TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Die Bedeutung der Psychoanalyse für Führen und Beraten. Bisher nicht in Printform veröffentlichtes Positionspapier für die Karl Schlecht Stiftung, erarbeietet von Rainer Funk im September 2021. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Die Menschen kommen mit völliger Grenzenlosigkeit nicht klar. Interview von Moritz Honert und Ralf Schönball mit Rainer Funk T2 - Der Tagesspiegel, Berlin 22. November 2024, pp. 16f. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Erich Fromm und der Narzissmus JF - Philosophie-Magazin, Berlin 2025 (März-April, No. 81), pp. 66-73. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - 编者序 (Foreword) T2 - E. Fromm, 爱、性欲与母权 (Love, Sexuality, and Matriarchy: About Gender), ed. and with an introduction by Rainer Funk, Shanghai (Shanghai Translation Publishing House) 2024, pp. 1-6. Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - (Love in the Life of Erich Fromm. A Biographical Afterword - Chinese) JF - Erich Fromm, 爱的艺术(The Art of Loving - Chinese), Taipeh (Ecus Publishing House), 2025, pp. 213-252.. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Humanismus und Krisenbewältigung. Erich Fromms wissenschaftliche Begründung humaner Potenziale JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 30 / 2026, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 201-217. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - 3 Y1 - 2026 VL - d30/2026p ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - What makes people vote for the political right? Insights from Erich Fromm's late work. Paper for discussion at the International Erich Fromm Online-Meeting, October 11, 2025, 9 pp. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Kommentar zum Begriff >Biophilie< bei Bern Herrmann JF - B. Herrmann: Nach-Gedachtes. Essays zu lebenswissenschaftlichen Themen, Wiesbaden (Springer Fachmedien) 2025, pp. 25-27 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-47723-3 Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Berkholz, Stefan T1 - Erich Fromm: Ratgeber in bedrohten Zeiten. Stefan Berkholz interviewt Rainer Funk T2 - Neues Deutschland, Berlin 21. März 2025. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Willems, Sophia T1 - Interview zum Buch von Rainer Funk >Ich und Wir<: Der Gut-Mensch ist tot T2 - WZ Düsseldorf, 18. 03. 2005 Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Borchardt, Katharina T1 - Interview zum Buch von Rainer Funk >Ich und Wir< T2 - Deutsche Welle (Februar 2005; MDR Figaro (März 2005), Saarländischer Rundfunk (Februar 2005). Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Erich Fromm’s Psychological Concept of Humanism - https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000396 JF - The Humanist Psychologist (American Psychological Association - APA), Vol. 53 (2025), pp. 528-544. N2 - Erich Fromm not only developed a still-significant approach to social psychology, but he also represented a humanistic understanding of science that is groundbreaking for the social transformations of the present day. The article first attempts to show the religious and philosophical roots of his reception of humanism and then presents the psychological understanding of humanism that he refined and determines its significance for the present day. Fromm psychologically substantiates both the universality of man and his capacity for perfection by reflecting the existential situation of the human being as defined by brain development. With a different view of the unconscious, he then expands the psychological understanding of humanism. Instead of seeing what is unconscious primarily as the result of repression, Fromm understands the unconscious as the universal human being with all facets of human potential. These potentials, however, only become conscious to the extent that social filters enable them to become conscious. Humanism is therefore critical of socially conditioned filters and their alienating dynamics in order to no longer experience the hitherto unconscious realization of the human potential as something alien but as something profoundly one’s own. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Kretschmer, Winfried T1 - Interview zum Buch von Rainer Funk >Ich und Wir<: Ich - das unbekannte Wesen T2 - Online-Magazin ChangeX (www.chanqeX.de), 4. Jahrgang, 06. 10. 2005. Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gudelj, Marina T1 - Grupna analiza i psihoanaliza u radu s djecom i adolescentima [Group analysis and psychoanalysis in work with children and adolescents], Undergraduate thesis, Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Split, Croatia 2020, 34 + 6 pp., Croatian. N2 - Djetinjstvo i adolescencija krucijalna su razdoblja za razvoj zdrave i integrirane ličnosti pojedinca. Neriješene krize iz djetinjstva u kombinaciji s neodgovarajućom roditeljskom praksom dovode do razvoja psihičkih poremećaja u djeteta/adolescenta. Pedagogija, kao odgojno-obrazovna znanost u prvom planu, ima zadatak osigurati svakom djetetu pravo na obrazovanje. Da bi što kvalitetnije riješila taj zadatak, potrebna su joj dodatna znanja. Svrha ovoga rada je istaknuti mogućnost podizanja kvalitete pedagoškog rada primjenom znanja iz psihoterapije, točnije, psihoanalize i grupne analize. Psihoterapijska edukacija edukatora, u ove dvije psihoterapijske grane, može pružiti znanja, vještine i sredstva boljem razumijevanju prvenstveno samih sebe, zatim učenika, pa razreda kao grupe, roditelja i drugih odgojno-obrazovnih djelatnika. Drugim riječima, cilj ovog rada je naglasiti važnost psihičkog zdravlja djeteta, roditelja i učitelja te njegovog utjecaja na odgojno-obrazovne procese. N2 - Childhood and adolescence are crucial periods for the development of a healthy and integrated individual personality. Unresolved childhood crises combined with inappropriate parenting practices lead to the development of mental disorders in the child / adolescent. Pedagogy, as an educational science in the first place, has the task of ensuring that every child has the right to education. In order to solve this task as well as possible, it needs additional knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the possibility of raising the quality of pedagogical work by applying knowledge from psychotherapy, more precisely, psychoanalysis and group analysis. Psychotherapeutic education of educators, in these two branches of psychotherapy, can provide knowledge, skills and resources for a better understanding primarily of themselves, then of students, then of the class as a group, parents and other educational staff. In other words, the aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of the mental health of the child, parents and teachers and its impact on educational processes. Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Güzel, Fahri A1 - Karaca, Faruk T1 - Sevgi Eksenli Dindarlığın İmkânı Üzerine [On The Possibility Of Love-Based Piety] JF - Kafkas Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi [Kafkas University Faculty of Divinity Review], No. 10-19 (2023), pp. 205-232. [Online ISSN 2148-8177] [dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2651781] N2 - The human-God relationship emerges as one of the main topics that the Psychology of Religion deals with. Communication that is presented from man to God in the form of belief, worship and prayer finds answers in the form of revelation from God and acceptance of prayer in return. The definition of religion as a spiritual relationship with God brings with it the question of what the >nature< of this special relationship is and what is its psychological basis. The position of the feeling of love, which is more active among the emotional factors that nourish religious life, has been one of the questions that occupied the researchers who tried to examine religion from a psychological perspective. However, although it has great potential in nurturing religious life, the broad, complex and ambiguous nature of the concept of love has led to become distanced from the subject of research, especially in psychology. In this study, the conditions and consequences of the realization of the human-God relationship on the basis of love are discussed first. After that, the concept of love, objects of love and the way the concept of love is handled in the Qur'an are evaluated. Finally, the love of God and the dimensions of this love are tried to be examined. In this research, the documentation method was used. It is assessed that the concept of love has been the subject of quite different evaluations in terms of its nature and objects. Also, it has been evaluated that a love-centered human-God relationship comes to the fore in religious texts, firstly in the Qur'an, and especially in Sufi thought; and that the sources of a love-centered human-God relationship shows up its presence in human nature innately. N2 - İnsan-Allah ilişkisi, Din Psikolojisinin ele aldığı temel konulardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu iletişim, insandan Allah’a doğru inanç, ibadet, dua şeklinde cereyan etmekte, Allah’tan insana doğru ise vahiy, duanın kabulü şeklinde cevap bulmaktadır. Dinin Allah ile girilen ruhsal ilişki olarak tanımlanması, bu özel ilişkinin >mahiyeti< ve dayandığı >psikolojik temellerin< neler olduğu sorusunu da beraberinde getirmektedir. Dini hayatı besleyici duygusal faktörler arasında daha fazla etkin olan sevgi duygusunun konumu ise dini psikolojik perspektiften incelemeye çalışan araştırmacıları meşgul eden sorulardan biri olmuştur. Ancak dini hayatı besleme konusunda büyük potansiyele sahip olsa da, sevgi kavramının oldukça geniş, karmaşık ve muğlak doğası, özellikle psikoloji kaynaklarında neredeyse hiç araştırmaya konu edilmemesine yol açmıştır. İnsan-Allah ilişkisinin sevgi temelinde gerçekleşmesinin şartları ve sonuçlarının ele alındığı bu çalışmada öncelikle kavramsal çerçevede sevgi, sevgi objeleri ve Kur’an-ı Kerim’de sevgi kavramının ele alınış biçimi değerlendirilmiş daha sonra Allah sevgisi ve bu sevginin boyutları irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu araştırmamızda dokümantasyon yöntemi kullanılmış, sevgi kavramının, mahiyeti ve objeleri bakımından oldukça farklı değerlendirmelere konu olduğu, başta Kur’an-ı Kerim olmak üzere dini metinlerde, özellikte tasavvufi düşüncede sevgi merkezli bir insan-Allah ilişkisinin öne çıktığı, sevgi merkezli bir insan-Allah ilişkisinin kaynaklarının, insan tabiatında varlığını hissettirdiği değerlendirilmiştir. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Halton, Hugo-Henrik A1 - et al., T1 - Emancipating older learners: On the problems of naïve consciousness and the enlightened teacher JF - European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, Pre-published, 2025, pp. 1-17. [Online ISSN 2000-7426] [rela.ep.liu.se/article/view/5471/4845] [doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.5471] N2 - The tension between education and emancipation is a recurrent theme in educational philosophy but remains comparatively neglected in critical educational gerontology (CEG). CEG is a philosophical strand in older adult education aiming at the social emancipation of older learners. CEG links radical emancipation to the outcome of raising older learners’ presumed naïve consciousness with the help of an enlightened teacher. In this essay, we argue that the logic of radical social emancipation features theoretical contradictions at its roots, which translate into empirical ambiguities when employed to raise older learners’ consciousness. We address two problems: (1) older learners’ naïve consciousness and (2) its subsequent dependence on teachers’ critical consciousness. To solve these problems, we propose Jacques Rancière’s logic of educational emancipation, focusing on the individual’s capacity to learn by presuming intellectual equality as a pre- condition for learning rather than an outcome as with CEG. By treating this perspective in older adult education, we hope to emancipate CEG itself by refocusing its scope primarily on the educational realm. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Qianqian T1 - Studie zu Entfremdung in >Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten< [《法比安,一个道德家的故事》中的人性异化问题研究], Master thesis, German Literature, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 凯斯特纳的小说《法比安,一个道德家的故事》诞生于1931年,故事描写了主人公法比安在大城市柏林接连遭受精神创伤,最终返回家乡绝望自杀的故事。故事中的人物以及情节都体现着人性异化的主题。本文借助于马克思的劳动异化理论以及弗洛姆的人性异化理论,对《法比安,一个道德家的故事》中人性异化问题进行分析。论文主要从人与自身,人与人,人与社会这三个角度入手,对其异化关系的表现以及原因进行讨论分析,并试图归纳总结人性异化的普遍规律。由此得出的结论是,人性异化的原因一方面在于资本主义社会发展的结果,另一方面也是人类自身的属性。所以人性异化问题无法摆脱,只能加以缓解。 N2 - Kestners Roman >Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten< entstand 1931. Die Geschichte beschreibt den Protagonisten Fabian, der in der Großstadt Berlin nacheinander psychische Traumata erlitt, schließlich in seine Heimatstadt zurückkehrte und aus Verzweiflung Selbstmord beging. Die Charaktere und Handlungs¬stränge der Geschichte spiegeln das Thema der menschlichen Entfremdung wider. In diesem Artikel wer¬den Marx‘ Theorie der Arbeitsentfremdung und Fromms Theorie der menschlichen Entfremdung ver¬wen¬det, um das Problem der menschlichen Entfremdung in >Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten< zu ana¬lysieren. Diese Arbeit diskutiert und analysiert die Erscheinungsformen und Ursachen von Entfremdungs-beziehungen aus drei Perspektiven: Mensch und sich selbst, Mensch und Mensch sowie Mensch und Gesellschaft, und versucht, die universellen Gesetze der menschlichen Entfremdung zusam¬menzufassen. Daraus lässt sich die Schlussfolgerung ziehen, dass der Grund für die Entfremdung der menschlichen Natur einerseits das Ergebnis der Entwicklung der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft ist, anderer¬seits aber auch eine Eigenschaft des Menschen selbst ist. Daher kann das Problem der menschlichen Entfremdung nicht beseitigt, sondern nur gemildert werden. [Übersetzung: www.google translator, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Qi T1 - A Study of Alienation in >Sweet Tooth<, Master thesis, World Literature, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Ian Mc Ewan is one of the greatest British writers, winning the Booker Prize in1998. He has shifted from the early dark writing of his own experience to the later realistic writing about society in his works, reflecting his close attention to modern society. >Sweet Tooth< was published in 2012, which was undoubtedly one of his most significant works. The novel focuses on the survival of Serena and other female characters in an alienated capitalist society. In addition to exploring the themes of politics and espionage, the novel also conceals the author’s inquiry into the alienated plight of modern people in the capitalist society and his critical thinking about the meaning of human existence. Based on Fromm’s alienation theory, this thesis aims to analyze the manifestation of the female characters’ alienation in >Sweet Tooth< through three aspects: self-alienation, interpersonal alienation, and alienation from social forces. It further explores the ways to eliminate alienation as proposed by the author. This thesis puts emphasis on the existential dilemma and spiritual crisis derived from the alienation of human nature in capitalist society. People should pay attention to the existential situation and actively save themselves in the state of alienation to live in harmony with themselves, others and society. This thesis is composed of five parts. The introduction briefly introduces Mc Ewan and his work >Sweet Tooth<. On this basis, it sum¬marizes the research status on >Sweet Tooth< at home and abroad. It clarifies the innovation of this thesis, and elaborates the aim, importance and structure of the thesis. Chapter one is the theoretical foundation, reviewing the origin and development of Fromm’s alienation theory. It discusses in detail the concept of alienation from three aspects: self-alienation, interpersonal alienation and alienation from social forces. Chapter two analyzes Serena’s self-alienation because of her >marketing orientation< character, in which Serena gradually loses her sense of self, relies on others’ evaluation to obtain self-identity, and becomes self-alienated. Serena awakens to self-awareness and she eliminates her alienation after she learns the truth and Serena gets independent through establishing self-identity and breaking routinization. Chapter three elucidates Serena's plight in the state of interpersonal alienation. Serena longs for romantic love and close friendship for the lack of family love in childhood, both of which result in deception. In the end, Serena gets out of interpersonal alienation through guarding true love and the quest for understanding. The fourth chapter explores how the anonymous authority causes the alienation from social forces in the capitalist society. The domination of male discourse and stereotypes of female make them struggle in their living condition. Finally, they build a sane life and eliminate the alienation from social forces. Serena pursues spiritual independence and rebels against male oppression. Shirley pursues independent personality through resignation, and Lucy chooses a free lifestyle to rebel against the mainstream. They all pursue the meaning of life. The final conclusion points out that >Sweet Tooth< exhibits the plight of modern human existence in capitalist society and the author’s humanistic concern. The novel points out, to some extent, the way to dispel alienation. It explores the way to get along with alienation in modern society. On the one hand, it shows the author’s concern for the spiritual plight of people. On the other hand, it provides ideas for getting out of alienation. With the help of Fromm’s alienation theory, this thesis analyzes self-alienation, interpersonal alienation and alienation from social forces in >Sweet Tooth<. It points out that people should live with themselves, others and society in a healthy way. Thus, they can save themselves out of the state of alie¬nation. The analysis of alienation in >Sweet Tooth< can make people think about the problems of human existence and human development. It also provides ideas and suggestions for mitigating the harm of alienation, and a new approach for analyzing Mc Ewan’s works. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Kairong T1 - A Study on Man’s >Alienation< in Edgar Allan Poe’s and Shi Zhecun’s Short Stories, Master thesis, World Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] As an important American writer, Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) was not only good at describing Gothic scenes and shaping absurd plots, but also the first writer to pay attention to the morbid factors in the early American society and the psychological imbalance and concealment of modern people. His works that can be called the embryonic works of modernism, show outstanding modernity factors in typical romantic characteristics, providing writing model and theoretical guidance for the main schools of modernism. After his works were introduced into China, they inspired the germination of Chinese modernism literature. The leading writer of Chinese modernism, Shi Zhecun (1905–2003), was deeply influenced by Edgar Allan Poe at the early stage of his literature creation and wrote the short story >Ni Nong<, a work that completely imitated Poe’s >Ligeia<. In the impact of the rapid development of modern society on traditional Chinese society, Shi Zhecun noticed the inner concealment and psychological imbalance of modern people caused by social reasons – human alienation just as Allan Poe, and combined Chinese traditional with western modernist writing techniques, presenting people’s alienation in literary works. The manifestation of people’s alienation and the origin of alienation in their works both have many similarities. The writer attempts to analyze the alienation in their works and find out the deep reasons through the comparative study towards their works. The writer researches alienation from Fromm’s alienation theory. Erich Fromm’s (1900–1980) alienation theory combined Marx’s alienation theory from the macroeconomic perspective with Freud’s research in micro psychology to produce an alienation theory from the perspective of social psychology. Fromm’s alienation theory explained the manifestations of people’s alienation from the aspects of production, consumption, politics, and people’s relationships. He sought for the source of alienation from external and internal causes – social economical development and people’s psychology. The theory highly corresponds with the same characteristics of Poe’s and Shi Zhecun’s short stories: backgrounds of similar socio-economic develop¬ment stages and psychoanalysis factors. This article attempts to deeply analyze the three aspects of human >alienation< constructed in the short stories of the two writers: self-alienation, alienation between the self and the other individual, and alienation with society through close reading from the perspective of alienation theory of Erich Fromm, to categorize and discuss the common expression of >alienation< of people, and reveal the deep similarities behind concluded specific reasons of >alienation< of people. The first chapter focuses on self-alienation. Based on dual personality, it is found that separation between person and himself comes from the contradiction of opposite psychology of people, and the reason why the contradiction cannot be reconciled is that alienated people are lack of the ability of loving – the creative connection. The second chapter talks about alienation between the self and the other individual. The writer researches from death of spirit, fear, and destructiveness to find that alienated people show strong desires for deprivation, distrust, and destruction, whose origin is the dissatisfaction of loving people – the creative relationship. The third chapter discusses about alienation with society. The writer notices that people Isolated from society will have a sense of extreme insecurity and that they will use physical or psychological ways to join the society from people’s behaviors of escaping freedom and trying to assimilate into the community after they lose creative connections. To sum up, the >alienation< in Poe’s and Shi Zhecun’s short stories has similarities not only in creation context, style, and techniques, but also in the deep roots of >alienation<. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Günther, Matthias T1 - Liebe(n) lernen: Bausteine für den Religionsunterricht an berufsbildenden Schulen (RU praktisch - Berufliche Schulen), Göttingen (‎Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht) 2019, 62 pp., deutsch. [ISBN 978-3-525-77239-3] N2 - Liebe ist ein universales Thema. Es bewegt alle Menschen, egal in welcher Form, ganz unabhängig von gesellschaftlichen und religiösen Konstellationen. Deshalb hat sie im Religionsunterricht von jeher einen festen Platz. Denn Liebe und Lieben müssen gelehrt und gelernt werden. Matthias Günther zeigt in seinem Werk mögliche Lernwege auf. Das Buch ist in vier Module gegliedert, die sich an der Lebens- und (zukünftigen) Arbeitswelt der Schülerinnen und Schüler orientieren: 1 Was ist Liebe? 2 Gottes Liebe und die Liebe zu Gott. 3 Nächstenliebe als Beruf. 4 Wenn die Liebe endet. Mit den hier präsentierten Materialien und Lernarrangements erwerben die Schülerinnen und Schüler Kompetenzen in Bezug auf Liebe untereinander sowie Empathie gegenüber Menschen, für die sie beruflich Verantwortung tragen (werden). Des Weiteren lernen sie, gesellschaftliches und religiöses Leben kritisch-reflektiert zu betrachten. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Gremmler-Fuhr, Martina T1 - Transformative Lernprozesse im Erwachsenenalter. Entwicklung eines Orientierungskonzepts für die Anleitung und Unterstützung relationaler Lernprozesse, Kassel (Kassel University Press) 2006, 290 pp., deutsch [ISBN 13978-3-89958-208-6] N2 - Diese Dissertation ist die Dokumentation eines Forschungsprojekts nach Prinzipien und Verfahrensweisen wissenschaftlicher Praxisentwicklung. Dabei wird ein Orientierungskonzept, der sogenannte Beziehungskompass, für die Beschreibung und Unterstützung relationaler transformativer Lernprozesse im Erwachsenenalter entwickelt. Dieser Beziehungskompass wird im Kontext professioneller Beratung, Therapie, Weiterbildung (nach humanistisch-psychologischen und -pädagogischen Prinzipien) und mit starker Betonung der Arbeit in einer möglichst dialogischen Beziehung entwickelt. Er dient dazu, Beziehungen mit Hilfe eigens dafür entwickelter Kategorien zu einem a) aus individueller und existentieller Perspektive und b) aus kollektiver und entwicklungsorientierter Perspektive zu beschreiben. Im Zusammenhang mit der Anwendung dieses Modells wird der integrale Gestalt-Ansatz mit seiner Betonung auf einer dialogischen Grundhaltung und seinem holarchischen Entwicklungskonzept dargestellt und seine Bedeutung für die respektvolle Umsetzung des Beziehungskompasses in der Praxis hervorgehoben. Die Veranschaulichung dieses Orientierungsmodells schließlich erfolgt in verschiedenen praktischen Settings wie Beratung, Therapie und Supervision. Darüber hinaus werden auch die Berater-/Klient-Beziehungen bzw. Therapeut-/Klient-Beziehungen selbst mit Hilfe des Beziehungskompasses in ihren idealtypischen Ausprägungen für verschiedene Entwicklungsstufen skizziert. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gedik, Kıymet T1 - Erich Fromm`da insan, tanrı, din bağlamında ateizm [Atheism in the Context of Man, God, Religion in Erich Fromm], Master thesis, Institute of Social Sciences, Philosophy Department, Mersin University, Mersin / Turkiye 2019, 71 + 8 pp., Turkish. N2 - Bu araştırmanın amacı Erich Fromm’un ateizm anlayışını incelemektir. Araştırmada ateizmin genel çerçevesine ve Erich Fromm’un insan, din ve Tanrı yaklaşımlarına yer verilmektedir. Ateizm, ilk çağlardan bu yana tartışıla gelen temel ontolojik ve metafizik konulardan biri olarak gözlemlenmiştir. Bu nedenle ateizmin temel eleştiri konularından birini ahlak teması oluşturmuştur. Ahlakın temel kaynaklarının dinin ve Tanrı’nın benimsendiği ateist yaklaşımlarda ahlak sorunun temellendirilmesi farklı düşünür ve ekollerce tartışılmıştır. Ancak ahlakın tek kaynağının din olmadığı Fromm gibi düşünürlerce ifade edilmektedir. Erich Fromm’un ateizm görüşü kurumsallaşmış dinler ve bu dinlerin getirdiği otoriter ahlakları reddeder. Bu nedenle Fromm’a göre öne çıkan ahlak anlayışı hümaniter ahlaktır. Bu ahlaki yaklaşımda; zihinsel bağımsızlık, akıl, sevgi ve hümanist ögeler ön plana çıkmaktadır. Fromm’un ateizm anlayışına göre Tanrı soyutlaşma süreci içinde zihinsel bir aşamadır. Bu bireyin otoritelerin tutsağı olmadığı, kendi üzerinde bilinçli farkındalığı olan ve davranışlarına kendisinin yön verdiği bir aşamadır. Erich Fromm’un ateizm anlayışı sevgi ve hümanist değerlerle örülüdür. Bunun sonucu olarak da O, mistik bir ateist olarak değerlendirilmektedir. N2 - The aim of this study is to examine Erich Fromm's understanding of atheism. In this research, the general understanding of atheism and Fromm's approach to human, religion and God are given in the context of this basic purpose. It has been observed that atheism has been one of the fundamental ontological and metaphysical topics discussed since the early ages. In this context, one of the main criticisms of atheism was the theme of morality. As a matter of fact, the basic sources of morality and the atheistic approach of the religion of God is based on different approaches and arguments. However, it is expressed by thinkers such as Fromm, where the only source of morality is not religion. Fromm's atheism rejects the institutionalized religions and the authoritarian ethics brought by these religions. In this context, the moral approach that comes to the fore in the thought of Fromm is humanitarian ethics. In this moral approach, mental independence, reason, love and humanist elements come to the fore. Fromm's approach to atheism, which develops an important morality in atheism, is a mental stage in the process of God's abstraction. As a matter of fact, this is a stage where the individual is not a prisoner of the authorities, he / she has conscious awareness on himself and he / she directs his/ her behaviors. Fromm's understanding of atheism is endowed with love and humanist values. In this context, he is considered a mystic atheist. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gazzillo, Francesco A1 - et al., T1 - Notes on some non-psychotic hypochondriacal states JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 33 (No. 4, 2024), pp. 241-254. N2 - The aim of this paper is to propose a psychodynamic hypothesis based on control-mastery theory (CMT) about the self-punishment function of some non-psychotic hypochondriacal states. After a review of several major psychoanalytic hypotheses about hypochondria, we will show the main concepts of CMT, an integrative, relational, cognitive-dynamic theory of mental functioning, psychopathology, and therapeutic process that is the theoretical framework that has helped us understand and treat these states in our patients. We will then describe two clinical cases to show how some hypochondriacal states can be interpreted as self-punishments connected to three main kinds of guilt hypothesized by CMT: survivor guilt, burdening guilt, and separation/disloyalty guilt. Finally, we will discuss the implications of these hypotheses. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gea, Wasty P. A1 - et al., T1 - Memaknai Cinta Dalam Bingkai Erich Fromm Sebagai Refleksi Pada Fenomena Gray Divorce [Interpreting Love in the Frame of Erich Fromm as a Reflection on the Gray Divorce Phenomenon] JF - RISOMA – Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan, Vol. 2 (No. 2, 2024), pp. 9-20. [Online ISSN 3032-5218] [journal.appisi.or.id/index.php/risoma/article/view/58/83] [doi.org/10.62383/risoma.v2i2.58] N2 - Individualism and consumerist culture are inherent in the contemporary era, self-interest emerges. The meaning of love has been reduced, personal interests have become basic needs, this is fundamentally the root of the Gray Divorce phenomenon. In this research, researchers used qualitative and descriptive methods. Erich Fromm's perspective invites individuals who decide to choose Gray Divorce to turn over a new leaf and share love with others. Get out of the shackles of individualism and give love to those around you. When we give love, we also get love. N2 - Individualisme serta budaya konsumeristik melekat di era kontemporer, kepentingan diri menyembul keluar. Makna cinta telah tereduksi kepentingan pribadi yang menjadi kebutuhan mendasar, hal tersebut secara fundamental menjadi akar dari fenomena Gray Divorce. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif dan deskriptif. Perspektif Erich Fromm mengajak individu yang memutuskan memilih Gray Divorce supaya membuka lembaran baru dan membagikan cinta bagi sesamanya. Keluar dari belenggu individualisme dan memberi cinta bagi orang sekitar. Ketika memberi cinta, diri kita sekaligus mendapatkan cinta. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Berkholz, Stefan T1 - Erich Fromm und die Liebe. Claudio Rizzello im Interview mit Rainer Funk T2 - Der Spiegel, Hamburg, 23. März 2025. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - García, Rogelio T1 - Review Fromm E.: The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973a, Spanish) JF - El Ciervo: revista mensual de pensamiento y cultura, No. 260 (1975), pp. 24-25. [Print ISSN 0045-6896] N2 - El conocido psicoanalista y sociólogo Erich Fromm demuestra en su obra La anatomía de la destructividad humana, que la agresividad y crueldad humana no se deben a inclinaciones biológicas innatas, sino que son características esenciales de la existencia humana en lucha con el medio ambiente. Rogelio García Mateo explica y comenta en este trabajo los análisis de Fromm. Y1 - 1975 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Köpcke-Duttler, Arnold T1 - Über das Verhältnis Erich Fromm und Paolo Freire JF - Dialogische Erziehung. Zeitschrift zur Paolo Freire Pädagogik, Band 29, No. 1-2, 2025, pp. 16-22. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Lang, Hans-Joachim T1 - Wie Erich Fromm nach Tübingen kam. Hans-Joachim Lang im Gespräch mit Rainer Funk T2 - Schwäbisches Tagblatt, Tübingen, 24. Januar, 2015 Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gasiorowski, John T1 - Review Funk, R.: Erich Fromm: Mut zum Menschen (English translation): The Courage to Be Human JF - Bestseller, New York October 1982- Y1 - 1982 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gawlik, Adam T1 - Review Funk, R.: Ich und Wir, München (dtv), 2005: Zur Produktivität führen JF - ChefPosition, Bonn (Verlag für Deutsche Wirtschaft), August 2005, pp. 8f. Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göcen, Gülüşan T1 - Geçmişten Günümüze Kadın Tasavvurunun İnançla Birlikte Seyri: Freud, Jung ve Fromm’un Kadına Dair İzdüşümleri [The Journey of Woman Image with Faith From Past to Present: Freud, Jung and Fromm’s Projections Regarding Woman JF - Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi [Cumhuriyet Theology Journal], Vol. 23 (No. 3, 2019), pp. 1121-1141. [Online ISSN 2528-987X] [dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/887201] [doi.org/10.18505/cuid.547743] N2 - Bu makalenin amacı, genel yaklaşımla ilk dönemlerden bugüne kadın algısından başlayıp, günümüze ulaşmış psiko-sosyal birikimin modern psikolojinin önde gelen kuramcıları tarafından nasıl ele alındığını, onların kadın tanımlamalarına bu külliyatın nasıl yansıdığını ortaya koymaktır. Kadının tarih boyunca birincil kaynaktan değil, karşıya yansımalarından ele alındığı düşünülürse kadın anlatımlarının en köklü izlerinin sözlü kültür üzerinde bulunduğu ve yazılı metinlere uzanan kısımlarının da sembol, metafor, mazmun, hikaye üzerinden olduğu görülür. İlk insanlara dair sözlü ve kısmen yazılı kültür içinde olan mitler (hikâyeler), her ne kadar kutsal öyküler olsalar da insan tasavvuruna dair de veriler sunacaktır. Çünkü kısıtlı bir imkânla insanın sonsuzu anlama çabasından, tanrı/tanrıça ontolojilerinden daha çok insanın ne düşünüp ne hissettiği nasıl anlamlandırdığı anlaşılmaktadır. Buradan hareketle iki bölümden oluşacak makalemizde, evvela insan doğasına özgü bir semboller sistemi ve kültürel bir kod birikimi olarak bilinçte veya bilinçdışında etkinliğini sürdüren Tanrı tasavvuruna yansıtılanlar içinde özellikle tanrıça algısına değinilerek genel hatlarıyla mitoloji, psikoloji ile inanç dünyası üzerinden kadın tasavvuru betimsel bir üslup ile ele alınacaktır. İkinci bölümde ise bugünün insanbilimcileri tarafından kadını anlamaya dair tüm yazılı ve sözlü bilgilerin modern psikolojinin bakış açısı ile nasıl yorumlandığı Freud, Jung ve Fromm gibi kuramcılar özelinde detaylıca incelenecektir. Nihayetinde ise geçmiş ve geleceğin bilgi, deneyim ve duygularla aktif bir ilişki içinde olduğunun, kadın algısı ve yaklaşımının zamanlar içinde sürekli güncel kaldığı ve bu meselenin içinde mitoloji, psikoloji ve dinin de önemli faktörler olduğunun altı çizilmiş olacaktır. altı çizilmiş olacaktır. N2 - The aim of this article is to reveal with an overall approach, how the psycho-social background, starting from woman image in first periods and reach modern day, is embraced by outstanding theorists of modern psychology, and also how these collected works are reflected in their definitions of woman. If it is considered that woman has been discussed with reflections against and not from primary sources throughout history, it can be seen that the most essential roots of woman narrations can be found in oral culture and the parts of written texts are made over symbol, metaphor, proposition and story. However myths (stories) that take place in oral and partly written culture about primitive man, are sacred tales, they will also present data regarding human image. Therefore with a limited effort of human being to understand the infinite, it can be understood what human being think, feel and how they interpret rather than gods/goddesses ontology. From this point of view, this article that consists of two parts, first of all will mention especially about perception of Goddess in those reflected to image of God, maintaining its efficiency in conscious or unconscious as a system of symbols intrinsic to human nature and cultural code background and then the woman image will be roughly discussed with a descriptive style over the world of mythology, psychology and faith. In the second part, it will be examined in detail how all the written and oral information about understanding woman by modern anthropologists are interpreted with the perspective of modern psychology specific to theorists such as Freud, Jung and Fromm. Eventually, it will be emphasized that past and future are integrated with information, experience and feelings with an active relationship; perception and approach of woman have stayed up to date in time continually; mythology, psychology and religion are important factors within this matter. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goetzmann, Lutz A1 - et al., T1 - On the phenomenality of thought – the nature of thinking and the corresponding physical pathways JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 34 (No. 2, 2025), pp. 081-091. N2 - The article presents some ideas about the phenomenality of thoughts. We understand the phenomenal as the pure presence without symbolic (i.e., verbal) determination. In this respect, the phenomenal comprises the imaginary such as images, sounds, smells, tastes, touch and feelings as well as the felt atmosphere (i.e., one's feelings that fill a space beyond the boundary of the body). The phenomenal represents the earliest form of thinking. At this point, a distinction is made between matter (the biological side of thinking) and the ideal (the ideal side of the biological). The line between the two sides can only be conceptualized in an abstract and mathematical way (as a quantum structure). From this basic framework, philosophical and cultural references (e.g., to Nancy's ontology of the body and Claire Denis’ film work), as well as psychoanalytic references (e.g., to the function of the skin), are established. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerson, Sam T1 - Affiliation vs. Alienation JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues, Vol. 34 (No. 3, 2024), pp. 280-287. [Online ISSN 1940-9222] [doi.org/10.1080/10481885.2024.2346513] N2 - Contemporary psychoanalytic thinking has been marked by a >social turn< – a shift in emphasis from internal and endogenous process to those that prioritize the social and political context in which psychological life is shaped. In this discussion of Rozmarin’s work, the concept of “belonging” is considered as a bridge between the individual and the community. The entities to which one belongs and the dynamics that underline the choices attendant to belonging are considered as constituents of both identity and unconscious processes. An individual’s unconscious is viewed as nested within the broader historical and social configurations of life and structured by these forces. Reference is made to the work of Erich Fromm and Erik Erikson as aides in understanding the power of the social to shape both identity formation and social affiliation. The dynamics of conflict between affiliation and alienation are considered as a constituent of contemporary movement toward authoritarian political structures. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gilbert-Sättele, Susanna T1 - Review Funk, R.: Ich und Wir, München (dtv), 2005: Allein in der Masse JF - Rhein-Neckar.Zeitung, Heidelberg 19. 11. 2005 Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gehlen, Anne T1 - Review Funk, R.: Erich Fromm: Mut zum Menschen: Fundiertes Erich Fromm Porträt JF - Feuilleton-Informations-Dienst, München 11. Juli 1978. Y1 - 1978 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gehlen, Anne T1 - Review Funk, R.: Erich Fromm: Mut zum Menschen: Suche nach dem Sinn JF - Saarbrücker Zeitung, 17. Juni 1978. Y1 - 1978 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goetschel, Willi T1 - Review Funk, R.: Erich Fromm: Mut zum Menschen JF - Jüdische Rundschau, No. 16 (19. April 1979), p. 13 Y1 - 1979 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerle, Wolfgang T1 - Review Funk, R.: Erich Fromm: Mut zum Menschen JF - ORF Wien, Politik und Zeitgeschehen, 25. Juli 1978. Y1 - 1978 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gougoulis, Nicolas A1 - Driffield, Katryn T1 - An interview with Howard Levine T2 - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 33 (No. 4, 2024), pp. 270-277. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goldmann, L. T1 - (Socialism and Humanism, Hebrew) JF - E. Fromm (Ed.), (Socialist Humanism. An International Symposium - Hebrew), Tel Aviv (Sifriat Poalim), 1967, pp. 044-053. Y1 - 1967 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grammel, Soeren T1 - Wider die Normalisierung der Normalität. Laudatio für Hito Steyerl JF - Erich Fromm Stiftung (Ed.), 2025: Erich Fromm-Preis 2025 an Hito Steyerl. Die Beiträge der Preisverleihung, Neuhofen/Ybbs (Zeuys Books), 2025, pp. 27-45. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grammel, Soeren T1 - Wider die Normalisierung der Normalität. Laudatio für Hito Steyerl JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 30 / 2026, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 088-096. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - 4 Y1 - 2026 VL - d30/2026g ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gonzalez-Torres, Miguel Angel T1 - Editorial: Psychoanalytic theories and techniques: Dialogue, difficulties and future, Part Two T2 - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 34 (No. 1, 2025), pp. 001-002. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gronemeyer, Marianne T1 - Der Keim des Gesprächs. Erinnerungen an Erich Fromm zum 125. Geburtstag JF - Die junge Welt, Berlin 22.03.2025 (no. 69, 2025), p. 10. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gu, Xinyu T1 - Research on Fromm’s Thought of Emotional Alienation, Master thesis, Philosophy, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Human mental health problems are often overlooked. However, with the continuous development of the economy, while the material needs are gradually satisfied, people are more and more concerned about their mental health. The more and more complex social conditions make people’s psychological problems become more and more obvious, forcing people to face psychological problems. Fromm’s thought of emotional alienation focuses on people’s survival from the level of emotional alienation, reveals the form, root and way of sublation of emotional alienation, analyzes that love for death, malignant narcissism and sympathic incest are three forms of emotional alienation, and points out that >social filter< represses people’s thoughts and emotions, forming >social unconscious<. And because of the contradiction inherent in human existence, that is, the >difference of human existence<, people have the problem of emotional alienation. Fromm’s thought of emotional alienation explains the impact of emotional alienation on human beings, emphasizes the importance of >psychological transformation<, and advocates the use of >human love<, >labor< and the establishment of >sound society< to realize the abandonment of emotional alienation, which gives us a new perspective to analyze human psychological problems. This paper starts with Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion and analyzes the content of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion based on the background of the current times. The first part of the article, the introduction, describes the basis for the topic selection, research status at home and abroad, research methods and innovation points. Emotion is an important part of human beings and affects human behavior. Once alienated, emotion will become a force against and negate human beings, making human beings unable to develop freely and comprehensively. At present, there are few articles about the thought of emotional alienation in Marxist philosophy, especially in our country, which is an important section that needs to be expanded urgently. Starting from Fromm’s main idea, this paper studies the problem of human’s emotional alienation based on human’s survival predicament. The second part discusses the theoretical background of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion, including the background and basic frame of Fromm’s thought of anthropology, and the position of alienation of emotion in his thought of anthropology. The generation of his thoughts cannot be separated from the realistic basis and theoretical origin. Fromm’s own growth experience, his era background in capitalist society, his childhood loneliness, frequent wars and Nazism made him think about the contradictions of human behavior all the time, and as a representative of the >Freudian Marxism< of the Frankfurt School, he was always thinking about the contradictions of human behavior. Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion is a synthesis of Freud’s theory and Marx’s theory. The third part analyzes the main content of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion, including the form, mechanism, result and sublation of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion. The paper points out that the three forms of alienation of emotion are death love, malignant narcissism and symplastic incest, and with the continuous suppression of human emotions, the expression of human alienation of emotion continues to develop toward malignant. Necrophilia, malignant narcissism, and symbiotic incest are not close to each other or destructive when they are not too severe, but the closer they are to each other when they tend to be malignant, the more serious the consequences are. The contradiction of man’s own existence and the contradiction between social structure, system and man result in the alienation of man’s emotion. Therefore, man and society are the breakthrough of the alienation of emotion. The fourth part is a systematic analysis of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion and the current reality. Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion not only achieves the theoretical value of Marxism’s microcosm and the unity of the reality and the ought of human studies, but also makes us more based on the expression of human emotions. Pay more attention to the real needs of people, pay more attention to the practical significance of individual people. However, his thought of alienation of emotion also has certain limitations, too much emphasis on psychological factors, but did not go deep into the economic and class roots of human society to grasp the essence of human alienation, divorced from the actual social conditions, with a certain degree of utopianism. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Halton, Eugene T1 - Is God Sustainable? JF - Philosophies, Vol. 9, (No. 4, 2024), p. 93. [Online ISSN 2409-9287] [mdpi.com/2409-9287/9/4/93] [doi.org/10.3390/PHILOSOPHIES9040093] N2 - This essay approaches the >God is dead< theme by offering a new philosophical history addressing what would make belief in divinity, in God, sustainable and unsustainable. I claim that the death of nature and the death of God in the modern era are manifestations of a progressive distancing from a religious philosophy of the Earth that guided human development until the beginnings of civilization. I outline within the space limitations here a new way of looking at the rise of civilization and the modern era by re-evaluating large-scale epochal beliefs and assumptions of progress within a context of sustainable ends and what I have termed sustainable wisdom. From an original evolved outlook I call animate mind, rooted in a religious philosophy of the living Earth, succeeding contractions of anthropocentric mind and machine-centric mind have regressively disconnected from the community of life. This trajectory courses the disconnect from the livingness of things as defining cosmos, to that of machine-centric mind in the modern era, a devolutionary elevation of the feelingless machine, of deadness, of what Erich Fromm described as cultural necrophilia. I propose rebalancing these later contractions of anthropocentric and machine-centric mind with that deeper reality of animate mind, forged as the human evolutionary legacy still present in the human body-mind today. The renewed legacy of animate mind provides a key to what a sustainable God might mean. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen T1 - Renaissance eines großen Humanisten. 125 Jahre Erich Fromm JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 30 / 2026, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 108-118. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - 6 Y1 - 2026 VL - d30/2026i ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen T1 - Begrüßung bei der Fromm Preisverleihung 2025 JF - Erich Fromm Stiftung (Ed.), 2025: Erich Fromm-Preis 2025 an Hito Steyerl. Die Beiträge der Preisverleihung, Neuhofen/Ybbs (Zeuys Books), 2025, pp. 15-25. Y1 - 2025 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen T1 - Begrüßung bei der Fromm Preisverleihung 2025 JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 30 / 2026, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 083-087. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - 5 Y1 - 2026 VL - d30/2026f ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Han, Wei T1 - >The Truth of Life< and >The Throbbing of the Soul< – On Chen Zhongshi's Prose Creation [>生命的真实<与>心灵的悸动<——陈忠实散文创作论] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Contemporary Writers Review [当代作家评论], No. 4 (2016), pp. 81-87. N2 - 自从陈忠实1965年发表第一篇散文《夜过流沙河》以来,他结集出版的散文已达十余册。他在散文中讲述着他的生活、他的亲身体验,以自己深厚的艺术素养和舒缓的话语,叙述着他对生活的理解、对文学的热爱。诚如弗洛姆所言:>没有爱,人类一天也不能生存。<1对文学痴迷让陈忠实>每当在生活中受到冲击,有了颇以为新鲜的理解,感受到一种生活的哲理的时候,强烈的不可压抑的要求表现欲念,就会把以前曾经忍受过的痛 … N2 - Since Chen Zhongshi published his first prose >Crossing the Liusha River at Night< in 1965, he has published more than ten volumes of prose. In his prose, he tells about his life and his personal experience, and describes his understanding of life and his love for literature with his profound artistic accomplishment and soothing words. As Fromm said: >Without love, human beings cannot survive for a day.<1 The obsession with literature makes Chen Zhongshi >Whenever he is shocked in life, has a rather fresh understanding, and feels a philosophy of life, the strong and irrepressible desire to express himself will make the pain he has endured before ... [Translation: www.google translator, 1/2025] Y1 - 2016 ER -