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The subject of the analysis is the category of the inclusion as a process that does not only apply to people with special developmental or life needs, but also to social sciences, which as a result of the positivist research paradigm have divided and separated from each other. Meanwhile, human upbringing requires the inclusion of biophilic orientation towards life in all social sciences, whose achievements should be considered and applied to improve educational processes. The Author borrows inspiration from the typology of human attitudes of Erich Fromm, because it makes readers aware of the negative effects of necrophilia in interpersonal relationships. The Author analyses Fromm’s approach against the background of selected ideas of Polish pedagogical views.
Acts of terrorism seem to never run out of Indonesia, from independence to the present day. Including the ideals of the establishment of an >Islamic State< that gave rise to a new wave of terrorism. The JAD group affiliated with ISIS clearly states that the Indonesian republic is thogut, so it is haram to be obedient to it, and they commit an act of terror some time ago. ISIS cleverly uses religious propositions to recruit new members. The verses of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Prophet became his legitimacy. The concept of Hijra, Necrophilia and millenarism became the main doctrine of the ISIS. ISIS uses this narrative to facilitate and call for action in Indonesia. Suicide bombing, police station attack carried out by sympathizers, either JAD members or lone wolf. ISIS also utilizes social media well, this facilitates the idea of necrophilia, millenarism of ISIS is practiced by its sympathizers. Through qualitative and text analysis and the idea approach, necrophilia from Erich Fromm and millenarism from Norman Cohn, and other narrative this research is intended to make counter narrative of ISIS, so that the emergence is the concept of biophilia and optimism against the times and build a better future.
Статья посвящена феномену экзистенциального оптимизма. Авторы трактуют его как душевную установку, присущую отдельной личности и вклю¬чающую в себя положительную оценку мира, умение радоваться и волю к жизни. Экзистенциальный оптимизм не сливается с социальным оптимиз¬мом, он связан с определением индивидуальной траектории судьбы и способен помогать человеку проходить через трудные социальные обстоятель¬ства, сохраняя позитивный настрой и реализуя свои цели. Его стержнем выступает ощущение и выбор личного жизненного проекта, который существует не только в юности, но может в разных вариантах актуализироваться в любых возрастах. Авторы квалифицируют фигуру экзистенциального оптимиста с помощью понятий >продуктивности< (Э. Фромм) и >самоактуа¬лизации< (А. Маслоу), а также образа >победителя< (Э. Берн). Жизненные препятствия видятся такому человеку не только как нормальная характеристика действительности, но и как поле для игры наших сил, что приносит ему бытийную радость. В становлении подобного мироотношения боль¬шую роль играет воспитание и личный пример старших. Авторы обращаются также к теме смерти и разочарования, с которыми сталкивается любой человек, и подчеркивают, что смерть не находится в центре внимания экзистенциального оптимиста. Последней обсуждаемой в статье темой выступает тема практик >позитивного мышления<. В выводах подчеркивается, что позиция оптимиста не может быть никому навязана, а может быть лишь принята самостоятельно.
It is well known that the occurrence and disclosure of perquisite consumption has concealment, which gives the corresponding profit gainers room to manipulate. In reality, unreasonable perquisite consumption events occurred from time to time. These events have aroused a great deal of public opinion and social concern. In the past, the research on the influencing factors of perquisite consumption mostly focused on the company’s internal governance characteristics and external regulatory characteristics, which belongs to the category of formal system. Formal and informal systems usually have a comprehensive effect on the cognitive level and values of individuals. Combined with the Upper Echelons Theory, the informal system also affect the perquisite consumption behavior of senior executives to a certain extent. In recent years, the research on specific culture and corporate executives’ financial behavior has become a hot topic of corporate governance. Therefore, this article decides to focus on perquisite consumption and collectivism to studies the impact of different farming culture patterns formed in different regions on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. China has been in an agricultural society for a long time in history, and Chinese production and survival are closely related to the land. It is precisely because of the close relationship between land and the Chinese people for thousands of years, the impact of land on the Chinese people can not be ignored. In China, with the Yangtze River as the boundary, there is a planting difference between the south and the north with the main tillage of rice or wheat (or other non-rice crops.– Different crops in different regions have gradually formed different agricultural methods and farming habits in the local area. According to Fromm’s Human Existence Theory, diverse farming life would subtly form different unique regional culture with the passage of time. Once the culture was formed, it would be deeply rooted in the local society and affects the psychology and behavior of people who lived there in a long time. Due to differences in farming irrigation method and the amount of labor, people who live in rice growing areas or live in wheat growing areas have formed different agricultural production methods and habits. People in rice growing areas are used to cooperative labor and pay attention to the commitment and relationship between people, while people in wheat growing areas are relatively used to completing farming work independently. Different agricultural production methods and habits have brought people with very different regional cultural models: collectivism in rice areas and individualism in wheat areas.– Talhelm and his research team referred to the above-mentioned regional farming culture as >Rice Culture<. People in rice growing areas affected by >Rice Culture< tend to think in collectivism and integrity, pay attention to relationship and commitment, and get used to accommodating the environment to change themselves. But people affected by >Wheat Culture< is different than people who living in rice growing areas. In other words, people who living in areas where non-rice crops are grown is different than people who living in rice growing areas. People affected by >wheat culture< tend to be individualistic, analytical thinking and relatively independent of themselves. And they like to change the environment and adapt the environment to themselves. In connection with the existing research on the causes of perquisite consumption and Upper Echelons Theory, it is feasible to study senior executives’ perquisite consumption and collectivism. This article collects the data of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2017. Through data analysis, this article explores whether the farming culture pattern of the senior executive’s birthplace, origin-place and location of the company would affect the degree of perquisite consumption. Empirical results show that senior executives born in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those born in the rice growing region. The senior executives whose origin place is in the wheat region are more likely to unreasonable perquisite consume than those origin place is in the rice growing region. Senior executives of wheat regional companies are more likely to make unreasonable perquisite consumption than those who employed in the rice growing area companies. That’s to say, the >Rice Culture< could inhibit the perquisite consumption of senior executives. Based on the above, this article carries out further research to compare the influence of >Rice Culture< of senior executives’ birthplace, origin place and company location on senior executives’ perquisite consumption. It is found that the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace is greater than that of the senior executives’ origin place, while the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is greater than senior executives’ origin place. And the >Rice Culture< suppression effect of the company’s location is slighter than the suppression effect of senior executives’ birthplace. It means that the >Rice Culture< in the individual’s living environment has a significant impact on the individual, especially in long-term living areas. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
埃里希·弗洛姆立足于人本主义立场,融合马克思异化说及弗洛伊德精神分析学说等相关理论观点,揭示资本主义社会表面经济繁荣、物质丰裕,实则出现了消费异化现象,并对如何摆脱异化进行积极探索,做出了重大贡献。本文论述了弗洛姆消费异化建构消费异化理论的理论渊源、基本内容及其扬弃路径,在此基础上立足于我国具体现实情景,探讨其思想的当代意义与现实价值。第一,梳理并论述弗洛姆建构消费异化理论的理论渊源。弗洛姆融合马克思异化说及卢卡奇物化理论等相关观点,同时还学习借鉴弗洛伊德相关理论,在分析人的心理时引入异化观思想,在这基础上提出其著名的消费异化理论。第二,分析并论述消费异化理论基本内容。具体包括产生消费异化理论的前提、产生根源、异化核心等,分别从社会与个体两个层面分析异化表现形式以及产生异化的后果,为扬弃消费异化提供理论上的依据支持。第三,论述弗洛姆扬弃消费异化所进行的路径探索。对此,弗洛姆主张应从心理变革与社会整体变革来实现。首先在社会变革方面,弗洛姆认为,整个社会各个方面协同变革才能取得良好效果。其次在心理变革方面,强调应消除异化对人心理层面上造成的侵蚀,促使人最终不受物的控制或统治,最终走出生存困境。弗洛姆主张重生存人道消费观,同时还注重建立生产性人格。第四,结合弗洛姆消费异化理论评析并立足于我国具体现实情境,归结出当代中国消费领域所存在的问题,对这些问题进行深入分析及提出思考。随着弗洛姆消费异化理论的提出及获得逐渐完善,极大丰富马克思的异化理论,关照现实生存的困境问题,彰显人文主义关怀,具有其一定的合理性。结合我国现阶段现实情境,新时代中国特色社会主义制度建设生态文明,构建绿色生活方式和绿色消费观等,从多个层面等进行共同努力,以期能共同营造良好的消费氛围,进而促使我国消费领域实现健康及和谐发展。
Kazuo Ishiguro(1954 –) is a British-Japanese novelist and playwright. In 2017, Kazuo Ishiguro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Most of his works focus on the universal value of human beings in contemporary society, and emphasize the trend of integration and coexistence of multiple cultures in the era of globalization. At present, Ishiguro is one of the most famous writers in the English-speaking world today. He has written 7 novels and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize four times. His work >Never Let Me Go< in 2005 was listed on Time magazine’s list of the 100 greatest English language novels since the magazine’s first publication in 1923. >Never Let Me Go< also marks the first time that he attempted to write sci-fi novels.– The novel centers on the eternal literary theme of >destiny< and >freedom< in the context of human genetic technology. Through her memory flashback, the protagonist, Kathy, recalls the story between Ruth and Tommy, who grow up in Hailsham. Adopting a temperate and sentimental tone, Ishiguro traced the cloned group’s growth from childhood to adulthood, revealing their struggle with the >destiny< of organ donation and the end of life. >Never Let Me Go< contains the science-fiction elements that has not been involved in the previous novels of Ishiguro, and touches on the topic of morality and ethics of human cloning, which is a contentious issue in contemporary society. Critics have shown strong interests in this novel. In-depth studies of surrealism, genetic engineering, reflection of science and technology, have introduced many new interpretation methods. For the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel, many studies are limited to the reasons for its occurrence, and many readers question its rationality.– This thesis attempts to start with an understanding of Ishiguro’s consistent writing style and early life experience. Through analyzing the >constraints< and >freedom< in the novel, the thesis tries to explore the nature of the clones’ >non-resistance< with Fromm’s theory of freedom, thus, uncover Ishiguro’s reflection on human’s living condition. The first chapter explores the >constraints< in the novel. In the process of the clones’ growth, they suffer from various kind of constraints, like spatial isolation, social exclusion. This living state of the clones mirrors the condition of modern people in general. The second chapter mainly studies the >freedom< in the novel. In all kinds of >constraints<, the clones can still obtain a certain level of >freedom<. They create artworks, establish friendship and pursue love. Although they finally accept the doomed fate in the end, their short lives still triumph. The third chapter compares the clones’ choice of facing >death< with human beings’ choices and analyzes the positive meaning of the clones’ >non-resistance< approach. The thesis argues that the >non-resistance< of the clones in the novel is not >escape from freedom<. Their behavior, thoughts and destiny are circumscribed, which makes them the >others< of the society, but they have not resisted in a violent way. Through positive artistic creation and establishing emotional ties, they find a sense of belonging, value of existence, thus gaining >positive freedom<. >Never Let Me Go< is not a typical science fiction novel with the theme of >cloning<. The novel’s concern is the ordinary people’s confrontation with futility and fate. It is in this sense that Ishiguro is a humanist writer with >compassion<. In >Never Let Me Go<, Ishiguro affirmed ordinary people’s value of existence when confronting the deter¬mi¬nistic force, which shows his concern for the living condition of modern people. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 4/2023]
埃里希?弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派代表人物之一,延承社会批判理论传统,秉承人道主义思想,以西方资本主义社会尤其是美国社会中现代人的全面>异化<为理论分析的出发点,对西方资本主义社会进行了点线面结合的全方位的理论深思与批判,在西方哲学界产生轰动一时的影响。在科学技术日新月异并且全球化趋势下,对弗洛姆的相关思想的研究不仅能在理论上丰富当代马克思主义的思想资源,更加认清资本主义制度与社会主义制度的本质区别,坚信社会主义制度的优越性。也有利于我们展开对当今资本主义社会种种异化现象的马克思主义批判。本文第二章追溯了弗洛姆最初的人本主义的思想渊源,分析了其思想生成的个人因素和社会背景。弗洛姆将弗洛伊德的精神分析与马克思主义相结合,坚守人本主义的立场,批判西方资本主义社会,试图建立弗洛伊德主义的人道主义的马克思主义。本文第三章对弗洛姆秉持人本主义立场对西方资本主义社会中人的生存境遇的研判进行了细微考察和理论分析,结合对弗洛姆多种文本的解读研究,从弗洛姆人本主义立场的出发点即人是什么,围绕人类的需要以及人应该如何生活,对比西方资本主义社会人的生存状态,探究人类真正的幸福应该如何实现。本文第四章通过对弗洛姆《健全的社会》重要著作的重点研究,整理了其对克服西方资本主义社会的各方面异化的表现及其提出的对应举措,包含经济领域最初的劳动异化、生产异化与消费异化,以及由此决定的政治领域的民主制度异化、文化领域的人的心理异化的表现、危害和实质的分析论述;弗洛姆的对策性思考虽然近乎无所不包具体细微,但是纵观各领域的措施,都包含着理性主义色彩,不具备马克思主义的实践性特征。第五章对弗洛姆的人本主义思想以及对西方资本主义社会的批判理论做了评价,他对西方社会的批判理论提供了新视角与新观点,但他仍然是局限于西方资本主义私有制的框架之内进行微观心理革命,根本不能克服西方资本主义社会的异化,实质上属于乌托邦主义的西方马克思主义,不是真正的马克思主义理论。