TY - JOUR A1 - Binder, Per-Einar T1 - Facing the uncertainties of being a person: On the role of existential vulnerability in personal identity JF - Philosophical Psychology (2022), pp. 1-24. [doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2022.2129002] N2 - This paper explores the role of existential vulnerability in the experience of personal identity and how identity is found and created. Existential vulnerabilities mark a boundary between what humans can bring about willfully or manipulate to their advantage and what is resistant to such actions. These vulnerabilities have their origin, on an ontological level, in fundamental conditions of human existence. At the same time, they have implications on a psychological level when it comes to self-experience and identity formation. Narrative and value-based identity depend on how a person relates to finitude and the ambiguous side of lived experience. Relational identity depends on how a person relates to existential aloneness and the fact that the meaning and value of our actions are partly out of our control; they are always also dependent on other people’s responses to us. Bodily identity makes us feel continuous and real, but at the same time vulnerable to death and the gaze and actions of others. Being >thrown< into an arbitrary life context is also a form of existential vulnerability. Authentic psychological identities can develop by giving meaning to these circumstances and balancing acceptance of existential vulnerability with the courage to make choices and act. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biriukova, Ekaterina Vadimovna A1 - Larina, Nadezhda Albertovna T1 - Representation of the Consumer Society in V. O. Pelevinˋs Novels of the 21st Century [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - KnE Social Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2021), pp. 605-612. [doi.org/10.18502/kss.v5i2.8406] N2 - This article is devoted to the study of consumer society reflection in V.O. Pelevin‘s works published in the twenty-first century. There is an attempt to determine the main features of the consumer society to which the characters belong: dominance of focus toward to the satisfaction of private needs, the acquisition of material wealth as a means of achieving prosperity and happiness, the quality of consumed products (goods, services, etc.) determines the status of the consumer in society. V.O. Pelevin defines and ridicules capitalist culture using sarcasm and grotesque, demonstrating the image of consumer society exclusively in negative connotations. V.O. Pelevin reconstructs modern society, endowing it with the features of the world we are accustomed to, but absurdly creating his world of sellers and consumers included in a repeating cycle and changing roles depending on status within the framework of artistic reality. Aimed at revealing the author’s attitude to the consumer society and the novel characters’ attitudes to the object of study, selective analysis of a work fragments demonstrates the gradual inclusion of characters in the consumption culture and a deeper study of the phenomenon by the author. The article considers the consumer society reconstruction in the art world of the following works by V.O. Pelevin: novels >Generation P, The Werewolf’s Holy Book, Svyashennaya kniga oborotnya, Empire V, Secret Views of the Fuji Mount<, [>Sekretnye vidi na goru Fuji<], and a story >Wind search record< [>Zapis‘ o poiske vetra<]. Such a selective analysis reflects the transformation (which, depending on the point of view, can be called both evolution and degradation) of the consumer culture image and the position of the author may be determined. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bjelajac, Petra T1 - Prodor kapitalizma u romanima hrvatskog realizma JF - Jat: časopis studenata kroatistike, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2015), pp. 135-153. [Print ISSN 1848-8110] [hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/204295] N2 - Prodor je kapitalizma jedna od tema koju uz ostale, kao što su propadanje plemstva, školovanje seoskog djeteta u gradu i opisivanje građanskog, seljačkog i radničkog sloja, pronalazimo u romanima hrvatskog realizma, pri čemu pratimo različito manifestiranje kapitalističke doktrine u gradovima i na selu, što je još jedan polarizacijski odnos koji se nameće u većini djela. Autori su realističkih romana prodor kapitalizma ocijenili izrazito negativnim, bez obzira na mjesto njegova nastajanja. Iz tog su razloga njegovu pojavu vezali uz negativne likove, pojedince koji se razlikuju od svoje okoline razmišljajući više robno-novčano. Promatrajući oblikovanje i promjene karaktera tih likova, ustanovljeno je da ono uvelike ovisi o povijesno-ekonomskoj situaciji u kojoj se karakter nalazi, odnosno ovisi o promjenama koje su zahvatile društvo, pri čemu je jedna od glavnih prodor kapitalizma. N2 - Penetration of capitalism is one of the themes which we find in Croatian realist novels, among others such as the decline of the nobility, education of a rural child in the city and the description of the middle, peasant and working class, following at the same time different manifestations of the capitalist doctrine in cities and at the countryside, which is yet another polarizing relationship imposed in the majority of works. The authors of realist novels regarded the penetration of capitalism as highly negative, regardless of the place of its origin. That is the reason why they associated its occurrence with negative characters, individuals who differ from their surroundings thinking in a more commodity-monetary way. Through observations of the formation and the changes of personalities of those characters, it has been determined that it depends greatly on the historical-economic situation of the character, i.e. it depends on the changes that have affected the society, one of the major ones being the penetration of capitalism. Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cardin, Eric Gustavo T1 - Volta para o lugar de onde veio! O lugar da xenophobia e a demarcação social [Go Back to Where you Came From! The Place of Xenophobia and Social Demarcation] JF - Revista GeoPantanal (UFMS), No. 32 (2022), pp. 26-43. [Online ISSN 2446-8681] [periodicos.ufms.br/index.php/revgeo/article/view/16475] N2 - A pesquisa explora o uso instrumental da xenofobia como ferramenta de desclassificação social no período da pandemia de Covid-19, mais especificamente durante o ano de 2020. Para tanto, organizamos e analisamos os casos reportados em jornais de grande circulação do Brasil utilizando o Atlas.ti. O texto encontra-se organizado em duas partes. Na primeira, encontram-se alguns casos representativos do uso instrumental da xenofobia, enquanto na segunda são problematizadas as denúncias realizadas pela imprensa. Juntas, iluminam o lugar onde se encontra as condições para a constituição e a manutenção da xenofobia como um recurso de demarcação e exclusão. N2 - The research explores the instrumental use of xenophobia as a tool of social declassification in the period of the Covid-19 pandemic, more specifically during the year 2020. To this end, we organize and analyze the cases reported in large circulation newspapers in Brazil using the Atlas.ti. The text is organized in two parts. In the first, some representative cases of the instrumental use of xenophobia are found, while in the second, the denunciations made by the press are problematized. Together, they illuminate the place where the conditions for the constitution and maintenance of xenophobia are found as a resource of demarcation and exclusion. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cardoso Alves, Daniel T1 - Paulo Freire: Marxista ou Marxiszante? Paulo Freire: Marxist or Marxisizing? Paulo Freire: ¿Marxista o Marxizador? JF - Revista Educação e Ciências Sociais (UNEB, Salvador), Vol. 6, No. 10 (2023), pp. 333-349. [Online ISSN 2595-9980] [revistas.uneb.br/index.php/cienciassociais/article/view/16588/11729] N2 - O objetivo geral do artigo é provocar outras e novas perguntas acerca das relações (ou não) entre a teoria da educação de Paulo Freire e a teoria social de Karl Marx a partir do questionamento central que o intitula. Para contextualizar e fundamentar as discussões adotou-se como ponto de partida a realidade discursiva da cena política brasileira contemporânea. Foi utilizada a revisão de literatura à luz de uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa. O quadro teórico se sustenta nos objetos centrais das abordagens em Freire e Marx. A principal conclusão que se chega com o artigo é que há rupturas e continuidades entre os objetos de estudo do filósofo da educação e do filósofo do mundo trabalho, respectivamente, o que revela uma simpatia do primeiro com os postulados do segundo, sendo exagerado e conflitante com a própria concepção de homem em Freire encerrá-lo em qualquer definição ortodoxa. N2 - The general objective of the article is to provoke other and new questions about the relations (or not) between Paulo Freire's theory of education and Karl Marx's social theory, based on the central question that entitles it. To contextualize and support the discussions, the discursive reality of the contemporary Brazilian political scene was adopted as a starting point. A literature review was used in the light of a qualitative research approach. The theoretical framework is based on the central objects of the approaches in Freire and Marx. The main conclusion reached with the article is that there are ruptures and continuities between the objects of study of the philosopher of education and the philosopher of the world of work, respectively, which reveals a sympathy of the first with the postulates of the second, being exaggerated and conflicting with Freire's own conception of man to lock him up in any orthodox definition. N2 - El objetivo general del artículo es suscitar otras y nuevas preguntas sobre las relaciones (o no) entre la teoría de la educación de Paulo Freire y la teoría social de Karl Marx, a partir de la cuestión central que la titula. Para contextualizar y sustentar las discusiones, se tomó como punto de partida la realidad discursiva del escenario político brasileño contemporáneo. Se utilizó una revisión de la literatura a la luz de un enfoque de investigación cualitativa. El marco teórico se sustenta en los objetos centrales de los planteamientos en Freire y Marx. La principal conclusión a la que se llega con el artículo es que existen rupturas y continuidades entre los objetos de estudio del filósofo de la educación y del filósofo del mundo del trabajo, respectivamente, lo que revela una simpatía del primero con los postulados del segundo, siendo exagerada y contradictoria con la propia concepción del hombre de Freire para encerrarlo en cualquier definición ortodoxa. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN ED - Caritas Schweiz, T1 - Sozialalmanach 2023. Ungleichheit in der Schweiz, Luzern (Caritas-Verlag), 2023, 312 pp. Y1 - 2023 N1 - Ex libris Rainer Funk ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Caruso, Igor A. T1 - Soziale Aspekte der Psychoanalyse, Reinbek (Rowohlt TV), 1972, 187 pp. Y1 - 1972 N1 - Ex libris Rainer Funk ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carvalho, Bruno T1 - Adorno and Fromm: A debate on psychoanalytic clinical practice JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 33 (No. 3, 2024), pp. 126-138. N2 - Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of psychoanalysis in Critical Theory. It is often asserted that authors within this tradition, seeking to understand the contradictory elements of capitalism, have approached psychoanalysis primarily from a theoretical perspective. This article highlights a significant exception to this prevailing trend: a profound and still relevant debate on transference, more precisely, the management of love, empathy, compassion, and coldness in clinical practice. Indeed, Theodor Adorno and Erich Fromm were the actors of this discussion, and, as a result, they stand among the pioneers in analyzing psychoanalytic clinical practice and its social function. In 1935, Fromm published an article in which Freud is depicted as a revolutionary figure for introducing the concept of the unconscious. This revolution is, nevertheless, constrained by bourgeois values, which inevitably shaped the goals and societal role of the psychoanalytic technique. Adorno, however, defended Freud and attempted to comprehend the critical function of the analyst's coldness. This paper concludes by underscoring the enduring relevance of this discussion within Adorno's work while also pointing to the fact that the issue of empathy remains a topic of continual debate within the realms of critical theory and the broader field of psychoanalysis. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cawood, Helen-Mary A1 - Amiradakis, Mark J. T1 - From Otium to Opium (and back again?): Lockdown’s Leisure Industry, Hyper-synchronisation and the Philosophy of Walking JF - Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2022), pp. 1-10. [Online ISSN 1445-7377] [doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2022.2109331] N2 - This article provides an account of the cultural changes induced by the pandemic, and draws on the tradition of critical theory (especially the work of Horkheimer and Adorno, and Fromm) and the work of Bernard Stiegler to critically assess their impact. It is argued that the rise of online forms of consumption based around streaming have had a deleterious impact on the critical faculties of the individual, and argues that the practice of walking – as proposed by Frederic Gros – could potentially provide a remedy to the problems caused by the increase of uncritical cultural consumption. In this respect, it provides an original account of the relevance of both the tradition of critical theory and the work of Stiegler to the pandemic, together with providing a discussion around the act of walking as an active measure that one can implement in one’s life to counteract and (hopefully) overcome the detrimental effects that the commodification of leisure time has fostered during the pandemic. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chai, Yunchao T1 - Digital Capital and Communication Labour: Research on Christian Fuchs’ Critical Theory of Communication, Master thesis, Journalism and Media, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] With the development of Internet information technology and the popularization of digital media platforms, human communication has entered the digital age, and digital communication mediated by social media and other digital platforms has become the mainstream mode of communication and a common state of existence that people are accustomed to in contemporary society. In view of the central position of digital communication in the digital age and the reality of highly capitalized, commodified, exploited and alienated communication in digital platforms. Christian Fuchs, a famous contemporary British left-wing critical communication scholar, has systematically put forward the critical theory of communication. Following the academic tradition of Western Marxism, this theory uses capital and labour as the entry point to criticize the reality of digital communication and the structure of platform communication under the capitalist structure. It not only clarifies the nature of capitalist exploitation behind contemporary digital communication, but also reveals its inherent capital operation mechanism and labour control system. This study focuses on Fuchs ’ critical theory of communication and tries to explore the historical basis of its formation, the internal logic of its construction and the alternative solutions designed to completely liberate the current digital communication field from three dimensions: history, reality and future. The thesis includes five chapters. Chapter 1 adopts the research method of intellectual history. It traces the academic influence and ideological inspiration of Marx, Engels, the Frankfurt School represented by Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and Habermas and the political economy of communication led by Smythe on Fuchs, thus clarifies the theoretical construction of his critical theory of communication. Chapter 2 takes capital as the starting point. First of all, it explores the isomorphic relationship between the transformation process of capital from industrial capital to digital capital and the change of communication mode from the age of mass media to the age of Internet media. Secondly, by tracing the history of the commercialization of the Internet, the negative impact of capital’s involvement in the development of the Internet-dot com bubble crisis-is highlighted, while web 2.0, as a product of overcoming the crisis and seeking investment, is essentially a concept invented by capital. In the end, it focuses on the exploitation reality and profit logic of the current digital communication platform, revealing the capital operation mechanism in the capitalist digital communication space with the monopoly position of the platform, the law of time appropriation and the strategy of data realization as the core. Chapter 3 focuses on labour. First of all, it traces the theoretical history of Smythe’s audience commodity and the resulting academic debate, as well as its latest development in the digital media age-Fuchs’ Internet prosumer commodity. Secondly, the academic debate between Jenkins and Fuchs on the nature of social media further highlights the inherently exploitative nature of corporate social media, which ostensibly serves as a platform for participatory culture but in fact focuses on the unpaid appropriation of users’ digital labour. In the end, focus on the labour nature of digital communication behavior and look at its labour control system, with ideological indoctrination, digital panoramic surveillance and gamification of labour as the main strategies. Chapter 4 looks toward the future. Focusing on Fuchs’ recently proposed communicative socialism/digital socialism, this chapter systematically elaborates on the alternatives that critical theory of communication envisions for the current capitalist digital communication field. Firstly, introduce the theoretical background and practical direction of the emergence of communicative socialism/digital socialism. Then, a socialist communication field based on highly developed digital media and intelligent technologies is outlined in three specific dimensions: academic transformation, platform transformation and technological liberation. As a conclusion, Chapter 5 locates and reflects on the academic contributions of Fuchs from the macro perspective of Marxist communication research, and further discusses the implications of critical theory of communication for the development of digital communication in China. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chancer, Lynn S. T1 - Reconsidering Fromm and feminisms, part II: a case for psychosocial compatibilities JF - Journal of Psychosocial Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. xx; DOI: 10.1332/14786737Y2024D000000034 N2 - This article continues an earlier one about how the work of Erich Fromm and feminist theories are compatible despite the connection usually remaining overlooked. Drawing on Fromm’s critique of Freud’s analysis of Dora, but also going further, I argue that associating Fromm and contemporary feminist thought is particularly important in the context of growing authoritarianism on the right and sometimes as reflected also on the left. The article elaborates upon five points of ‘psychosocial compatibility’ between Fromm’s humanistic vision and the ideas of several well-known feminist theorists including Simone de Beauvoir, Nancy Chodorow, Jessica Benjamin and others. The five points of psychosocial compatibility addressed between From and contemporary feminisms as addressed here are: connecting the personal and the political while stressing the prefigurative; kindred issues concerning objectification and self-love; emphases on relatedness and the pre-oedipal stage of human development; concerns about multi-dimensionality and intersectionality; and shared political beliefs aimed at overcoming gender and other oppressive inequalities. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chancer, Lynn S. A1 - McLaughlin, Neil T1 - Why Fromm now? Envisioning a saner society JF - Sociological Forum - Wiley Online Library, Vol. 2024, pp. 1-12. - https://doi.org/10.1111/socf.13035 N2 - Erich Fromm has long been a forgotten intellectual despite his status as a major critical theorist and sociologist in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s but his work is being returned to with new enthusiasm because of events in the world, developments within sociology and new interest in psychosocial analysis dealing with emotions. This paper theorizes Fromm's return to scholarly influence now, offering analysis of both his reputational fate in light of the rise of global Trumpism and right wing-populism and the value of the tools his unique merger of Freud, Marx and sociology offers in the contemporary moment. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Jifenglin T1 - The Exploration of Individual Freedom in Tennessee Williams’ >The Night of the Iguana<, Master thesis, World Literature, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) is renowned as one of the most outstanding American playwrights in the 20th century. >The Night of the Iguana<, written in 1961, depicts the ambivalent figure of Reverend Shannon, who yearns for social acceptance yet refuses to be bound by its norm. In the twentieth century, the social structure of America changed greatly due to the development of capitalism, and the conflict caused by the cultural difference between the North and the South forms one of the common themes in Williams’ works. With the prevalence of capitalism and the change of modern mainstream ideology, those who have changed some of the old ideas, whereas have not been completely assimilated into modern thought, represented by Shannon, are portrayed as the social marginals struggling with inner contradictions in Williams’ works. Based on Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom, this thesis interprets >The Night of the Iguana< by analyzing Shannon’s contradictory thoughts and behaviors in his process of pursuing individual freedom. It attempts to present how the marginalized people in modern capitalist society realize the freedom of individual’s full expression of his real personality by resisting the spiritual paralysis and oppression in society. This thesis consists of three parts. Firstly, it analyzes the protagonist’s self-consciousness against social knowledge, and explores the way to get rid of the automaton conformity by revealing the protagonist’s subversion of several stereotyped images perceived by the society. Subsequently, it discusses how Shannon establishes non-utilitarian interpersonal relationship under the influence of modern capitalist society. Then this thesis focuses on the natural setting in the play, exploring how the marginalized people who are isolated due to social exclusion build their secondary bonds with nature, so as to obtain spiritual salvation. Shannon’s pursuit of individual freedom exposes the shackles that the mainstream ideology of capitalist society imposes on modern people’s individuality. In addition, his exploration of both the internal and external world provides the possibility to break the shackles and realize the freedom of individual’s full expression of his real personality. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anonymus, T1 - Review Fromm, E.: The Art of Being; Heidegger, M.: Basic Writings; Heidegger, M.: History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena; Lewin, R.: Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos, The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism, and Psychoanalysis; Reason, P., and Rowan, J.: Human Inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research; Sallis, J. (Ed.): Reading Heidegger: Commemorations; and Sartre, J.-P.: Truth and Existence JF - Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, Vol.13, No. 1 (1993), pp. 83-85. [doi.org/10.1037/h0091357] N2 - Reviews the books >The art of Being<, by Erich Fromm (1992); >Basic writings<, by Martin Heidegger (1993); >History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena<, by Martin Heidegger (1992); Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos, by Roger Lewin (1992); >The Future of an Illusion: Film, Feminism, and Psychoanalysis<, by Constance Penley (1989); >Human Inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research<, by Peter Reason and John Rowan (1990); >Reading Heidegger: Commemorations<, edited by John Sallis (1993); and >Truth and Existence<, by Jean-Paul Sartre (1992). Brief synopses of each book are presented, rather than full reviews. In >The Art of Being<, Fromm presents his synthesis of spiritual teachings from Zen to existentialism, as well as a synopsis of his earlier critiques of consumer capitalism. >Basic writings< is a collection of essays, lectures, and sections from Heidegger's major works. Of special interest to psychologists interested in Heidegger's methodology is the re-translation of the introduction to >Being and Time<. In >History of the Concept of Time: Prolegomena<, Heidegger elaborates the methodological and foundational connection of his work to Brentano, Dilthey, and Husserl, thus providing for the first time an authoritative understanding of the relationship of his uniquely hermeneutic phenomenology to the ideas of his predecessors. In >Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos<, Roger Lewin discusses the search for the set of rules that underly complexity theory and the >grand unification< of the life sciences. >The Future of an Illusion: Film, feminism, and psychoanalysis<, by Constance Penley, is a collection of essays on the sexual politics of representation. In >Human inquiry: A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research<, Reason and Rowan cover the philosophy, methodology, practice, and prospects of what the editors call >new paradigm research<: alternative approaches to human science research that are both collaborative and experiential. >Reading Heidegger: Commemorations< is a richly provocative book of essays by an impressive list of 23 Heidegger scholars around the world. This text celebrates, reconsiders, and sometimes pokes fun at one of the most controversial and most important thinkers of our century. Finally, written in response to Heidegger's >The Essence of Truth<, Jean-Paul Sartre's >Truth and Existence provides a bridge between Sartre's >Being and Nothingness< and his >Critique of Dialectical Reason. It is a philosophical as well as psychological study of epistemology, based on his phenomenological ontology that becomes a work on morality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anonymus, T1 - Changing a Possession-Oriented Lifestyle – Introduction to >Possession-Oriented: Fromm's Analysis of Modern People's Greed< [改变以占有为目的的生活方式——《以占有为目的:弗洛姆分析现代人的贪婪》导读] JF - Reading and Writing Monthly [读写月报], No. 16 (2024), pp. 14-18. N2 - (阅读导引)一种以占有为目的的社会现象引发了心理学家弗洛姆的关注和研究。弗洛姆认为,现代社会贪婪的根源在于人类的基本心理需求,即对安全感和满足感的追求。在现代社会,人们追求物质的占有和积累,是为了获得更多的安全感和社会地位。 N2 - (Reading Guide) A social phenomenon aimed at possession sparked the attention and research of psychologist Fromm. According to Fromm, the root of greed in modern society lies in the basic psychological needs of human beings, i.e. the pursuit of security and fulfillment. In modern society, people pursue material possession and accumulation in order to gain more security and social status. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 7/2024] Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arabatzis, Georgios T1 - Pornography and Stress JF - Conatus – Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 7, No. 2 (2022), pp. 143-156. [Online ISSN 2459-3842] [ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/Conatus/article/view/31971/24631] N2 - Pornography, especially in its compulsive form of viewing, is closely linked to ways of managing and reducing stress. Pornographic realism, which is the contemporary form of pornographic representation, is based on technological innovations such as photographic and digital recording of sexual reality. The description of the character of the two forms of recording demonstrates the historical development of pornographic realism. Moving away from pure psychology, we can discern in the field of human sciences the specificity of the relations between pornography and stress reduction through the distinction between the Principle of Pleasure (Lustprinzip) and the Principle of Reality (Realitätsprinzip) at the collective level or otherwise in the space of the co-being (Mitsein). On the other hand, the distance of sexual need from hunger and the plasticity of the former makes pornography a practicable way of dealing with the contradictions of ordinary existence. In sum, the above articulation explains how pornography makes the world of sexual satisfaction go hand in hand with coping with and managing stress. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arão Silva de Jesus, Cristian T1 - Liberdade como essência humana: o problema do sujeito no jovem Marx JF - Revista Ideação, Vol. 1, No. 39 (2019), pp. 167-177. [Online ISSN 2359-6384] [periodicos.uefs.br/index.php/revistaideacao/article/view/4583/3910] N2 - Este artigo possui como objetivo analisar a questão da essência humana na obra do jovem Marx. Apresentando uma perspectiva contrária à ideia da existência de um corte epistemológico que cria duas fases absolutamente distintas na filosofia de Marx, pretendese argumentar que o conceito de essência desenvolvido nos manuscritos de 1844 constituise como um importante fundamento para o materialismo histórico. Dessa forma, é oferecida também uma perspectiva diferente do argumento que defende a existência de um antimaterialismo relacionado ao conceito >essência<. A interpretação da essência humana como liberdade permite compreender que não há nada de extra-material na definição do ser humano, pois a única característica que sempre acompanhará o homem é a capacidade de se autotransformar através da atividade prática. N2 - This article aims to analyze the question of human essence in the work of the young Marx. It is argued that the concept of essence developed in the manuscripts of 1844 constitutes an important foundation for historical materialism. In this way, a different perspective is also given to the argument for the existence of an anti-materialism related to the concept >essence<. The interpretation of the human essence as freedom allows us to understand that there is nothing extra-material in the definition of the human being, since the only characteristic that will always accompany man is the capacity to develop through practical activity. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arfken, Michael T1 - Review Durkin, K.: The Radical Humanism of Erich Fromm JF - Marx & Philosophy Review of Books, Canterbury, February 3, 2015. [marxandphilosophy.org.uk/reviews/7983_the-radical-humanism-of-erich-fromm-review-by-michael-arfken] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Arnold, Martin T1 - Gütekraft. Ein Wirkungsmodell aktiver Gewaltfreiheit nach Hildegard Goss-Mayr, Mohandas K. Gandhi und Bart de Ligt. Mit einem Geleitwort von Johaan Haltung, Baden-Baden (Nomos), 2011, 283 pp. Y1 - 2011 N1 - Ex libris Rainer Funk ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asadullina, Guzelia Raufovna A1 - et al., T1 - Social Character: Issues of Methodology and Research Methods [Социальный Характер: Вопросы Методологии и Методов Исследования] JF - Revista Amazonia Investiga, Vol. 9, No. 26 (2020), pp. 545-553. [Online ISSN 2322-6307] [amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1186/1075] N2 - This article analyzes the methodological issues of the study of the phenomenon of social character. Social character is considered not as a typical (modal) individual character in society. As a systemic formation of social interactions, social character has non-additive (emergent) properties. Both individuals and various social communities are subjects of social character. At the individual level, social character is manifested as typical behavior traits in the process of communicating with different social groups. At the level of interpersonal, intergroup and mass communication, social character is a typical form of social interaction. Social character is the result of the mutual influence of subjects on individual behavior in the form of persuasion, suggestion, imitation and infection. The article analyzes the methods of measuring social character. It presents a test developed by one of the authors (R. B Shaikhislamov) to measure the degree of inner-, tradition- and other- directedness (according to D. Riesman’ stypology). The results of the measurement of social character in the course of interviewing residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2015-2016 are presented. The authors come to the conclusion about the need for a comprehensive study of social character. The following problems are of great scientific interest. What are the emergent properties of social character in stable and unstable social situations? What are the trends of changes in the social character of Russians in the post-Soviet era? How significant are the differences in the social character of different generations, ethnic groups, residents of megacities, other cities and villages? We note that it is necessary to develop a system of indicators to measure social character. In addition to such indicators as inner-, tradition- and other-directedness, it is necessary to measure social character by such variables as >dominance – subordination<, >productivity – non- Productivity<, >responsibility – irresponsibility<, >cooperation – isolation<, >trust – distrust<, >Conformity – Innovation – Ritualism – Retreatism – Rebellion<. N2 - В данной статье анализируются методологические вопросы изучения феномена социального характера. Социальный характер рассматривается не как типичный (модальный) индивидуальный характер в обществе. Как системная формация социальных взаимодействий, социальный характер обладает неаддитивными (эмерджентными) свойствами. Как индивиды, так и различные социальные сообщества являются субъектами социального характера. На индивидуальном уровне социальный характер проявляется как типичные черты поведения в процессе общения с различными социальными группами. На уровне межличностного, межгруппового и массового общения социальный характер является типичной формой социального взаимодействия. Социальный характер является результатом взаимного влияния субъектов на индивидуальное поведение в форме убеждения, внушения, подражания и заражения. В статье анализируются методы измерения социального характера. В нем представлен тест, разработанный одним из авторов (Р. Б. Шайхисламов) для измерения степени внутренней, традиционной и другой направленности (по мнению Д. Рисмана). Представлены результаты измерения социального характера в ходе опроса жителей Республики Башкортостан в 2015-2016 гг. Авторы приходят к выводу о необходимости комплексного изучения социального характера. Следующие проблемы представляют большой научный интерес. Каковы возникающие свойства социального характера в стабильных и нестабильных социальных ситуациях? Каковы тенденции изменения социального характера россиян в постсоветский период? Насколько значительны различия в социальном характере разных поколений, этнических групп, жителей мегаполисов, других городов и деревень? Отметим, что необходимо разработать систему показателей для измерения социального характера. Помимо таких показателей, как внутренняя, традиционная и иная направленность, необходимо измерять социальный характер с помощью таких переменных, как >доминирование – подчинение<, >производительность – непроизводительность<, >ответственность – безответственность<, >сотрудничество – изоляция<, >доверие – недоверие<, >соответствие – инновация – ритуализм – ретритизм – восстание<. Y1 - 2020 ER -