TY - JOUR A1 - Rosen, Lugene T1 - A Culture of Necrophilia: The Rise of the Undead in Film JF - Library Articles and Research (Chapman University), Paper 6 (2008), pp. 1-14. [digitalcommons.chapman.edu/librarian_articles/6] N2 - In recent years, the undead have been on the rise in films. Zombies and vampires are taking center stage and raking in money in record amounts. Resident Evil moved on to its fourth installment, 28 Days Later morphed into 28 Weeks Later, and 30 Days of Night is scoring some serious box office attention. George Romero, the king of the undead film, released his latest Land of the Dead, fourth in the Night of the Living Dead, Dawn of the Dead, and Day of the Dead series. There has even been an updated remake of Dawn of the Dead where the zombies transform from the shambling mounds of the past to the hyperdrive zombies of today. But what makes these films, so focused upon the living dead, so popular? Are we attracted to the undead because we, as Americans, are morphing into a society of necrophiles? Or are we already a society of necrophiles simply searching for an outlet? By examining the genre with an eye to Erich Fromm’s concept of necrophilia in a mechanized world, a new trend reveals itself. According to Fromm, as the world becomes more and more mechanized, humans become more and more disassociated from their selves, creating a move from biophilia to necrophilia. As we become inured to social ills and violence, it’s a small step from being distanced from life to being attracted to death. If the trend continues, the undead in films will be mere reflections of the undead in a mechanized world. Art imitates life. In the case of the undead in film, art imitates death. And who doesn’t love art? Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romanetto, Matheus T1 - Review K. Durkin and J. Braune (Eds.), Erich Fromm’s Critical Theory: Hope, Humanism, and the Future, New York (Bloomsbury Academic) 2020 JF - Thesis Eleven, Vol. 165, September 8, 2021, Sage Journals. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rojo, Julieta T1 - Relaciones humanas y salud mental en tiempo de pandemia JF - Red Coteci-CTI, Posicionando a México en el ecosistema del conocimiento y la innovación (Tomo 1), 2023, pp. 32-33. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romanetto, Matheus T1 - Is There Room for Otherness in Humanism? Erich Fromm’s Alternative JF - Psychoanalytic Inquiry, Routledge, Vol. 44 (No. 1, 2024), pp. 071-084. N2 - Humanism has been criticized as a philosophical and political stance from different points of view in recent decades. The paper summarizes four common types of criticism, stemming from political, ethical, technological, and ecological concerns. These criticisms relate back to a preoccupation with the respect for otherness or difference, either toward human or non-human beings. The paper tries to demonstrate that these concerns are also to be found as essential elements in the development of humanism itself, not only among its political and theoretical opponents. It does so with reference to Erich Fromm’s works, where a life-oriented ethics is coupled with a demand for sustained political relatedness to difference, without giving up notions of a radical humanism and the anthropology that accompanies it. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Romanetto, Matheus T1 - Critique and affirmation in Erich Fromm: Humanistic politics and the psychoanalytic clinic, London (Routledge) 2024, 278 pp. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saumantri, Theguh T1 - Konsep Manusia dalam Teori Psikoanalisis Humanis Dialektik Erich Fromm [Erich Fromm's Humanistic Concept in Dialectic Humanistic Theory of Psychoanalysis] JF - Sanjiwani – Jurnal Filsafat, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2022), pp. 13-27. [doi.org/10.25078/sanjiwani.v13i2.1282] N2 - Fromm adalah seorang psikoanalisis, ahli teori sosial, sekaligus filsuf. Dalam perjalanan kehidupannya fromm mengkaji tentang kepribadian manusia, oleh karena itu fromm dalam teori humanis dealiktiknya menunjukkan perhatiannya terhadap perjuangan manusia yang tidak pernah menyerah untuk memperoleh kebebasan dalam kaitannya dengan kebutuhan manusia untuk berhubungan dengan orang lain. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memahami makna, urgensi dan hakikat kebutuhan manusia dalam teori psikoanalisis humanis dialektik erich fromm sebagai modal eksistensi diri manusia di dunia ini dan membaca kerangka pemikiran erich fromm yang dipandang memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap kepribadian manusia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis deskriptif dihasilkan kesimpulan bahwa konsep munusia dalam perspektif teorinya erich fromm di pandang sebagai bentuk kesadaran manusia. Manusia miliki sifat suprabiologis yang unik dan dibangun dalam karakter manusia. Hidup manusia ditentukan oleh alternatif yang tak terelakkan antara kembali pada eksistensi hewani atau tiba pada eksistensi manusia sejati. N2 - Erich Fromm was a psychoanalyst, social theorist, and philosopher. In the course of his life Fromm studied about the human personality, therefore Fromm in his humanist theory showed his concern for the struggle of the human being who never gave up on obtaining freedom in relation to the human need to relate to others. This study aims to understand the meaning, urgency and nature of human needs in the dialectical humanist psychoanalysis theory of Erich Fromm as the capital of human self-existence in this world and read the Erich Fromm framework of thought which is seen as having a great influence on human personality. Using a descriptive analysis approach, the conclusion is that the concept of manusia in the perspective of his theory is viewed as a form of human consciousness. Man has a unique supra-biological nature and is built in human character. Human life is determined by the inevitable alternative between returning to animal existence or arriving at a true human existence. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saumantri, Theguh A1 - Zulfikar Hafizid, Jefik T1 - Rekonstruksi psikoanalisis humanis dialektik Erich Fromm dalam pendidikan pesantren Reconstruction of Erich Fromm's Dialectical Humanist Psychoanalysis in Islamic Boarding Schools (Indonesian) JF - Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Ilmu Studi Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2022), pp. 111-133. [doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v18i1.880] N2 - Pesantren sebagai lembaga pendidikan memberikan sebuah kontribusi yang besar dalam bidang keagamaan. Pendidikan di pesantren memandang bahwa manusia diberi keistimewaan dengan kemampuan berpikir untuk memahami alam semesta, dirinya sendiri, dan tanda – tanda keagungan Tuhan. Dalam pandangan erich fromm manusia pada esensinya adalah makhluk hidup yang organisme yang memiliki bentuk proses energi atau gairah yang memberikan dorongan untuk mencapai kep uasan kepada dunia sekitarnya. Jika ditinjau dalam perspektif p endidikan pesantren, santri sebagai manusia yang berada dalam dilema eksistensial yang mengalami kebingungan dan mencoba mencari cara untuk mengatasi masalah eksistensialnya tersebut. Pendidikan pesantren yang lebih banyak mendidik secara rohani sangat diperlukan dan memiliki peran dalam permasalahan ini. Erich Fromm dalam teori Humanistik Dialektiknya memberikan sebuah pandangan bahwa manusia yang bereksistensi memiliki kebutuhan dasar dan karakter. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pemikiran erich fromm sebagai paradigma eksistensi manusia yang tidak pernah berhenti untuk berdialektika dalam dunia realitas ke hidupnya. Metodologi dalam penelitian ini merupakan metode penelitian pustaka atau library research, yang mengkaji sumber literatur mengenai pemikiran tokoh dan objek penelitian yang terdapat dalam buku, jurnal, ataupun artikel. hasil penelitian ini menggambarkan bahwa manusia dalam hal ini santri yang menempuh pendidikan pesantren sepatutnya diberikan sebuah tuntunan untuk memiliki sikap kritis dalam proses pembelajaran bahkan dalam situasi yang mendasari kebutuhan eksistensinya sebagai manusia. Dalam pandangan Teori Humanis Dialektik erich fromm sesungguhnya sikap kritis yang ada pada diri manusia dipakai untuk mendialektikan suatu problematika hidup, yang tampak tidak se suai (berlawanan) dan mencari upaya untuk mengatasinya. Melalui sistem pendidikan pesantren, peserta didik atau santri akan dapa t menge tahui dirinya dan keberdaan orang disekitarnya dengan mem perhatikan serta memahami suatu keunikannya yang ada pada diri manusia. N2 - Islamic Boarding School as an educational institution makes a great contribution in the field of religion. Education in Islamic Boarding School considers that man is privileged with the ability to think to understand the universe, himself, and the signs of God's majesty. Erich Fromm’s view man is actually an organism (living thing) in him there is a process of energy or passions that encourages satisfaction in the around world. If viewed in the perspective of Islamic Boarding School education, santri as a human being who is in an existential dilemma who is experiencing confusion and trying to find a way to overcome the existential problem. More spiritually Islamic Boarding School education is needed and has a role in this problem. Erich Fromm in his Dialectical Humanistic theory gives a view that the man who is in existence has basic needs and character. The purpose of this study is to examine the thinking of Erich Fromm as a paradigm of human existence that never ceases to be dialectic in the world of reality of its life. The methodology in this research is a library research method, which examines literature sources regarding the thoughts of figures and research objects contained in books, journals, or articles. The results of this study illustrate that humans in this case who pursue Islamic boarding school education should be given a guide to be critical in terms of learning or in matters concerning humanity. Because in the view of Dialectical Humanist Theory Erich Fromm is actually a critical attitude towards human problems, which is to try to relax things that look out of line (opposite) and find solutions. Through education, learners or students will be able to recognize themselves and those around them by understanding their uniqueness. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sastawardani, Arinda T1 - Perilaku hedonis tokoh lola dalam Novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah (melalui Pendekatan Psikologi Erich Fromm - The Hedonic Behavior of the Character Lola's in the Novel >Cewek Matre< by Alberthiene Endah (Through Erich Fromm's Psychological Approach)] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - UNESA – Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2012), 13 pp. N2 - Dalam Novel Cewek Matre karya Alberthiene Endah, Lola sebagai tokoh utama memiliki perilaku hedonis yang juga dimiliki oleh sebagian besar masyarakat metropolitan di Indonesia. Perilaku ini membuat kehidupan Lola yang awalnya berjalan lancar tanpa masalah berarti menjadi penuh konflik yang berkepanjangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan (1) Bagaimanakah bentuk perilaku hedonis yang dilakukan oleh tokoh Lola dalam novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah? (2) Bagaimana latar belakang timbulnya perilaku hedonis pada diri Lola dalam novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah? (3) Bagaimanakah dampak perilaku hedonis yang dilakukan oleh tokoh Lola terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya dalam novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah? berdasarkan teori psikologi humanistik Erich Fromm. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pendekatan sosiologi sastra, sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis isi atau content analysis dengan menggunakan metode tafsir sastra atau hermeneutik. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa tokoh Lola memiliki perilaku hedonis yang berupa gemar menghambur-hamburkan uang, membeli barang-barang mewah, dan menjadi cewek matre. Perilaku hedonis ini bukanlah perilaku bawaan lahir Lola, melainkan bentukan dari lingkungan sosial Lola yang menstimulus Lola untuk memiliki perilaku hedonis. N2 - In the novel >Cewek Matre< written by Alberthiene Endah, Lola as the main character has a hedonistic behavior that is also one possessed by most metropolitan society in Indonesia. This behavior makes Lola’s life that initially went well without any major problems become full conflict. This study aims to reveal (1) What is the form of hedonistic behavior commited by Lola’s characters in the novel >Cewek Matre< written by Alberthiene Endah? (2) What is the background that emergence of Lola’s hedonistic behavior in the novel >Cewek Matre< written by Alberthiene Endah ? (3) What is the impact of hedonistic behavior by Lola’s character to the society around her in the novel >Cewek Matre< written by Alberthien Endah? based on the theory of Erich Fromm's humanistic psychology. The approach used in this study is the sociology of literature approach, while the data analysis technique used is the technique of content analysis using literary interpretation or hermeneutics. The results revealed that the character Lola has a hedonistic behavior likes wasting money, buying fancy stuff, and a materialistic girl. Hedonic behavior is not Lola’s congenital behavior, but the formation of the social life that stimulates Lola to have hedonistic behavior. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santos Gómez, Marcos T1 - La horizontalidad de las relaciones humanas y la tolerancia [The >Horizontalness< of Human Relations and Tolerance] JF - Utopìa y Praxis Latinoamericana, Vol. 11, No. 34 (2006), pp. 79-90. [Print ISSN 1315-5216] [redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27903406] N2 - La >tolerancia< es un valor que se puede entender como inclusión entusiasta del otro en el propio mundo. Partimos de esta visión, resaltan do que, desde ella, sertoleranterequeriríatenerla capacidad y la posibilidad de escuchar. Aludimos, en este sentido, tanto a una disposición interior del sujeto como a una estructuración social determinada que permitan esta escucha, pero enfatizamos en especial la necesidad de una configuración psíquica apropiada, que denominamos >horizontalidad<. Seguimos en especial los planteamientos de Erich Fromm y Paulo Freire, entre otros, para describir dicha >horizontalidad tolerante< y terminar hallando en ella la salud y la reconciliación del hombre consigo mismo. N2 - >Tolerance< is a value which may be understood as an enthusiastic inclusion of the other in one's world. This vision will be our starting point, highlighting the fact that to be tolerant would require the capacity for and the possibility of listening. We mean, in this sense, both an inner disposition of the subject as well as a particular social structure which allows for this listening, but we emphasize the necessity of an appropriate psychic configuration, which we refer to as >horizontalness<. We follow in particular the approach by Erich Fromm and Paulo Freire, among others, to describe this >tolerant horizontalness< and finish by discovering in it the health and reconciliation of humankind with itself. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saumantr, Theguh A1 - Sanusi, Anwar T1 - Refleksi atas Pandemi Covid-19 Berdasarkan Perspektif Teori Psikoanalisis Humanis Erich Fromm [Reflections on the Covid-19 Pandemic Based on the Perspective of Erich Fromm's Humanist Psychoanalytic Theory] N2 - The world is currently shocked by a new virus, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or what is known as covid-19. The virus, which was first discovered in Wuhan, China, has claimed thousands of human victims, including in Indonesia. Many things have happened in terms of humanity in this Covid-19 phenomenon. The occurrence of social distancing, solidarity to help each other even excessive concern for the victims of covid-19. Which in the end has an impact on the exclusion and rejection of these covid-19 victims, which should not have happened. According to a German philosopher, Erich Fromm. In his humanist psychoanalytic theory, Erich Fromm, basically humans under any circumstances have social attachments in the form of love and cooperation with others. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Satriyo W, Deni A1 - Jati, Ariya T1 - Erotic Love Reflected in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s >How Do I Love Thee?<, Article, English Language and Literature, English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 2015, 7 pp. [eprints.undip.ac.id/48566/1/JURNAL_-_DENI_SATRIYO_W.pdf] [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - The poem entitled >How Do I love Thee?< was written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. This poem tells about how Elizabeth Barrett Browning loves her sweetheart. Her love to her sweetheart is very wonderful and strong. The purpose of this study is to describe the category of love in the poem by using Erich Fromm’s the theory of love as the method of approach. In addition, this study also explains the characteristic of that category of love in the poem. The writer uses library research in his study for collecting the data. The result of this study shows that love desire that is felt by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is not a sexual contact but it is a wish to be a couple of lover. It can be categorized into erotic love. It has been proven by several characteristics of erotic love reflected in the poem. That characteristics are like it is not universal or it is only specific to one person for craving complete union, it is very exclusive from its own nature and strong commitment of Elizabeth Barrett Browning that makes her love is endless love. Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sattorovich, Jumaev Ulugbek T1 - Personal identification and identification in national culture JF - Academicia: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2020), pp. 151-155. [Online ISSN 2249-7137] [doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.00028.2] N2 - The article explains the importance of forming identity for the psychological and spiritual development of an individual. The author notes that the role of folk culture in the formation of national identity in modern society has diminished, and it analyzes the socio-psychological conditions in which the specific role of folk culture can be restored: modern economic and socio-cultural activities of new cultural functions; acquisition by assimilation by species; creation of favorable environment, including information environment; unifying the community around the main objectives of the educational process; to look for new educational practices and to consider cultural and historical psychology. Indeed, >one of the worst forms of psychological suffering is boredom, not knowing what to do with yourself and your life<, concluded Fromm. The consequences of the state not formed by individuals or the loss of identity become a crisis of national identity, which is a prerequisite for the loss of national sovereignty (national self-consciousness). Problem researchers tell us that the >living< of our native culture, the deep emotional connection with it, and the understanding of the meanings of it, are made by the individual, the customs, values, special forms of cultural, historical, social and spiritual life of the motherland. Book publishing centers, Russian culture of all nations, etc. Their self-awareness in difficult financial conditions made people think not only about survival, but also to adopt a language and culture that was alien to them. Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Siebert, Rudolf J. T1 - The Critical Theory of Religion, Article, Comparative Religion, Western Michigan University, Kalamzoo, Michigan, USA 2001, 56 pp. [rudolfjsiebert.org/web_publications/CT_Intro.pdf] N2 - The critical theory of subject, society, culture and history of the Frankfurt School originated in the experience of the horror of World War I. Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Theodor W. Adorno, Friedrich Pollock, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Alfred Sohn-Rethel and other, later critical theorists tried to make sense out of the senseless war experience in Frankfurt a. M., Berlin, Stuttgart, or elsewhere, by exploring the writings of Immanuel Kant, Friedrich W.J. Schelling, Georg W.F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Sigmund Freud. Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sholihah, I’anatus A1 - Subandiyah, Heny T1 - Kepribadian Marxian Tokoh Utama dalam Novel >Sunyi di dada sumirah< karya Artie Ahmad (Kajian Psikologi kepribadian Marxian Erich Fromm) [Marxian Personality of the Main Character in the Novel >Silence in Sumirah's Chest< by Artie Ahmad (Psychological Study of Erich Fromm's Marxian Personality)] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Bapala (Surabaya), Vol. 9, No. 6 (2022), pp. 98-112. [ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/bapala/issue/view/2634] N2 - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kepribadian Marxian pada tokoh utama pada novel >Sunyi di Dada Sumirah< karya Artie Ahmad menggunakan teori psikologi kepribadian Erich Fromm. Kepribadian Marxian adalah kepribadian yang muncul pada diri manusia sebagai bentuk perjuangannya untuk memperoleh martabat dan kebebasan. Bentuk kepribadian tersebut tampak pada kondisi eksistensi manusia. Kondisi tersebut meliputi dilema eksistensi, kebutuhan manusia, dan mekanisme pelarian diri. Untuk menemukan hal-hal tersebut, digunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui teknik studi kepustakaan dan teknik >Content Analysis< sebagai teknik analisis datanya. Hasil penelitian ini meliputi: (1) 50 data dilema eksistensi manusia yang terdiri atas manusia sebagai binatang dan manusia sebagai manusia, hidup dan mati, kesempurnaan dan ketidaksempurnaan, serta kesendirian dan kebersamaan; (2) 25 data kebutuhan manusia yang terdiri atas kebutuhan kebebasan dan keterikatan, dan kebutuhan untuk memahami dan beraktivitas; serta (3) 7 data mekanisme pelarian diri berupa otoritarianisme, perusakan, dan penyesuaian yang dialami oleh tokoh Sunyi, Sumirah, dan Suntini. N2 - This study aims to describe the Marxian personality of the main character in the novel >Sunyi di Dada Sumirah< by Artie Ahmad. The Marxian personality is the personality that appears in man as a form of his struggle for dignity and freedom. The form of personality is seen in the conditions of human existence. These conditions include existential dilemmas, human needs, and escape mechanisms. To find these things, a qualitative descriptive method was used, with data collection techniques through library research techniques and >Content Analysis< techniques as data analysis techniques. The results of this study include: (1) 50 data on the dilemma of human existence consisting of humans as animals and humans as humans, life and death, perfection and imperfection, and loneliness and togetherness; (2) 25 data on human needs consisting of the need for freedom and attachment, and the need for understanding and activity; and (3) 7 data on escape mechanisms in the form of authoritarianism, destruction, and adjustment experienced by Sunyi, Sumirah, and Suntini characters. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sholihah, Rosita Nur A1 - Indarti, Titik T1 - Kepribadian Marxian Tokoh Utama dalam Novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut< karya Okky Madasari (Kajian Psikologi Kepribadian Marxian Erich Fromm) [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Bapala (Surabaya), Vol. 8, No. 6 (2021), pp. 43-56. [ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/bapala/issue/view/2409] N2 - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dilema eksistensi, kebutuhan manusia, serta mekanisme pelarian tokoh utama dalam novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut<. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah psikologi kepribadian Marxian Erich Fromm. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan psikologi. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut< yang merupakan novel ketiga dari empat serial novel >Mata< karya Okky Madasari. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa unit-unit teks yang menunjukkan aktivitas, dialog, perbuatan maupun perilaku tokoh utama terkait kepribadian Marxian. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik baca dan catat. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis objektif yang berpusat pada karya sastra secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya kepribadian Marxian dalam novel yang digambarkan melalui peristiwa-peristiwa yang dihadapi tokoh Matara. Kepribadian Marxian tokoh Matara yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini berupa (1)dilema eksistensi meliputi manusia sebagai binatang dan sebagai manusia, hidup dan mati, ketidaksempurnaan dan kesempurnaan, kesendirian dan kebersamaan; (2)kebutuhan manusia meliputi kebutuhan kebebasan dan keterikatan, kebutuhan untuk memahami dan beraktivitas; serta (3)mekanisme melarikan diri dari kebebasan berupa otoritarianisme, perusakan, dan penyesuaian. N2 - The purpose of this research is to describe the dilemma of existence, human needs, and the escape mechanism of the main character in the novel >Mata and Manusia Laut<. The theory used in this research is Erich Fromm's Marxian personality psychology. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative with a psychological approach. The source of the data in this research is the novel >Mata and Manusia Laut< which is the third of four novel series >Mata< by Okky Madasari. The data in this research is text of units that show the activities, dialogues, actions and behaviors of the main characters related to the Marxian personality. The data collection technique used in this research is reading and note-taking technique. The data analysis technique used in this study is an objective analysis centered on the literary work as a whole. The results of this research indicate that the existence of a Marxian personality in the novel which is shown through the events faced by the character Matara. The Marxian personality of the Matara character found in this study is (1) the dilemma of existence including humans as animals and as humans, life and death, imperfection and perfection, loneliness and togetherness; (2) human needs include the need for freedom and attachment, the need for understanding and activity; and (3) mechanisms to escape from freedom in the form of authoritarianism, destructiveness, and comformity. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Silva Junior, Nelson da A1 - Lírio, Daniel Rodrigues T1 - A recodificação pós-moderna da perversão. Sobre a produção do comportamento de consumo e sua gramática libidinal [The postmodern re-codification of perversion: On the production of consumer behavior and its libidinal grammar] JF - Ágora (Rio J): Estudos em Teoria Psicanalítica, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2006), 13 pp. [Print ISSN 1516-1498] [doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14982006000100005] N2 - Considerando a crítica de Adorno à indústria cultural, a qual torna a cultura um meio de produção do comportamento de consumo, tentamos demonstrar como a gramática da perversão tende a monopolizar as formas de prazer na pósmodernidade. De acordo com nossa hipótese, a produção de consumo recodifica o recalcamento originário concebido por Freud: tal gramática suprime a satisfação libidinal de forma análoga à repressão primária, contudo, ao invés de utilizar as tensões insatisfeitas da libido para o trabalho, ela direciona a satisfação erotica para o prazer de consumir. Desta forma, ela formata a satisfação perversa para que esta se coadune com os interesses da economia. N2 - Assuming Theodore Adorno's criticism about the cultural industry, which turns it into a means of production of consumer behavior, we try to demonstrate how the grammar of perversion tends to monopolize the forms of pleasure in postmodernity. According to our hypothesis, consumer production recodifies the primal repression conceived by Freud: that grammar suppresses libidinal satisfaction in the same manner that primal repression does. However, instead of utilizing dissatisfied powers of the libido into work, such grammar directs erotic surfeit towards the pleasure of consuming: this way, it follows the perverse model of satisfaction in order to attend the economic interests. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Silva, Flávio Luiz Honorato da A1 - et al., T1 - As perspectivas de Viktor Frankl e Erich Fromm sobre o amor e a humanidade [Viktor Frankl and Erich Fromm's perspectives on love and humanity] [Las perspectivas de Viktor Frankl y Erich Fromm sobre el amor y la humanidad] JF - Research, Society and Development, Vol. 10, No. 10 (2021), pp. 1-8. [ISSN 2525-3409] [doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19120] N2 - As perspectivas de pensamentos da Logoterapia e Análise Existencial de Frankl e a Psicanálise de Freud, apesar de visões diferentes de ser humano e mundo, há muito em comum, principalmente quando as influências do humanismo e existencialismo afetam os pensamentos de psicanalistas. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os pressupostos teóricos sobre o amor e humanidade de Viktor Emil Frankl e Erich Fromm considerados dois humanistas. O artigo busca indicar, apesar das divergências entre as duas abordagens psicológicas, posições em comum principalmente semelhanças de pensamentos, ou seja, concordâncias de ideias em benefício de um bem comum da saúde mental do indivíduo na terapia. Foram utilizadas pesquisas bibliográficas em livros e artigos em bases de dados, por meio dos fundamentos teóricos dos pensamentos de Viktor Emil Frankl e de Erich Fromm. Averiguou-se que, mesmo de escolas divergentes em relação aos conceitos de ser humano e mundo, as duas abordagens apresentam, de acordo com os pensadores, perspectivas que convergem em relação aos construtos de amor e humanidade. N2 - The perspectives of thoughts of Frankl's Logotherapy and Existential Analysis and Freud's Psychoanalysis, despite different views of the human being and the world, there is much in common, especially when the influences of humanism and existentialism affect the thoughts of psychoanalysts. This work aims to present the theoretical assumptions about love and humanity of Viktor Emil Frankl and Erich Fromm, considered two humanists. The article seeks to indicate, regardless of the divergences between the two psychological approaches, common positions of similar thoughts, that is, agreement of ideas in benefit of a common good of the individual's mental health in therapy. Bibliographic research in books and articles in databases was used, through the theoretical foundations of the thoughts of Viktor Emil Frankl and Erich Fromm. It was found that, even from divergent schools in relation to the concepts of human being and world, the two approaches presented, according to the thinkers, perspectives that converge in relation to the constructs of love and humanity. N2 - Las perspectivas de los pensamientos de la logoterapia y análisis existencial de Frankl y el psicoanálisis de Freud, a pesar de las diferentes visiones del ser humano y el mundo, tienen mucho en común, especialmente cuando las influencias del humanismo y el existencialismo afectan los pensamientos de los psicoanalistas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar los supuestos teóricos sobre el amor y la humanidad de Viktor Emil Frankl y Erich Fromm, considerados dos humanistas. El artículo busca señalar, independientemente de las divergencias entre los dos enfoques psicológicos, posiciones comunes de pensamientos similares, es decir, concordancia de ideas en beneficio de un bien común de la salud mental del individuo en terapia. Se utilizó la investigación bibliográfica en libros y artículos en bases de datos, a través de los fundamentos teóricos del pensamiento de Viktor Emil Frankl y Erich Fromm. Se encontró que, incluso desde escuelas divergentes en relación a los conceptos de ser humano y mundo, los dos enfoques presentaban, según los pensadores, perspectivas que convergen en relación a los constructos del amor y la humanidad. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Siguan Soler, Miquel T1 - Erich Fromm: itinerario de un pensador JF - Anuario de Psicología / The UB Journal of Psychology, No. 22 (1980), pp. 3-11. [Print ISSN 0066-5126] [revistes.ub.edu/index.php/Anuario-psicologia/article/view/9534/12383] N2 - Erich Fromm nace en Frankfurt con el siglo, en 1900, de modo que su adolescencia coincidc con la primera gran guerra y su juventud y sus afios de estudiante con la derrota de Alemania y el débil equilibri0 de la república de Weimar entre 10s intentos revolucionarios y la reacción nacionalista. En estos años recorre su peregrinaje universitario, Heidelberg, Munich y finalmente Berlin, la ciudad sorprendente que al mismo tiempo que víctima de una crisis económica y política sin precedentes es un fabuloso crisol de ideas de las que en buena parte vivimos todavia, de la literature comprometida a la pintura abstracta, del cine impresionista a la arquitectura funcional. Y actuando de fermento y de revulsivo el marxismo y el psicoanálisis. Fromm, que ha nacido en el seno de una familia judia piadosa en la que abundan 10s rabinos y que es dolorosamente sensible a 10s horrores de la guerra y de las injusticias de la crisis social, se inclina por el socialisme. Pero 10 que sobre todo desea es entender esta sociedad desgarrada y aparentemente irracional y para el 10 acude a las armas intelectuales que esta misma sociedad le ofrece como últimas novedades. Pronto forma parte del grupo psicoanalitico de Berlin -que Freud considera el mas importallte desputs del vjenés- y en el que figuran hombres como Abraham, Fenichel y sobre todo W. Reich. Con Reich comparte el interés por la doctrina de Marx y el propósito de aunar psicoanalisis y mamismo. Y1 - 1980 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Silver, Ann-Louise S. T1 - Ferenczis Einfluss auf Frieda Reichmann. Typescript 7 p. Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Siebert, Rudolf J. ED - Byrd, Dustin J. T1 - Hegel and the Critical Theory of Religion, ed. by Dustin J. Byrd, Kalamazoo / Michigan (Ekpyrosis Press) 2021, 349 pp. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Štědronský, Josef T1 - Teorie psychologie osobnosti (starší a novější) [Theories of Personality Psychology (Older and Newer)], Bachelor thesis, Psychology, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Poland 2012, 71 pp. N2 - The bachelor´s thesis describes the philosophy of three important philosophers Erich Fromm, Victor Emanuel Frankl and Albert Camus. The work is divided into four chapters, in each of them I always deal with one specific problem from the point of view of all these philosophers. At the end of each chapter there is some conclusion and a summary of these thoughts as well as findings of similar characters of their philosophy. The first chapter is devoted to the problem of authentic way of the human existence. There are presented the basic features of Frankl´s, Fromm´s and Camus´ philosophy. The second chapter deals with the topic of freedom, primarily, whether the absolute freedom possible is or is not. The following chapter talks about the issue of human society and its impact on a human. The last chapter describes the problem of death and suicide. Whether these authors accept death as the end of the human life or whether they accept suicide as the solution of the human life. In conclusion, I tried to summarize the similar points of philosophy of these authors. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Štádlerová, Pavlína T1 - Srovnání názoru na lidskou existenci: existencialisté, Fromm a Frankl [Comparison of Opinions on Human Being: Existentialists, Fromm and Frankl], Bachelor thesis, Philosophy, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Poland 2013, 32 pp. N2 - Bakalářská práce se zabývá filozofií tří významných filozofů Ericha Fromma, Viktora Emanuela Frankla a Alberta Camuse. Práce je rozdělena do čtyř kapitol, ve kterých se vždy zabývám jedním problémem z pohledu všech zmíněných autorů. V závěru kapitoly je určité shrnutí těchto myšlenek a nalezení podobných znaků jejich filozofie. První kapitola je věnována problému autentického způsobu lidské existence. Ve druhé kapitole se zabývám tématem svobody, a to především, zda je či není absolutní svoboda možná. Následující kapitola řeší otázku lidské společnosti a jejího vlivu na člověka. Poslední kapitola představuje problém smrti a sebevraždy. V závěru práce jsem se pokusila o shrnutí společných bodů filozofie již zmíněných filozofů. N2 - The bachelor´s thesis describes the philosophy of three important philosophers Erich Fromm, Victor Emanuel Frankl and Albert Camus. The work is divided into four chapters, in each of them I always deal with one specific problem from the point of view of all these philosophers. At the end of each chapter there is some conclusion and a summary of these thoughts as well as findings of similar characters of their philosophy. The first chapter is devoted to the problem of authentic way of the human existence. The second chapter deals with the topic of freedom, primarily, whether the absolute freedom possible is or is not. The following chapter talks about the issue of human society and its impact on a human. The last chapter describes the problem of death and suicide. In conclusion, I tried to summarize the similar points of philosophy of these authors. [Author's English version] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinberg, Aaron T1 - Die Weltanschauung des Bolschewismus JF - Sans phrase - Zeitschrift für Ideologiekritik, Wien 2021, pp. 225-240. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stambulski, Michał T1 - Batalia o człowieka czy przeciwko >człowiekowimanChiasm< Publishing Initiative) Poland 2016, pp. 103-112. N2 - Praca ma na celu porównanie koncepcji filozoficznych Ericha Fromma i Michela Foucaulta. W szczególności, rozważana jest w niej refleksja obu myślicieli nad XX-wiecznymi totalitaryzmami, ich stosunek do teo¬rii Marksa i Freuda oraz problem ujęcia historii w ich pracach. Z analizy tej wyłaniają się dwie odmienne hermeneutyki w ramach teorii krytycz¬nej. Jedna nakierowana na emancypację w imię materialistycznej na¬tury ludzkiej (Fromm), druga natomiast na emancypację od >człowieka< (Foucault). Pomimo iż obie koncepcje są odmienne, nie są przeciwstaw¬ne. Filozofia Fromma pozwala dostrzec ograniczenia filozofii Foucaulta i odwrotnie. N2 - The work aims to compare the philosophical concepts of Erich Fromm and Michel Foucault. In particular, reflection is considered in it both thinkers on 20th-century totalitarianisms, their attitude to the theories of Marx and Freud, and the problem of presenting history in their works. Two different hermeneutics within critical theory emerge from this analysis. One aimed at emancipation in the name of materialistic human nature (Fromm), while the other aimed at emancipation from >man< (Foucault). Although the two concepts are different, they are not contradictory. Fromm's philosophy allows us to see the limitations of Foucault's philosophy and vice versa. [Google translator, 1/2023] Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stachowski, Ryszard T1 - Ericha Fromma model zdrowia psychicznego [Erich Fromm's Model of Mental Health] [Erich Fromms Model der psychischen Gesundheit] JF - Boguslav Stelcer et al. (Eds.): Zdrowy człowiek i społeczeństwo w wizjach Alberta Schweitzera i Ericha Fromma, Poznań (Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski in Poznań), Poland 2012, 226-233. N2 - Fromm's approach to mental health is based on the neurophysiology principle that the brain has an innate tendency to preserve life. This principle implies a basic condition of psychic health: the concomitant of the process of life itself respect for life, that of others as one's own. According to Fromm, this universal criterion of mental health, inextricably linked to ethical issues, gives a satisfactory solution to the problem of human existence. N2 - Die Einstellung Fromms zur psychischen Gesundheit stützt sich auf den neurophysiologischen Grundsatz, nach dem das Gehirn die angeborene Tendenz zur Lebendigkeit zu bewahren hat. Dieser Grundsatz impliziert die Hauptbedingung der psychische Gesundheit: der gleichzeitige Respekt zum eigenen und fremden Leben. Nach Fromm ist dieses universelle Kriterium der psychische Gesundheit untrennbar mit ethischen Problemen verbunden und gibt eine zufriedenstellende Lösung für das Problem der menschlichen Existenz. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stehen, Reiulf T1 - Sosialisme og demokrati JF - E. Fromm (Ed.),Demokratisk Socialisme. Et internasjonalt symposium, Oslo (Dreyers Forlag) 1975, pp. 183-191. Y1 - 1975 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sporrer, Lisa Maria T1 - Was lässt Menschen so irrational handeln? Gespräch mit Rainer Funk übver Erich Fromm JF - Schwäbisches Tagblatt, Tübingen, 18. Februar 2023, Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stein, Richard A. A1 - Ometa, Oana T1 - When public health crises collide: Social disparities and COVID-19 JF - The International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 74, No. 9 (2020). [Online ISSN 1742-1241] [doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13524] Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Redžić, Saduša F. T1 - ЛИЧНОСТ, ТЕМПЕРАМЕНТ И КАРАКТЕР У ТЕОРИЈИ ЕРИХА ФРОМА [Personality, temperament and character in Erich Fromm's theory] JF - Зборник радова Филозофског факултета [Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini], Vol. 42, No. 2 (2012), pp. 391-410. [Online ISSN 2217-8082] [scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0354-3293/2012/0354-32931202391R.pdf] N2 - Сажетак. Интерпретација тумачења људског карактера Ериха Фрома. Анализа индивидуалног и друштвеног карактера, као и односа религије и карактера, симбиотичког одношења, повучености-деструктивности и љубави као односа социјализације. Истицање важности продуктивне и непродуктивне оријентације у односима асимилације. Осврт на типове непродуктивног карактера: прималачки, израбљивачки, згрталачки и тржишни карактер, као и ауторитарно садомазохистички и револуционарни карактер. Разматрање величине и значаја Фромове мисли са социолошког становишта: друштвени карактер за Фрома има етички и хеуристички значај. Људске страсти су укорењене у карактеру и представљају начин да се да смисао постојању, да се одговори на људску егзистенцијалну ситуацију. За Фрома, најважнији циљ друштава би требало да буде потпуни развитак човека. N2 - The character of the man is the substitute for instincts that animals have. In reality characters are not found in pure form, as specified orientation, but as a mixture of types. The social character of Fromm has an ethical and heuristic importance. Human passions are rooted in character and are a way to give meaning to existence, to respond to the human existential situation. If we are not able to respond through the love, then, in the absence of, we turn to destructiveness. According to Fromm, the most important goal of society should be human development. He lays down a rational belief in critical thought coupled with love of life. Although the development of personality is largely determined by social structure, Fromm concludes it is not entirely passive, that a man has the opportunity, space and power to use his mind to react to the alienation and inhumane living conditions. Through analysis of the social character Fromm is giving a kind of critique of modern, market-oriented society, based on the principles of humanistic ethics. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qiu, Xiaoping T1 - Love and Harmonious Society, Master thesis, Sociology, University: Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China 2007. N2 - Love should be the moral ideality, spiritual backbone and value foundation which person should always be pursued. Ever since the society start, there has been mankind love of existence and mankind to love of pursue. But the spirit of love is lost in the social modernize. The interpersonal relation steps up a piece more, the morals apathetic phenomenon is widespread day by day, and the precious love is slowly disappearing; Person himself bear of the more and more mental stress, the self-contradict conflict of the outside in the mind and body turn worse, and the mental problem has already become an outstanding social problem; the relationship of the person and the nature also is placed in unprecedented opposition period. So, the ability of love for person has been appeared a certain degree to change with degeneration. Now, love, friendship, benevolence, all the precious virtues of person are giving way to the inhospitality, insulate, conflict, antinomy, all the hostile relationship. The western scholars have put forward many resolve paths, like Feuerbach’s >The Religion of Love<, Fromm’s >The art of Loving<, and Marcuse’s >The Liberation of Eros< etc., all include very big meaning to loving theories analytical and realistic social judgment, but can’t resolve the problem from the source. But the our country then is clearly putting forward the harmonious social great speculation of the socialism which sets up >democracy rule of law, fair justice, trustworthiness friendly affection, the stability have a preface, vibrant, person and nature harmony get along with<, resetting alight the mankind’s fire of love, indicating mankind continuously toward the communism that person is free but develop completely.– Except the foreword and epilogue, this paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter mainly trims the thinking development about love in china and overseas history, which gives us academic references for solving the social problems. The second chapter analyses the loving alienation and imperfection problem in the contemporary society. Draw lessons from western scholars’ research in the middle of the modern capitalism society, emphasize to point out that our country in the transform period appears the loving alienation and imperfection problem to have particular history source and realistic back ground at present, and compare the loving problems between china and overseas, explicit socialism harmony society be resolve loving alienation and imperfection, rebuild the ability of mankind’s love, carry out the basic path of the mankind’s love. Finally point out how to reconstruct the ability of mankind’s love in the socialism harmony society. On the one hand continuously perfect the democracy role of law system, make the fair justice become the initial value of socialism, on the other hand strengthen the loving education, make the love become the behavior norm of the socialism and the spirit main factor of the socialism, provide strong spirit motive in the construction for the harmonious society. Deep study on this problem makes for much: to eliminate the thinking misunderstanding and transiting the social mental mentality; to make a better development of market economy in social democracy; to accelerate an intimately, cooperative and mutual affectionate social relationship; to establish a harmonious socialism social, construct an honest and helpful, friendly and harmonious social ethic atmosphere. By all means the harmonious society is the society full of a love. We must inherit the loving tradition in the excellent culture in the present stage and on the base of actual society continuously raise mankind spiritual civilization character, continuously make great effort for the harmonious society that full of love. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qiu, Manxia T1 - The Alienation and Reconstruction of Stevens’ Identity in >The Remains of the Day<, Master thesis, Chonqing University, Shapingba District, Chonqing, China 2022 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - As one of the most prestigious writers in contemporary British literary circles, Kazuo Ishiguro won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Literature owing to the fact that his novel with great emotional force, >has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world<. Kazuo Ishiguro’s works have received a high degree of attention as soon as they were published. His works emphasize self-salvation and cherish the warmth of the world, break through the limitations of the theme of immigrant writers and set his sights on the universal human nature of the world. >The Remains of the Day< is the third novel published by Kazuo Ishiguro. It is known for its simplicity, elegance and subtle narrative style and it is also his most prestigious work so far. Kazuo Ishiguro succeeded in portraying the role of Stevens, a high-level butler who dedicated his life to the career of butlers in >The Remains of the Day<. The novel unfolds with Stevens, an ordinary British butler, using a reminiscence narrative approach. Stevens, the protagonist in his twilight years, has a reputation, but he is lonely, self-abased and helpless, and his identity is severely alienated. With Miss Kenton’s letter and permission from his new employer, Stevens sets off on a six-day trip. Through the memories of the past, the people he meets and the things he sees during the journey, he explores the true meaning of life and rebuild the alienated identity. The novel leaves the reader with a hopeful open ending, which implies that Stevens will embrace a more real life on a positive way in the rest of the time. Academia usually studies and interprets >The Remains of the Day< from the perspectives of post-colonialism, cultural studies and narrative techniques. Some critics also analyze the power mechanism embodied in the novel from the perspective of the image of the other. However, the research on Stevens’ identity cognition is not enough. Therefore, from the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis finds that Stevens’ identity cognition is seriously alienated. The influence of social environment, the relationship between the dominant and the dominated, and the human nature that is the fear of loneliness are the most fundamental psychological factors of Stevens’ identity alienation. From the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis will reveal the lonely and helpless living state of Stevens, the root of Stevens’ identity alienation under the influence of the change of the times and the people around him, and the road of redemption to rebuild his identity recognition. In the meantime, the thesis aims to explore the intention that Ishiguro Kazuo tries to achieve in depicting the living conditions of the universal individual in modern society. First, in view of the theory of >abstract< social psychological analysis, the thesis discusses the social and environmental factors which contribute to the formation and alienation of Stevens’ identity under the imperialist consciousness. Next, with the help of Fromm’s authority theory, the deep psychological causes of Stevens’ identity alienation from his treatment of father-son affection, loyalty and love are investigated. Then, from the perspectives of history and memory, love and emotion, the thesis analyzes the significance and value of Stevens’ salvation of identity alienation. >The Remains of the Day< enlightens us that we should recognize our own identities and adapt to society correctly. Even if our identities are alienated, we can be redeemed and rebuilt through our own efforts, rekindling hope in life. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puhl, Travis T1 - Goethes >Clavigo< unter der Ideologie eines patriarchalisch-präkapitalistischen Systems. Erich Fromms Gesellschaftskritik des 20. Jh. in Johann Wolfgang Goethes Trauerspiel des Sturm und Drang, Studienarbeit, Fachbereich Germanistik – Neuere Deutsche Literatur, Grin Verlag 2021, 34 pp. N2 - Schon Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wird die Thematik des Zusammenspiels von Patriarchat und Kapitalismus als konvergente Ideologie der Ungleichberechtigung der Frau in der literarischen Kunst sichtbar. Genauer: Goethes >Clavigo<, 1774 publiziert, thematisiert diese Thematik prototypisch. Doch wie kann diese Ideologie literarisch so umgesetzt werden, dass sie neben viel anderem Text auffällt, sichtbar wird? Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, jener Frage nachzugehen und diese nach folgenden Schritten zu beantworten: Zuerst werden anhand eines Theorieteils systemtheoretische Grundlagen zu Patriarchat, Männlichkeit und Fragilität, Präkapitalismus und dessen Ideologie des Habens, nach Erich Fromm, dargelegt. Nach einem Modell von R. W. Connell – und z. T. auch von J. Halberstam – wird eine Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung des Grads sozialer Männlichkeit angewendet; im Anwendungsteil wird hieran aber auch Kritik aufgezeigt und versucht, weitere Möglichkeiten/Kriterien zur Bestimmung des Grads der sozialen Männlichkeit anzuführen. Im zweiten Teil der Ausarbeitung wird sich mit der textuellen Anwendung der Theorie befasst: Anhand der beiden Figuren Joseph Clavigo und Marie Beaumarchais wird versucht, die genannte patriarchalisch-präkapitalistisch Ideologie im Stück aufzuzeigen und diese als Ursache für Figurenbeziehungen oder werkstrukturelle Abläufe zu betrachten, wie z. B. ein Figurentod – so die These. Hier werden u. a. der Warencharakter und die Fragilität der Marie Beaumarchais analysiert, aber auch der Grad der sozialen Männlichkeit Clavigos. [Weltbild.ch] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qin, Chuan T1 - The Research of Alienation Theme from >Hū lán hé zhuà<, Master thesis, Chinese Literature, Xihua University, Jinniu, Chengdu, China 2022 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - The human term is Marx’s lifelong theoretical subject. As the core connotation of Marx’s philosophy, Marx’s alienation theory expresses Marx’s profound thinking and active exploration of human value. Marx’s alienation theory differs from Hegel’s and Feuerbach’s theory. For Marx, he takes the realistic individual as the object of study, discusses four parts of alienation in >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844<. This book discusses about the four specific aspects of labor alienation theory. Marx’s alienation theory is not invariable, but with the maturity and deepening of Marx’s thought constantly changing and developing. >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844< as a concentrated expression of Marx’s early alienation theory, highlights the human alienation. At the middle and late of alienation theory focuses more on the level of methodology. After the publication of the 1844 manuscripts, western Marxists further enriched and developed Marx’s alienation theory. With Lukács and Fromm as representatives, they also proposed the alienation theory at the spiritual and psychological levels. Based on Marx’s alienation theory, this paper analyzes the theme of alienation in the novel from three aspects, including the alienation under the customs and conditions, the alienation of individuals and collectivity, and the alienation of family relations, by means of literature research, comparative analysis and other methods. The first level of alienation expresses existential alienation and spiritual alienation through some means of expression. The second alienation focuses on the three characters depicted by Xiao Hong, and reveals the alienation of individual and collective. The third level mainly focuses on the alienation of the sex and family in >Hū lán hé zhuà<. The significance and value of individual life and existence revealed in the novel can also play a certain role in warning and guiding the problem of alienation arising in the developing of society. More than one hundred years ago, when China was facing the choice of system, Marx’s alienation theory played a significant role. For the current reality, we need to combine Marx’s theory alienation with social development, and realize, criticize and improve ourselves in the new stage of social development, so realize liberation and the freedom of human. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Putterman, Theodore L T1 - Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty: A Reassessment and Revision JF - Polity, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 416-446. N2 - In distinguishing between negative and positive freedom, Isaiah Berlin expressed a preference for negative freedom. Given the track record of those who in the past have advocated positive freedom, this is not surprising. But advocates of positive freedom do not accept that tyranny necessarily results from embracing their conception of freedom, and they are convinced that a commitment to negative freedom is never enough to defend “freedom” against tyrants. They do, however, share one thing in common with those who favor negative freedom: both equate their conception of freedom with >true freedom,< and treat the other as either false or incomplete. This might suggest that Berlin's distinction is more a partisan's tool than a tool of analysis. I disagree. But rather than reducing it to a distinction between >freedom from< and >freedom to,< we need to expand it. Not only will this enable us to move beyond an important criticism of Berlin's conception of freedom, it will also provide a better explanation for why negative freedom is as likely as positive freedom to diminish “true freedom” and why positive freedom is as likely as negative freedom to increase it. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiu, Xuexian T1 - 弗洛姆的人生論及其在教育上的意義 [Fromm's Theory of Life and Its Significance in Education] JF - 臺南師院學報 [Journal of Tainan Teachers College], Vol. 25 (1992), pp. 123-134. N2 - 本研究旨在探討弗洛姆的人生論,並闡釋其在教育上的意義。本研究主 要採用理論分析法。 本文共分四部分,首先,探討人究竟是什麼;其次,分析當前的社會環境;再次, 指出人類的新希望;最後,詳述弗洛姆的人生論在教育上的意義。 N2 - The main purpose of this study is to expound Erich Fromm's life theory andits implication on pedagogy. There are roughly four parts in this paper: Firstly, to analyze the question-what is man? Secondly, to assess the sickness of the society; thirdly, to offer the wish of the human; And then to interpret some implications. Y1 - 1992 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Radziszewska-Szczepaniak, Danuta T1 - Koncepcja religii w pismach Ericha Fromma [The Concept of Religion in the Writings of Erich Fromm] JF - Humanistyka I Przyrodoznawstwo, No. 0 (1994), pp.131-142. Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabadanova, R. S. T1 - Erich Fromm as a reformer of psychoanalysis JF - философия и культура [Philosophy and Culture], No. 7 (2008). [ISSN: 1999-2793] Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Remer, Scott T1 - Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, and Pseudo-Populist Authoritarianism JF - New Politics Journal, New York January 21, 2022. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichardt, Horst-Peter T1 - Partisanen der Humanität [Partyzanci humanistyki] [The Partisans of the Humanities] JF - Boguslav Stelcer et al. (Eds.): Zdrowy człowiek i społeczeństwo w wizjach Alberta Schweitzera i Ericha Fromma, Poznań (Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski in Poznań), Poland 2012, 68-75. N2 - Tytuł rozdziału zaczerpnięty został z tekstu Hansa Jurgena Schultza ukazują-cego pięć jego zdaniem kluczowych w kontekście walki o godność człowieka i ludzkości postaci dwudziestego wieku. Są to Martin Luther King, Dietrich Bon-hoeffer, Reinhold Schneider, Albert Schweitzer i Erich Fromm. Dwóch ostatnich, mimo tak odmiennych biografii i dziedzictwa rodzinnego połączyło szczególnie dobitnie wyrażanie szacunku dla pełnego rozwoju wszelkich form życia. Erich Fromm wskazywał że człowiek może i powinien znaleźć poprzez własne nieza-leżne i krytyczne myślenie o sobie, wolne od manipulacji i interesów politycz-nych, czy ograniczeń ekonomicznych ideał istoty biofilnej. Erich Fromm opisy-wał biofilność jako charakterologiczną podstawę swej analitycznej psychologii społecznej. Biofilność powoduje że człowiek jest przyciągany do innych istot żywych i potrzebuje kontaktu z naturą, aby być zdrowym, aby znaleźć sens swo-jego życia i realizować się w nim. Albert Schweitzer odnalazł kontakt z naturą w dżungli w Gabonie i w tym szczególnym odległym od cywilizacji miejscu reali-zował w praktyce idee szacunku dla życia. Jego biofilność bardziej niż w przy-padku Fromma, wyrażała się czynem. Dla obu filozofów życie jest podstawą ludzkiej egzystencji i gwarantem obecności najwyższych wartości kulturowych. Można ich traktować jak partyzantów humanistyki chociażby dlatego, że podob-ni są do oddanych swej sprawie bojowników na rzecz szlachetnego człowieczeń-stwa. Fromm zwrócił uwagę, że nie starczy życie zasobne, bogate, wolne od głodu, bez wewnętrznego rozwoju człowieka. Schweitzer z przekonaniem, że każdy ma swe własne Lamaberene, zwracał uwagę na praktyczne kształtowanie człowieka etycznego. Obaj ukazali że różne drogi prowadzą do wspólnego celu, odmienne światopoglądy wskazać mogą wspólny cel jakim jest poszanowanie życia. N2 - Hans Jürgen Schultz, in his view shows the five key persons in the fight for human dignity and humanity in twentieth century. These are the MartinLuther King,DietrichBonhoeffer, Reinhold Schneider, Albert Schweitzer, and ErichFromm. The last two, despite the different biographies and family background very clearly express respect for the full development of all forms of life. Erich Fromm pointed out that m an can and should be found through their own independent and critical thinking, being free from manipulation and political interests or economic restrictions pursue love of life that is biophilia. This concept is described by Erich Fromm as characterological basis of his analysis of social psychology. Albert Schweitzer found the contact with nature in the jungle in Gabon and in this particular location remote from civilization realized in practice the ideas of respect for life. His expression of love for lif e and humanity more than Fromm’s case, was expressed in action. For both philosophers, life is the foundation of human existence and guarantee of presence of the highest cultural values. They can be regarded as a partisans of the humanities perhaps because there are kind of fighters for a noble humanity. Fromm pointed out that life is not rich enough without internal human development. Schweitzer believed that everyone has their own Lambaréné, drew attention to the practical development of human ethics. Bot h appeared that different pathways lead to common purpose , different worldviews may indicate the common aim that is reverence for life. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rangga Erfizal, Muhammad T1 - Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam perspektif teori Agresi Erich Fromm The Scope of War in the Perspective of Erich Fromm's Aggression Theory, Bachelor thesis, Philosophy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia 2016, Indonesian. - Only abstract and content available. N2 - Penelitian ini berjudul >Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam perspektif teori Agresi Erich Fromm<. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh sebuah realita kehidupan manusia. Perang memiliki latar belakang dan tujuan berbeda dari masing-masing individu dan kelompok. Hal ini sering dipertanyakan apakah perang merupakan sebuah kehendak manusia. Peneliti tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih jauh mengenai pandangan masyarakat tradisional dan modern dalam memandang perang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengupas pandangan manusia dalam melihat perang dengan menggunakan teori Erich Fromm dalam konsep Agresinya. Kekerasan muncul disebabkan oleh kondisi eksistensial manusia yang tidak dapat berkembang ke arah kebaikan. Kondisi eksistensial yang buruk menyebabkan manusia bertindak sadis. Erich Fromm membagi ke dalam dua jenis agresi. Pertama, agresi defensif yang secara biologis telah terprogram dalam diri manusia, fungsinya sebagai alat bertahan, juga ada pada binatang yang muncul ketika kepentingannya terancam. Kedua, agresi destruktif yang tidak terprogram secara biologis dan hanya dimiliki manusia, agresi ini muncul semata-mata dipengaruhi oleh nafsu untuk mendominasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan sudut pandang masyarakat tradisional dan modern dalam memandang perang dengan tinjauan Teori Agresi Erich Fromm. Objek material dalam penelitian ini adalah kehendak berperang manusia. Objek formal penelitian adalah Teori Agresi Erich Fromm. Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian sistematis reflektif dengan pengambilan dan analisis data melalui studi pustaka, baik dari buku-buku, jurnal, karya ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan judul penelitian. Metode yang digunakan adalah sistematis reflektif secara filosofis. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan unsur metodis deskripsi, interpretasi, kesinambungan historis dan refleksi kritis. Hasil yang dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: memperoleh pemahaman mengenai kehendak berperang manusia yang menjadi realitas tidak dapat dihindari, sehingga membuat manusia berjuang untuk melakukan kekerasan. Dalam hal ini, kekerasan digunakan oleh manusia karena merasa terasing oleh keadaan di sekitarnya. Manusia tradisional maupun modern sering terjebak dalam keadaan destruktif yang memaksanya untuk melakukan kekerasan. Perkembangan masyarakat memaksa manusia untuk bergerak lebih dinamis, secara langsung menghubungkan manusia yang tadinya terpisah menjadi makhluk sosial, hal ini memotivasi manusia untuk mendominasi manusia lainnya. Perang merupakan keniscayaan hidup dalam perjalanan peradaban umat manusia. N2 - The title of this research is >Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam Perspektif Teori Agresi Erich Fromm<. This Background of this Research is base on reality of human condition. War is a reality of human being. It has many differences background and purposes for each group of society and individual. One which eventually commonly questioned in war is the will of a human itself. Researchers examine further about war on traditional society and modern society. This study aims to explore point of view from the human understanding by using the theory of aggression of Erich Fromm. Erich Fromm on aggression theory trying to uncover problems of violence. Violence exists because of the existential condition of human being which cannot develop into goodness. Bad existential condition will lead to sadistic act. Erich Fromm divided two type of aggression. The first, which he shares with all animal, is a phylogenetic programmed impulse to attack when vital interest are threatened. Secondly, is specific to human species and virtually absent in most mammals; it is not phylogenetic programmed and not biologically adaptive; it has purpose, and its satisfaction is lustful. Purpose of research is look at traditional society and modern society on warfare with aggression theory by Erich Fromm. The material object in this research is the will of human war. Subsequently, the formal object is aggression theory by Erich Fromm. This research is using systematic reflection, the data is taken library research, journals, and scientific works that associated with the title of the research. The method which used is philosophical reflection. The analysis of this research is using methodical elements of the description, interpretation, internal coherence and critical reflection. The final result of this research are as follows: gain an understanding. The will of human war signify a reality that an unavoidable with the result that man always take violence. Violence of human because war is form alienation of human. Traditional or modern human being still be caught in a snare in destructive situation which force them to do violence. Development of society force human to move more dynamic, directly to relate human which was separated into social beings, this matter motivates human to dominate other people. War is life necessity and way of civilization for mankind. Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rizqy Ramadhan, Puja A1 - et al, T1 - Dehumanization of Village Financial Management: Erich Fromm's Perspective Accounting Reconstruction JF - International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 5 (2023), pp. 1638-1646. [Online ISSN: 2808-1765] [ijhess.com/index.php/ijhess/article/view/465/388] N2 - This study aims to reconstruct village financial management using modernity vis a dehumanization perspective. This study uses primary data obtained from observations and interviews with informants. The research approach used is a qualitative method. The research paradigm uses the paradigm of criticism with data collection procedures, data presentation, data reduction and conclusion/verification. The results showed that the modernization and digitization of financial management in Klambir V Kebun Village had an impact on social relations in the community, which became less harmonious. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out an accounting reconstruction based on modernity vis a vis dehumanizaton perspective that is relevant to be carried out in Klambir V Kebun Village. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ratner, Carl T1 - The Generalized Pathology of Our Era: Comparing the Biomedical Explanation, the Cultural-Political Explanation, and a Liberal-Humanistic-Postmodernist Perspective JF - International Critical Thought, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2017), pp. 72-92. [Online ISSN 2159-8312] [doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1287586] N2 - This article seeks to problematize the issue of pathology and to render it intelligible. I elucidate a cultural-political model of a) why pathology is prevalent in numerous forms and social domains, and b) interventions for ameliorating widespread pathology, and ultimately eradicating it. This model draws on the work of Erich Fromm that articulates how pathology is characteristic of normal social, psychological activity in many or most societies. This article also discusses two ways in which prevalent pathology is misunderstood, and not corrected, eradicated, or prevented. One misinterpretation is the standard biomedical model of pathology. A second misinterpretation is a liberal, humanistic, postmodern position that denies all pathology and insists that behavior is a positive expression of choice and agency, which must be validated and accepted rather than corrected. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ratner, Carl A1 - El-Badwi, El-Sayed T1 - A Cultural Psychological Theory of Mental Illness, Supported by Research in Saudi Arabia JF - Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, Vol. 20, No. 3-4 (2011), pp. 217-274, [Online ISSN 1573-658X] [doi.org/10.1179/105307811805472710] N2 - This article proposes a theory of psychological disturbance (mental illness) as a cultural phenomenon. The theory is based on – and extends – the general cultural psychological theory of Vygotsky, Luria, and Leontiev, as well as the specific social approach to psychopathy of Fromm, Foucault, Laing, and Rieber. We demonstrate that the psychodynamics of individual disturbances are shaped by normative, macro cultural factors, such as gender norms, religious doctrine, family structure, architecture, and clothing. We illustrate this cultural psychological analysis of individual psychology with a case study of a 25 year old Saudi obsessive compulsive patient in Riyadh backed by 50 interviews with students about family relations in Saudi Arabia. We discuss the therapeutic and political implications of our cultural theory of psychological disturbance. Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ratner Rosenhagen, Jennifer T1 - Review Friedman, L. J.: The Lives of Erich Fromm: Love's Prophet JF - The Journal of American History, Vol. 101, No. 2 (Sep 2014), pp. 643-644. Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Radechovská, Dominika T1 - Filosofie Ericha Fromma a její přesah do současnosti [Philosophy of Erich Fromm and Its Impact on the Present], Diploma thesis, Philosophy, Hussite Theological Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 2020, 55 pp. N2 - Cílem předkládané diplomové práce Filosofie Ericha Fromma a její přesah do současnosti bylo zasadit odkaz Ericha Fromma do filosofického kontextu. Diplomová práce obsahuje 4 hlavní oddíly. V prvním oddíle definuji klíčová slova potřebná k vykreslení filosofického pozadí, a to Privace; Hédonismus; Blaženost a Ctnosti. V oddílu druhém uvádím životní cestu a dílo Ericha Fromma. Úvodní biografie je následována oddílem třetím a nejzásadnějším, a to distinkcí dvou životních orientací. Frommovy existenční módy vlastnění a bytí seznamuji za pomocí podkapitol Řeč; Autorita a její uplatňování; Sebepoznání a rozvoj; Rozhovor a Strach ze smrti. Ve čtvrtém oddílu se věnuji vizi nové společnosti dle Fromma. V posledku nabízím kritické zhodnocení představených tezí. N2 - The aim of the diploma thesis >Philosophy of Erich Fromm and Its Impact< on the Present was to place the legacy of Erich Fromm into a philosophical context. The diploma thesis contains 4 main sections. The keywords needed to draw the philosophical background are defined in the first section, namely Privation; Hedonism; Eudemonia; and Virtues. The life and work of Erich Fromm are presented in the second section. Biography is followed by the third and most important section: the distinction of two life orientations. Fromm's existential modes of having and being are presented at the subchapters Speech; Authority and its application; Self-knowledge and personal development; Conversation; and Fear of Death. I focus on the vision of a new society according to Fromm's concept in the fourth section. In the last chapter, I offer a critical evaluation of the presented theses. Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rice, Earl L. T1 - Thrust and Parry: Erich Fromm to Mud Homes JF - Spartan Daily San Jose State College, Vol. 55, No. 136 (Friday, May 31, 1968). [scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5135&context=spartandaily] N2 - Editor: Response to Prof. Broyles’ letter (5-29) 1. Fromm mentioned as specific problems: a) Dehumanization of society by technology. b) The pragmatic approach to education which produces trained technicians (Industrial, Legal, Medical, etc.) but poorly educated, specialized human beings c) Human isolation and discontent which can produce, among other things, violence. (Watts, Berkeley. Oakland) Y1 - 1968 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rakhmanovskaya, E. A. T1 - Социальные смыслы свободы [Social Meanings of Freedom] JF - Психология и Психотехника [Psychology and Psychotechnics], No. 2 (2015), pp.122-134. [ISSN 2454-0722] N2 - Предметом исследования является феномен внутренней свободы и его связь с социальными детерминантами. Сопоставляются взгляды на проблему Н. Бердяева и Э. Фромма и делается вывод о более глубокой проработке темы свободы русским философом в силу религиозной направленности гуманизма последнего. Н. Бердяев рассматривает свободу как «безосновную основу бытия», как базис, с которого начинается всякое антропологическое философствование. Именно поэтому она не может быть социально обусловленной, напротив, именно свобода обусловливает все на свете. Свобода не определяется и не задается обществом, она – личностный выбор и вызов человека, основа его бытия, от которой он, впрочем, может отказаться. Свобода, как это ни парадоксально, напрямую связана с ограничениями. Именно ограничения, идущие непосредственно от самой личности, отличают свободу от своеволия, позволяют человеку освободиться от ненужного, наносного, мешающего самореализации. Автор ставит вопрос о соотношении свободы и своеволия через призму категорий добра и зла, исследует связь свободы и ответственности. В статье автор использует методы историко-философского анализа, исторического сравнения (компаративистики), а также философского постижения человека. Тема свободы занимала важное место в трудах многих философов, постоянно обнаруживая новые качества, смыслы и аспекты, однако в данном исследовании она впервые рассматривается в качестве внутренней свободы, т.е. свободы, источником которой являются не общественные отношения, а внутреннее самоощущение человека. N2 - This research is devoted to internal freedom and its links with social determinants. The author compared the views of Nikolay Berdyaev and Erich Fromm and made a conclusion that the Russian philosopher was deeper in the problem by virtue of religious basis of his humanism. Berdyaev believes that freedom comes from ungrund. It has no foundation but it is a foundation of everything. Freedom for him is the clue for any anthropological philosophizing. He denies any social determination of freedom as it appears to be personal challenge, but this challenge might be rejected nevertheless. The paradox is that freedom is much concerned with restrictions. Especially self-restrictions distinguish freedom from self-will; allow person to get free of everything useless, alien and destruction. The author considers the phenomenon of freedom and self-will in terms of good and evil, investigates relationship between freedom and responsibility. Research methods of historical and philosophical analysis, historic comparison and philosophical anthropology are used in the article. The phenomenon of freedom has taken place in the works of many philosophers and each time it presented new meanings and aspects. In this research however it appears as internal freedom which has an internal sense of personality but not social relationships as a source. Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Renaldi, Adi A1 - Wdyastuti, Dewi T1 - The Inauthenticity of the Main Characters as an Impact of Totalitarian System Seen in George Orwell’s >1984< [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Phenomena – Journal of Language and Literature, Vol. 15, No.1 (2015), pp. 20-35. [ISSN 1410-5691] [repository.usd.ac.id/1329/1/1588_phenomena%2Bvol%2B15-article.pdf] N2 - >1984< is a dystopian novel by George Orwell that clearly describes the life under totalitarian government. Totalitarianism is not merely a political system but also movement that goes beyond private, public, and political sphere. Totalitarian government dreams of uniformity in all aspects of life and they pursue for global domination. In order to reach for global domination and their ideal version of state, totalitarian government does not allow freedom in all aspects of life. The pursuit of global domination requires some strategies to make the society in uniformity. The strategies applied are propaganda, terror, and indoctrination. These strategies make the main characters lose the freedom and become alienated from the self and the society. Alienation and the lost of freedom also lead to inauthenticity, since they are related to each other. Inauthenticity can be caused by repression from external agents in which a person cannot do anything spontaneously since he is being dictated by other people and he cannot express what they feel freely. Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rius, Carles T1 - H. E. Richter: l’intent de relacionar psicoanàlisi i ciències de la cultura [H. E. Richter: the attempt to relate psychoanalysis and cultural sciences] JF - Idees: revista de temes contemporanis, No. 30 (2006), pp. 9-14. [Online ISSN 2385-765X] [ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2006/266992/idees_a2006n30p9.pdf] N2 - L’autor exposa i valora les idees principals de la filosofia de Horst-Eberhard Richter i de la seva l’empresa intel·lectual en el seu intent d’eixamplar les bases i els límits de la psicoanàlisi fins abastar el conjunt de les ciències de la cultura, camí que ja havien iniciat també altres autors com ara Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Bruno Bettelheim, Alexander Mitscherlich, Paul Ricoeur, entre d’altres. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Respati, Robertus Theo Elno T1 - Konsep being dalam >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm Concept of Being in >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm, Thesis (Undergraduate), Theology, Faculty of Philosophy, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 2017. repository.ukwms.ac.id/id/eprint/11002/1/ABSTRAK.pdf] - Only summary available. N2 - Penulisan skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keinginan penulis untuk merefleksikan situasi zaman dewasa ini. Penulis melihat bahwa situasi zaman dewasa ini semakin didominasi oleh keinginan untuk memiliki lebih. Keinginan ini sangat tidak masuk akal karena orang didorong untuk memiliki sesuatu yang sebenarnya bukan menjadi kebutuhannya. Bahkan, manusia modern cenderung mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan sesuatu yang mereka miliki. Tujuan hidup manusia direduksi hanya pada kenikmatan materi yang tiada habisnya. Pengaruh kapitalisme modern yang merasuk ke dalam semua aspek kehidupan manusia menjadi penyebab terjadinya situasi ini. Kehadiran kapitalisme mengubah orientasi manusia pada materi, apalagi dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin canggih. Manusia seolah bebas menentukan pilihan-pilihan dalam hidupnya. Namun, sebenarnya pilihan-pilihan tersebut telah ditentukan oleh sistem yang berlaku. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan manusia teralienasi dari kehidupannya. Konsumsi dan alienasi menjadi karakter yang utama di abad modern ini. Salah satu filsuf yang mengkritik situasi zaman ini ialah Erich Fromm. Ia mengajukan gagasannya tentang konsep being yang dibahas dalam >To Have or To Be< (1976). Rumusan masalah yang ingin dijawab dalam karya tulis ini ialah apa itu konsep being dalam >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. Pertanyaan ini dapat dijawab dengan menganalisa pemikiran Erich Fromm secara kritis dan sistematis. Dengan menjawab pertanyaan ini, penulis berharap agar skripsi ini dapat memberikan kritik sekaligus sumbangsih bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Metode penulisan yang digunakan dalam karya tulis ini ialah studi pustaka dengan sumber utama dari buku >To Have or To Be< (1976) karya Erich Fromm. Dari hasil studi pustaka, penulis menemukan bahwa konsep being yang diajukan oleh Erich Fromm berkaitan dengan dua modus eksistensi manusia yaitu being dan having. Keduanya menentukan karakter sosial dan karakter individu manusia. Orientasi hidup manusia juga berakar dari kedua modus eksistensi tersebut. Manusia dapat menentukan pilihan untuk menjadi semakin being atau semakin having. Erich Fromm mendefiniskan being sebagai sebuah proses, aktivitas, dan gerak. Definisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan bukan sesuatu yang berhenti, tetapi terus berproses. Erich Fromm mengartikan being dalam dua pengertian. Pertama, being sebagai eksistensi yang berbeda dengan having. Being mencakup keseluruhan realitas manusia, sedangkan having hanya merujuk pada benda. Kedua, being sebagai melampaui sesuatu yang nampak. Artinya, manusia dapat menyembunyikan diri di balik penampilan fisik dan perilakunya. Dengan demikian, being lebih rumit dan kompleks dibandingkan dengan having karena ia bukan sesuatu yang nampak seperti benda. Selanjutnya, Erich Fromm menunjukkan sifat utama being yaitu aktif. Keaktifan diartikan bukan sebagai aktivitas fisik, tetapi aktivitas batin. Syarat being adalah mandiri, bebas, dan kritis. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penggunaan akal budi untuk dapat memahami realitas manusia secara lebih mendalam. Selain itu, relasi dengan sesama juga membantu mengungkapkan realitas hidup yang sebenarnya. Erich Fromm juga menunjukkan aspek dari being yaitu kemauan untuk memberi, berbagi, dan berkurban. Aspek being ini lebih banyak ditemukan dalam situasi perang dibandingkan situasi damai. Pemikiran Erich Fromm ini bermuara pada terwujudnya sebuah masyarakat baru yang disebut dengan masyarakat being. Dari masyarakat being inilah akan muncul manusia-manusia baru yang mendasarkan hidupnya pada being. Manusia baru ini tidak menggantungkan hidupnya pada benda, tetapi pada dirinya sendiri. Setiap tindakan yang dilakukan berangkat dari dalam dirinya, bukan dari luar dirinya. Masyarakat being mengarahkan manusia untuk dapat mencapai kebahagiaan sejati. Erich Fromm mengartikan kebahagiaan sejati sebagai sebuah proses bertumbuh dalam kehidupan ini. Penulis menemukan tiga relevansi dari konsep being Erich Fromm bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Pertama, modus eksistensi being menjadi jawaban atas situasi masyarakat yang cenderung didominasi oleh modus eksistensi having. Kedua, relasi menjadi syarat penting dalam memahami sebuah realitas khususnya dalam memilih pemimpin. Ketiga, pilihan atas modus eksistensi being membawa manusia kepada kebahagiaan sejati. Konsep being juga sangat relevan dengan nilai-nilai Kristiani. Hal ini dapat ditemukan dalam kutipan-kutipan kitab suci yang menekankan pentingnya menggantungkan diri bukan pada materi. N2 - The background of this paper is motivated by the desire of the author to reflect on the situation of today. The author sees that the situation of the present age is increasingly dominated by the desire to have more. This desire is very unreasonable because people are encouraged to have something that is not really his needs. In fact, modern humans tend to identify themselves with something they have. The purpose of human life is reduced only to the endless pleasures of matter. The influence of modern capitalism that permeates all aspects of human life is responsible for this situation. The presence of capitalism alters the human orientation of matter, especially with the increasingly sophisticated technological development. Humans apparently seem to be free to make choices in life. But in fact these choices have been determined by the prevailing system. This is what causes humans to be alienated from life. Consumption and alienation became the main characteristics in this modern age. One of the philosophers who criticize the present-day situation is Erich Fromm. He proposed his idea of the concept of being discussed in >To Have or To Be< (1976). The formulation of the problem to be answered in this paper is what is the concept of being in >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. This question can be answered by analyzing Erich Fromm's thinking critically and systematically. By answering this question, the author hopes that this thesis can provide criticism as well as contribution to society today. The method used in this paper is literature study with the main source of Erich Fromm's >To Have or To Be< (1976) book. From the results of literature study, the authors found that the concept of being proposed by Erich Fromm relates to two modes of human existence of being and having. Both determine the social character and individual human character. The orientation of human life also stems from both modes of existence. Humans can make choices between more and more being or more and more having. Erich Fromm defines being as a process, activity, and movement. This definition shows that life is not something unchangeable, but continues to proceed. Erich Fromm defines being in two senses. First, being as a different existence fromm having. Being encompasses the whole human reality, while having only refers to things. Second, being as beyond what is apparent. That is, humans can hide behind their physical appearance and behavior. Thus, being is more complex and difficult than having because it refers to thing. Furthermore, Erich Fromm shows the main nature of being active. Activity is defined not as a physical activity, but an inner activity. The requirement of being is independence, freedom, and the presence of critical reason. In this case it is necessary to use reason to be able to understand the reality of man more deeply. In addition, relationships with others also help reveal the realities of life. Erich Fromm also shows the aspect of being: the will to give, to share, and to sacrifice. This aspect is more prevalent in war situations than in a peaceful situation. Erich Fromm's thinking leads to the realization of a new society called the society of being. From this being society, it will emerge new man beings who base their live on being. This new man does not depend his life on things, but on himself. Every action taken departs from within himself, not from outside himself. Society is leading people to achieve true happiness. Erich Fromm refers to true happiness as a proses of ever-growing aliveness. The author discovers three relevances of the Erich Fromm’s concept of being for society today. First, the mode of existence becomes the answer to a society’s situation which tends to be dominated by the existence of having mode. Second, relationships become important conditions in understanding a particular reality in choosing a leader. Third, the choice of the existence of being mode brings human to true happiness. The concept of being is also highly relevant to Christian values. This can be found in scriptural quotations that emphasize the importance of being self-reliance instead of relying on matter. Y1 - 2017 ER -