On the Women's Persistent Pursuit of Freedom in >The Golden Notebook< [《金色笔记》中的女性对自由的不懈追求], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].
- 十九世纪以来,由于科学技术的快速发展,人们改造自然的能力增强了,人们的主体性和精神因素的功能突显出来,因而出现了各种各样的理论、学说、观点、思潮和流派,存在主义是一种非理性主义的思想趋势,他强调个人、独立、自我决定、客观经验等,它的形成和发展不是孤立的,它主要批评第二次世界大战后由资本主义发展带来的人们生存方式的异化,带有鲜明的时代烙印。它展示了第二次世界大战后及冷战期间人们的绝望情绪和矛盾心理。它是一种危机哲学,为人们提供哲学基础。萨特是20世纪50年代西方社会中存在主义最积极的倡导者之一。萨特强调人,强调人的主体性,强调主体主动的选择,具有积极的意义,存在主义的基本观点是将孤立的个人的非理性意识活动视为最真实的存在,并作为整个哲学的起点。它声称是一种以人为中心、尊重人的个性和自由的哲学。萨特不仅是一个多产的作家,他提倡介入现实;又是一个积极的带有鲜明观点的社会活动家,他的存在主义思想的传播不是主要依据哲学理论的论证,而是通过文学和艺术。他的一生视正义和自由为标准,他的哲学本质被视为面对苦难的哲学。萨特的存在主义哲学主要可以归纳为下面三点:一、存在先于本质;二、自由选择;三、世界是荒诞的。它事实上是自由哲学。自由是萨特整个生命哲学的中心,也是他的存在主义哲学的基本内容和重要组成部分。萨特一生极为关注人的自由,他的自由观念主要是:一、人是自由的,人就是自由。二、自由是选择的自由,绝对自由是通过选择实现的。三、人应对他的自由选择负责任。萨特密切关注人的存在,相应地在他的个人实践中,他积极勇敢地介入社会。人的生存问题呈现在当代人面前,人们的精神生活状况表明富裕的现代生活并没有给人们带来健康、满意的精神状况,反而使人们深受奴役。不仅人的精神生活陷入前所未有的焦虑状态,而且使人们陷入生存困境。弗洛姆密切关注当代人的生存状态、命运及灵魂。他具体解释了人的生存条件,全面分析了当代人的生存状况,揭示了当代人的生存困境。他认为人类的历史就是追求自由的历史,人类走出生存困境的出路在于向自由的方向发展,发展人的创造性活动。另一位著名的存在主义哲学家雅思贝尔斯也关注当代社会人的生存问题。他分析了当代人的精神状况,提出了当代人的精神危机。《金色笔记》中自由女性陷入了困境,尽管她们自称为自由女性,但她们只是表面上的、有限度的自由,是不自由的自由,这是对自由的反讽,反思自由,她们达到了性别和解的生命状态。本文最后一部分论述了萨特的存在主义介入思想、文学观、爱情观及其在自由女性身上的体现。
- Since the 19th century, because of the rapid development of science and technology and strengthening of people 'ability to reform the nature, people's chief part initiative and the functions of spiritual factors protrude, and so appear various kinds of theories, doctrines, views, trend of thoughts and schools. Existentialism is a trend of thought of irrationalism, it emphasizes individuals, independence and self-decision, subject experiences. The formation and development of existentialism are never an isolated issue. It mainly criticizes socially the alienation of people's way of survival caused by the capitalism development after the Second World War, it has vivid time brand. It shows despair mood and contradiction psychology after the Second World War and during the cold war period. It is a crisis of philosophy, it supplies people with philosophical base.– Sartre is one of the most active preachers of the western society. He emphasizes human being, emphasizes the individual's chief part, emphasizes the chief part's initiative choice, it has positive significance. The fundamental viewpoint of existentialism is to regard isolated individual's irrational conscious activities as the truest existence, and as the whole philosophical starting point. It claims to be a philosophy that regards human being as center and respect human being's personality and freedom. Sartre is not only a highly productive man of letters who advocates intervening reality, but also a positive social activist with vivid viewpoints. The transmission of his existentialism thoughts and mainly depends on the argument in philosophical theories, but through literature and art. In his whole life, he regards freedom and justice as standards. His existentialism should be believed as an introspection philosophy facing miseries. His philosophy can be mainly summarized as the following three points: (1) Existence precedes essence; (2) Free choice; (3) The world is fantastic. Sartre's philosophy is in fact the freedom philosophy. Freedom is the center of Sartre's whole life philosophy, and is the basic content and important component of his existentialism philosophy. A human being's freedom issue is extremely concerned in Sartre's whole life, his freedom notions are mainly the following: First, a human being is free, a human being is freedom. Second, freedom is the freedom of choice, absolute freedom is realized by choice. Third, a human being should be responsible for his free choice. Sartre closely concerns human beings' existence and freedom, and in his corresponding individual practice, he positively and boldly intervenes in the society. The existence problems of human being have shown to the contemporary people. Their spiritual living situations show that affluent modern life hasn't brought people healthy and contended spiritual condition but enslaved them. Not only have individual spirit lives fallen into an unprecedented anxious and immanent state, but also the contemporary people faced the plights of living.– Erich Fromm has been keenly concerning about the conditions of living, fate, and soul of the temporary people. He concretely explained the living conditions of humankind, made an overall analysis on the existing conditions of the contemporary people, revealed the living dilemma of the contemporary people. He argues that mankind's history is just the history of pursuing freedom, the real outlet for the living plight of men should be developed toward the direction of freedom, and develop the creative activities of men.– Another well-known existential philosopher Karl Jaspers cares for human existence in the modern society. He analyzed the spirit conditions of the modern people and put forward the spirit crises of the modern people.– The free women in >The Golden Notebook< fall into plight. Though they praise themselves as free women, they are only apparent free women, limited free women, they are free women without freedom. It's just an irony on freedom. Reflecting on free women, they come to the answer of life state of gender reconciliation. The last section discusses Sartre's existentialism intervening thought, viewpoint of literature, viewpoint of love and their embodiment in free women.