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Steven H. Knoblauch has been developing a strategy and theoretical perspective for using and understanding complex nonverbal experiences and communications that occur in the analytic exchange. His delineation of nonverbal communication contributes substantially to the ongoing expansion of our views of psychoanalytic interaction and theories of therapeutic action. This expansion, contributed to by many, involves the development of an interactive systems model in which verbal and nonverbal communications are viewed as actions occurring at explicit and implicit levels. In a number of Knoblauch's clinical illustrations, subsymbolic processes rapidly invoke, or are invoked by, nonverbal or imagistic symbolic processing and meaning-making as well, often followed by verbal symbolizing processing. Subsymbolic and verbal and imagistic symbolic processing, intrinsic modes of organizing data, probably continually influence one another bidirectionally in a flowing feedback loop.
Davies contributes to the development of relational theory by formulating and illustrating what occurs during especially difficult moments in an analytic exchange. In understanding enactments, Davies importantly underscores the contribution of both the analyst's and patient's >bad objects.< This author attempts to build bridges between Davies' language and concepts anchored in object relations theory and this author's language and concepts based in contemporary or relational self psychology, including the integration of cognitive psychology. In addition, this author delineates the use of the >empathic,< >othercentered,< and >analyst's self< listening/experiencing perspectives to explicate the case material and to provide alternative understandings and pathways for psychoanalytic work. The thesis set forth is that the use of different listening/experiencing perspectives expands choice for the analyst when working in difficult moments of the clinical exchange.