dinámica, y del Inconsciente, y de cómo se fue desarrollando y de las disidencias que existieron posteriormente al hacerse el psicoanálisis más complejo. De cómo Fromm incorpora al psicoanálisis aspectos sociales, dentro de lo que el llama una posición >sociobiológica<. También hace mención de la evolución del pensamiento en el hombre occidental, y de cómo las dos guerras mundiales impactaron en el pensamiento tranto de Freud como de Fromm, y en lo que este último llama >orientaciones del carácter<. Finalmente se plantea como un conflicto actual la disyuntiva entre un mundo enajenado, burocratizado y deshumanizado, y un mundo más racional, y del cuál es el papel del psicoanálisis ante tal situación.