An Analysis of Alienation in >Jude the Obscure< [《无名的裘德》的异化分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2014 [application of Fromm's theories to art].

  • 托马斯•哈代是一位出生于十九世纪、跨越两个世纪的英国小说家,其小说有很强的现实主义色彩和一些现代主义格调。这一点在他的最后一部小说《无名的裘德》中表现尤为突出。在该作品中,他强烈批判了维多利亚时期社会存在的种种弊端,包括在宗教、社会制度、习俗以及家庭婚姻等方面。通过描写这些社会现象,他揭示出人们所处的生活环境和精神状态。《无名的裘德》的创作背景是十九世纪末的社会转型时期,在新旧观念和制度的对比下,人们在身体和心理上都遭受了巨大的创伤和苦难。其中,异化是这部小说表现最为鲜明的主题。哈代利用其超前的思维、敏锐的眼光以及自身的经历,仔细观察和感受周围的人和事,其作品反映出可能会成为一种未来趋势的诸多异化现象。小说的出版在当时遭到教会等舆论抨击,但就今天而言,小说揭示出来的思想和异化主题仍具有很重要的现实意义,值得当代人和整个社会去深思。在《无名的裘德》中,哈代聚焦于维多利亚时期社会转变的大背景,一方面描写了处于下层社会的一些有志青年,他们富有前卫的想法,渴望通过自身努力和奋斗达成目标,从而摆脱所处的贫苦环境;另一方面又展现了像阿拉贝拉这样不求上进、随波逐流的人,他们顺应社会变化,以利益为导向过着一种肉欲的生活。可悲的是,没有任何一方能够顶住社会的改革大浪而不被摧毁,他们最后都度过了悲惨的人生。从哈代对他们事业、宗教、婚姻、家庭等方面的描写,可以很清晰地看到每个人与社会、与他人、甚至与自己的异化矛盾。小说中的男女主人公无时不处于灵与肉的搏斗之中,精神饱受折磨,异己的力量时刻控制着他们。本论文主要以异化主题为中心,借助马克思劳动异化理论、弗洛姆的心理异化理论以及文学异化观点,对《无名的裘德》进行细致分析和解读。本文主要由三部分组成,分别为导论、正文和结论。主要内容如下:第一部分为导论,对作者以及作品进行简要分析,概述本研究领域的国内外研究现状以及本论文的写作目的和意义。第二部分为正文,由三部分组成:第一章主要阐释异化概念的形成与发展以及产生异化现象的社会背景。通过梳理异化概念,展现出马克思和弗洛姆对于异化的不同理解,以及异化在文学领域的蕴含。此外,论文通过分析工业革命、达尔文进化论、女性主义以及宗教影响等社会因素,进一步解释异化产生的根源,为下文深入分析异化主题奠定理论基础。第二章主要从社会异化的角度出发,分析人物的异化现象。主要从两方面入手,一方面是社会归属感的丧失,另一方面从马克思理论出发,分析主人公在社会中的劳动异化现象。通过对人物社会异化现象的分析,可以看出当时社会给人们带来的痛苦和折磨,让人们体会到通过自己的努力却无法获得认可和成功的心酸,进一步揭露出社会和人之间所产生的不可调和的异化矛盾与冲突。第三章主要分析小说中不同人物之间的人际关系的异化现象。小说中人际关系的异化主要表现在三个方面:一是裘德与阿拉贝拉之间充满激情而无爱的婚姻关系,二是裘德与苏之间不正当的精神恋爱关系,三是裘德和费劳孙之间疏远的关系。通过三方面的比较和分析,展现出当时社会人与人之间疏远、隔膜和彼此孤立的主题,进而揭示文学上的异化主题。第四章主要分析小说中的自我异化现象。裘德从奋斗到走向异化的过程,苏从反抗到妥协的变化,以及小时光老人扭曲的人性,分别从不同的侧面反映出主人公们自我否定的异化过程。最后一部分是结论。本部分概括论文主要观点,点明主旨,并结合现实指出可能产生的异化现象,提出当下避免异化现象的建议,揭示出本论文研究的现实意义。
  • As one of the famous English novelists, Thomas Hardy, born in the19th century, has lived through two centuries. Therefore, his novels are filled with a strong sense of Realism and some elements of Modernism, especially in his creation of the last novel >Jude the Obscure<. In this novel, he strongly criticizes the drawbacks in religion, social institutions, social conventions and even in families and marriages of the Victorian Age. Since the novel was created in the transitional period of the late of the 19th century, the conflicts between the old thoughts and the new ones have rendered people great pains and sufferings physically and psychologically. Among them, the theme of alienation is extremely obvious. With his leading thought, keen eyes as well as his own personal experiences, Hardy keeps a careful observation on the people and their lives around him, which enables him to reflect the alienation of people and society. Although this novel was severely attacked by the churches and many people at that time when it was published, its meaning is profound in today’s society. The thoughts and the theme of alienation reflected in the novel have a very constructive meaning for today and call for contemporary people and society to meditate. - In Jude the Obscure, under the background of social transition in the Victorian Age, Hardy, on the one hand, describes a group of the lower class youth with ambitions. They have the ideas in pace with the times and want to achieve success through their own hard work so as to get rid of their poor living conditions. On the other hand, Hardy also presents a group of people like Arabella, who make no efforts to seek progress and always drift with the current. They are obedient to the changes of the society and lead a carnal life which is only guided by interests and passion. However, pathetically, neither side can resist the wave of the social reform and avoid being destroyed. They all lead a tragic life in the end. From the description of different perspectives in their careers, religious beliefs, marriage and families, it is clear to see the alienated contradictions of oneself with the society and other people. The hero and the heroine always remain in the state of the struggle between the flesh and the spirit and to be tortured by the two. In the end, there generates an alienated power to control themselves. This thesis mainly takes the alienation as a focus to make a careful analysis of Jude the Obscure, in light with the theory of Karl Marx’s alienation of labor, Erich Fromm’s alienation in psychology and the views of alienation in literature. - There are three parts in this thesis, which contains an introduction, the main body and a conclusion. Its main contents are as follows: The first part is introduction. It mainly centralizes the short intro-duction of the writer and the novel Jude the Obscure. Besides, it will make a summary on the re-search status home and abroad in order to present a better introduction to the thesis, as well as the writing purpose and meaning of the thesis. - The second part is the main body, which is made up of three chapters: Chapter One tries to explain the development and background of alienation. Through the analysis of its development, the author tries to present Karl Marx and Erich Fromm’s different understandings on the alienated theme and the concept of alienation in literature. Besides, with the backgrounds of industrious revolution, evolutionary theory, feminism and the influence of religion, the thesis will further account for the roots for the generation of the alienation and lays the foundation for a better understanding of the theme.– Chapter Two mainly deals with the alienation arising from the society. It will analyze from two aspects. On the one hand, it is the loss of belonging. On the other hand, it concerns the reflection of the alienated labor in the novel. Through the analysis of the characters’ social alienation, it shows clearly that the great pains and sufferings have been brought to people by the society and people’s sad feelings on their failures despite of hard works, which further expose the irreconcilable alienated contradictions and conflicts between people and society.– Chapter Three concentrates on the interpersonal relationships, which contains the passion without love between Jude and Arabella, spiritual but illicit love between Jude and Sue and the estranged relationship between Jude and Philloston. Through the analysis and contrasts between them, it tries to reveal the estrangement between people, the lack of mutual understanding and the isolation from others in order to reflect the concepts of literary alienation.– Chapter Four focuses on the self-alienation of the characters, which consists of Jude’s struggle against alienation, Sue’s resistance to compromise and the distorted humanity of the Little Time Father. It aims to reflect the alienated process of their self-denial and self-destruction from different perspectives. - The last part is conclusion, which makes a conclusion of the previous chapters through the summary of each character so as to illustrate the subject of the thesis. In addition, it will describe some possible alienated phenomena generated from our daily life and put forward some suggestions to avoid the alienation. In conclusion, the analysis of the theme of alienation has its important realistic meaning. [Author’s translation]

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Metadaten
Author:Xinchi Dai
Document Type:Dissertations
Language:Chinese
Year of first Publication:2014
Release Date:2016/09/29
Format:no download and copy possible
IdNo:Dai_Xinchi_2014
Writings about Erich Fromm (Secondary Literature):Dissertations / Dissertationen
Erich Fromm's Library and Erich Fromm Archive:Dissertations / Dissertationen
Licence (German):
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