TY - GEN A1 - Zheng, Jiangli T1 - On the Dual Personality in Shusaku Endo’s Works >Scandal<, >Evil Spirit<, >Deep River< as Examples [论远藤周作作品中的双重人格 - 以《丑闻》《恶灵》《深河》为例], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2019 [application of Fromm's therories to art]. N2 - 远藤周作(1923—1996)是日本当代著名的基督教作家。他的作品以艺术形式探讨神与人、信仰与人生、死与生等宗教主题,其长篇小说中的人物形象亦呈现出立体而复杂矛盾的性格特点。本文选取远藤周作的三部长篇小说《丑闻》《恶灵》及代表作《深河》为中心文本,试图以心理学的角度去阐释小说中人物的>双重人格<,揭示个体心理潜伏的阴暗欲望的表现和危害,进而探讨人物的救赎问题。论文首先分析作品中具有双重人格的四个人物形象:《丑闻》《深河》中共同具有>天使<与>恶魔<复杂人格的两位女性>万里子<和<美津子<;《丑闻》中所谓的>圣徒作家<胜吕本质上是一个经常出入色情场所的下流之徒;《恶灵》中利用>天使<面孔去引诱他人作恶、犯罪的>恶灵<南条英子。其次运用现代心理学理论探讨>双重人格<形成的原因。个体为了更好地在社会上生存,往往隐藏和压抑内心中阴暗、丑陋的欲望,即荣格所说的>阴影面<,向社会展现出美好的一面,这便形成了>双重人格<。三部小说中双重人格人物的>阴影面<与弗洛姆提出的>衰败综合症<中的>恋死<相关,因此结合文本加以分析。此外,在文学层面上,以莫里亚克作品中对罪与恶的理解,陀思妥耶夫斯基小说中复杂的人性来阐述其对远藤作品的影响。最后通过人物的命运走向探寻救赎之路。小说中的人物在>光<与>河<中认识了自我,灵魂得到净化,重新找寻到了人生的价值和意义。其中,>光<与>河<象征着给人拯救的>爱<。但是,仅凭被动地接受>爱<是不够的,个体还需要有>直面自我的勇气<,才能获得真正的救赎。远藤周作敏锐地看到了现代人为能够更好地在社会中生存,不得不压抑内心真实的欲望,以此符合社会的标准和期待,造成精神枯竭、破裂的问题。通过双重人格艺术形象的塑造,远藤试图告诉我们:个体要勇于发现内心隐藏的欲望,认识真实的自我,才能实现精神的统一和完整,从而达到荣格所说的>重返精神家园<。 N2 - Shusaku Endo (1923–1996) is a famous contemporary Christian writer in Japan. The biggest feature of his works is that he is good at exploring religious themes such as God and man, faith and life, death and life. The characters in his novels present complex contradictory character characteristics. This essay selects the three novels >Scandal<, >Evil Spirit< and the representative work >Deep River< of Shusaku Endo as the central text, tries to explain the >dual personality< of the characters in the novel from the perspective of psychology, reveals their latent dark desires and dangers, and the question of redemption. The thesis first analyzes the four characters with dual personality in the works: The >Scandal< and >Deep River<, the two women >Mariko< and >Mitsuko<, who have the complex personality of >angel< and >devil<; the so-called >Saint Writer< Suguro in the Scandal, is essentially a vulgar person who often goes into pornography; the >evil spirit< Nanjyou Eiko uses the >angel-like< face to lure others to commit crimes and do evil. Secondly, modern psychology theory is used to explore the reasons for the formation of >dual personality<. In order to survive better in society, individuals often hide and suppress the dark and ugly desires in the heart, that is, the >shadow< that Jung said, showing a beautiful side to the society, which forms a >dual personality<. The >shadow< of the dual personality characters in the three novels is related to >love death< in the >decline syndrome< proposed by Fromm, so it is combined with the text to analyze. In addition, on the literary level, the understanding of sin and evil in Mauriac’s works, the complex humanity in Dostojevsky’s novels explains its influence on Endo’s works. Finally, through the fate of the characters, explore the road to redemption. The characters in the novel know themselves in >light< and >river<, the soul is purified, and the value and meaning of life are re-finished. Among them, >light< and >river< symbolize the >love< that saves people. However, it is not e-nough to passively accept >love<. Individuals also need to have >the courage to face themselves< in order to obtain real salvation. Shusaku Endo keenly saw that modern people can survive in society better and have to suppress their inner desires in order to meet the standards and expectations of society and cause problems of mental exhaustion and breakdown. Through the shaping of the dual personality image, Endo tries to tell us that the individual must be brave enough to discover the hidden desires of the heart and understand the true self in order to realize the unity and integrity of the spirit, thus achieving the >return of spiritual home< that Jung said. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Yiwei T1 - On Fromm's Inheritance and Development of Marx's Theory of >Differentiated Labor< [论弗洛姆对马克思“异化劳动”理论的继承与发展] JF - Modern Business Trade Industry [现代商贸工业], No. 17 (2019), pp. 132-134. N2 - 马克思通过对自由资本主义时期劳动关系的研究,提出异化劳动这一崭新概念,并通过这一视阈把握人的自我异化与阶级之间以及私有财产的关系。生活在资本主义垄断时期的弗洛姆则在继承马克思理论的基础上,从心理异化、全面异化等视角进行探究。在研究方法和异化理论方面都进行了发展,提出现代资本主义社会中存在的异化在本质是人的自我异化,探寻使社会克服异化走向健全的有效路径,至今仍具有启示意义。 N2 - Through the study of labor relations in the period of liberal capitalism, Marx proposed a new concept of alienated labor, and through this perspective, grasped the relationship between human self-alienation and class and private property. From the inheritance of Marx's theory, Fromm, who lived in the capitalist monopoly period, explored from the perspectives of psychological alienation and total alienation. Both the research methods and the theory of alienation have been developed. It is proposed that the alienation in modern capitalist society is the alienation of human beings, and the effective path to overcome the alienation and perfection of society is still enlightening. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Yuhong T1 - A Tragedy Caused by Loneliness: An Interpretation of >Hedda Gabler< in Light of Fromm’s Psychoanalytical Theories [孤独酿就的悲剧——易卜生《海达•高布乐》的弗洛姆式阐释] JF - Journal of Jingchu University of Technology [荆楚理工学院学报], No. 4 (2019), pp. 14-17. N2 - 易卜生《海达•高布乐》的女主角海达的人生悲剧表面上看是父权制文化以及其高傲倔强、追求诗性生活的性格造成的,但从弗洛姆心理分析维度探测海达令人费解的行为背后深层次的心理动机,可以发现海达的怪异行为源自内心无法排遣的孤独。得不到缓解的孤独产生了一股不可遏制的破坏力,毁灭他人的同时也导致了海达的自我毁灭。海达的人生悲剧体现了易卜生对个人如何对待个体化孤独问题的思考,对为孤独所困的现代人具有重要的启示意义。 N2 - The tragedy of the life of Ibsen's heroine >Hedda Gabler<, Hedda, is ostensibly caused by patriarchal culture and her arrogant and pursuit of poetic life, but from Fromm's psychology By analyzing the deep psychological motivation behind Hedda's puzzling behavior in the analysis dimension, we can find that Hedda's strange behavior originates from loneliness that cannot be dispatched from the heart. The loneliness that cannot be alleviated has an irresistible destructive power, which destroys others and also causes Hedda's self-destruction. Hedda's life tragedy reflects Ibsen's thinking on how individuals treat individualized loneliness. It has important implications for modern people trapped by loneliness. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bierhoff, Burkhard T1 - Marxismus zwischen Tradition und Erneuerung kritischen Denkens JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 207-230. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019o Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019o ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zou, Hong T1 - An Interpretation of Fromm's Sound Social Philosophy [弗洛姆的健全社会哲学思想解读] JF - Northern Literature [北方文学], No. 32 (2019), pp. 162-163. N2 - 弗洛姆通过剖析西方现代人异化的生存状态,批判了资本主义制度下重占有的生存方式。同时,弗洛姆提出构建重生存的健全社会以帮助现代人实现积极自由的生存状态。 N2 - Fromm analyzes the alienated living conditions of modern western people, and criticizes the survival mode of heavy possession under the capitalist system. At the same time, Fromm proposed to build a healthy society that re-exists to help modern people achieve a positive and free existence. [Automatic translation Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dörre, Klaus T1 - Kapitalistische Landnahme. Marx, das Expansionsparadoxon und der Charme einer neuen Rebellion JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 248-272. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019q Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019q ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gallistl, Adrian T1 - Erich Fromms frühe Arbeiten zur Strafjustiz – ihre historische und ihre aktuelle Bedeutung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 013-034. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019b Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019b ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Begrüßung und Einführung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 009-012. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019a Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019a ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen T1 - Begrüßung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 129-132. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019i Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019i ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Klaus T1 - Theoretische und praktische Grundlagen psychoanalytischer Ansätze in der forensischen Psychotherapie – die Sicht der Gesellschaft, der Geschädigten und der Patienten JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 085-096. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019f Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019f ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henkes, Gabriel T1 - Resozialisierung in Wohnen und Arbeit bei Patienten im Maßregelvollzug JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 097-106. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019g Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019g ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Begrüßung und Einführung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 163-170. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019l Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019l ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Review Helmut Wehr: Liebe zum Leben heute. Dimensionen einer humanistischen Pädagogik JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 294-296. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019s Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019s ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leidig, Sabine T1 - Vorwärts...und nicht vergessen! Die Bedeutung von Karl Marx für linke Politik heute JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 171-186. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019m Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019m ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mieth, Dietmar T1 - Dynamische Stabilisierung und resonante Weltbeziehung. Laudatio für den soziologischen Diagnostiker Hartmut Rosa JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 133-142. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019j Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019j ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Review Bernhard Pörksen: Die große Gereiztheit. Wege aus der kollektiven Erregung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 297-299. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019u Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019u ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Review Klaus M. Leisinger: Die Kunst der verantwortungsvollen Führung. Vertrauen schaffendes Management im internationalen Business JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 299-301. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019v Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019v ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Review Stephanie Sauter: Die Förderung von Freiheit als Leitidee pädagogischen Handelns. Ein Beitrag Erich Fromms zur Ethik der Sozialen Arbeit und Theorie emanzipatorischer Jugendarbeit JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 296-297. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019t Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019t ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Jörg T1 - Zum Wechsel im Vorstand der Fromm-Gesellschaft JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 288-289. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019r Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019r ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfäfflin, Friedemann T1 - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Psychotherapie im Straf- und Maßregelvollzug JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 065-084. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019e Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019e ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlaudt, Oliver T1 - Menschwerdung oder Entfremdung? Das Thema der Arbeit beim jungen Marx JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 187-206. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019n Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019n ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosa, Hartmut T1 - Erich Fromm-Lecture 2018: Die Quelle aller Angst und die Nabelschnur zum Leben: Erich Fromms Philosophie aus resonanztheoretischer Sicht JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 144-160. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019k Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019k ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pannen, Ralf T1 - Die Realität des Strafvollzugs aus der Sicht von Berufsanfängern im Vollzugs- und Verwal-tungsdienst JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 23 / 2019, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 053-064. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d23/2019d Y1 - 2019 VL - d23/2019d ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, W. G. A1 - Unterrainer, Christina A1 - Hoege, Thomas T1 - Psychological Research on Organisational Democracy: A Meta-Analysis of Individual, Organisational, and Societal Outcomes JF - Applied Psychology: An International Review, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2019, pp. 1-63. doi: 10.1111/apps.12205 N2 - Our meta-analytic review investigates how employee participation in democratic enterprises is related to psychological outcomes. We gathered 60 studies through a systematic literature search of quantitative field studies (published between January 1970 and May 2017) and extracted 138 effect sizes related to three indicators of organisational democracy (OD) and 15 psychological outcomes. The overall findings suggest that employees’ individually perceived participation in organisational decision making (IPD) had a stronger relation to job satisfaction (ρ = .25), job involvement/work motivation (ρ = .36), prosocial work behaviours (ρ = .24), civic and democratic behaviours (ρ = .21) and perceived supportive climate (ρ = .44) than the other two OD indicators: structurally anchored employee participation (SAEP) and employee participation in collective ownership (EO). This was not the case for valuebased commitment: the relations of SAEP (ρ = .40), EO (ρ = .34), and IPD (ρ = .46) with commitment were nearly equal. Mediation analyses indicated that IPD partially mediated most of the effects of SAEP and EO on the outcomes mentioned. The cross-sectional database and a small number of studies for some of the outcomes are the main limitations of this study. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Qiuting T1 - Study on the Humanization Governance of Alienation of Micro-Communication Technologies [微通讯技术异化的人道化治理研究], Master thesis, Philosophy of Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China 2019. N2 - 当今社会,技术发展迅猛。以微信、微博、TWITTER等为代表的微通讯技术,在为人类带来丰富的信息与便捷的生活的同时,也在逐渐脱离人的掌控,背离技术最初的目的,变成人类发展相对立的异己力量。一方面,社会的发展需要技术的进步,因而绝不能一味地反对微通讯技术的发展,忽视其积极作用。另一方面,也要清醒地认识到其负面作用,正确地认识微通讯技术异化,把握微通讯技术的本质,通过思想上重视人的本质,技术活动中实际强调人的本质的实现,以求达到人、微通讯技术与自然的和谐发展。对微通讯技术异化人道化治理的探索不仅对促进微通讯技术的更好发展有着重要意义,对我们今天面临的普遍的科技异化现象的缓解和解决有着深刻的参考价值,同时也为我国未来的科学技术发展和现代化建设提供参照。首先对文中的重要概念进行界定,阐述本文的理论依据,包括马克思人的本质理论、马尔库塞异化理论与弗洛姆的技术人道化理论,表明技术人道化是逐渐消解技术异化的作用,关注人的本质与创造力的实现,使技术社会回到人类的控制之下。以移动互联技术时代的代表微通讯技术为对象进行研究,其发展现状是拥有庞大的用户群体、提供丰富的功能、影响力深入人们生活的方方面面,成为人的生存方式。从二重论述微通讯技术对人的影响。微通讯技术的正面效应包括使人可在虚拟空间中进行人际交往、可即时获取海量信息、更易进行个性化的展现与表达、对公共事务的参与感与干预力加强。微通讯技术的负面效应包括造成人的严重的碎片化现象、不同程度的微通讯依赖,给人带来隐私危机和安全威胁、虚假不良信息泛滥等。当微通讯技术违背了人的目的,脱离了人的控制,并导致人的价值与自由的失去时,微通讯技术对人产生了异化。分析微通讯技术异化的表现,主要包括思维异化、社交异化、审美异化、消费异化、休闲异化。探究微通讯技术异化的原因,提出微通讯技术异化具有技术性的原因、主体性的原因和社会性的原因。对微通讯技术异化的治理应该从单一的社会治理向人道化治理发展,首先从思想上治理,以人为先,强调技术活动中要时刻体现人的本质以及技术为人的目的。提出微通讯技术异化人道化治理这一主张并阐述其基本思想,以人性引导和规约技术发展,关注人的生命质量,维护人的自由本质。探索微通讯技术异化人道化治理的主要途径,从技术性、主体性、社会性三方面提出具体的措施,以求实现技术的人性化、人文化、人道化发展。将人道化治理思想用于广泛的技术领域,可以推动技术真正成为人的技术,促进人的自由而全面的发展。 N2 - In today’s society, technology is developing rapidly. The micro-communication technology represented by Weixin, Weibo and TWITTER, while bringing abundant information and convenient life to human beings, is gradually divorcing from human control, deviating from the original purpose of technology, and becoming an alien force opposed to human development. On the one hand, social development needs technological progress, so we must not blindly oppose the development of micro-communication technology and ignore its positive role. On the other hand, we should be aware of its negative effects, correctly understand the alienation of micro-communication technology, grasp the essence of micro-communication technology, attach importance to the essence of human beings ideologically, and actually emphasize the realization of human nature in technological activities in order to achieve the harmonious development of human, micro-communication technology and nature. The exploration of the humanized governance of the alienation of micro-communication technology is not only of great significance to promote the better development of micro communication technology, but also of profound reference value to alleviate and solve the widespread phenomenon of the alienation of science and technology which we are facing today, as well as to provide reference for the future development of science and technology and modernization construction in China. Firstly, this paper defines the important concepts and elaborates the theoretical basis of this paper, including Marx’s theory of human nature and Fromm’s theory of technological humanization. It shows that technological humanization is the gradual elimination of the role of technological alienation, awakening people’s own rational consciousness, making people get rid of the blind worship and excessive dependence on technology as soon as possible, restoring people’s subjective initiative and creativity, and making technology. The academic society is under the control of human beings. This paper studies the representative micro-communication technology in the era of mobile interconnection technology. Its development status is that it has a huge user group, provides rich functions and influences in all aspects of people’s lives, and becomes a way of life. This paper discusses the influence of micro-communication technology on human beings from two aspects. The positive effects of micro communication technology include making it possible for people to communicate in virtual space, accessing massive information instantly, showing and expressing individually more easily, and strengthening the sense of participation and intervention in public affairs. The negative effects of micro-communication technology include the serious fragmentation of human beings, the dependence on micro-communication in different degrees, the privacy crisis and security threat to human beings, and the flood of false and bad information. When micro-communication technology violates human’s purpose, breaks away from human’s control, and leads to the loss of human’s value and freedom, micro-communication technology has alienated people. This paper analyses the manifestations of the alienation of micro communication technology, including thinking alienation, social alienation, aesthetic alienation, consumption alienation and leisure alienation. This paper explores the reasons for the alienation of micro-communication technology, and puts forward the technical, subjective and social reasons for the alienation of micro-communication technology. The governance of the alienation of micro-communication technology should develop from a single social governance to a humane governance. Firstly, it should be ideologically governed and people-oriented, emphasizing that the essence of human beings and the purpose of technology for human beings should always be embodied in technological activities. This paper puts forward the idea of alienation and humane governance of micro-communication technology and expounds its basic idea. It guides and regulates technological development with humanity, pays attention to the quality of human life and safeguards the nature of human freedom. This paper explores the main ways of the alienation and humanization of micro-communication technology, and puts forward concrete measures from three aspects of technology, subjectivity and sociality in order to realize the humanization, humanization and humanization of technology. The application of humanized governance thought in a wide range of technical fields can promote technology to become human technology and promote the free and comprehensive development of human beings. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wei, Wen T1 - A Reading of >The Great Gatsby< in Light of Fromm’s Humanistic Ethics [《了不起的盖茨比》的人道主义伦理解读] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Journal of Wuyi University (Social Sciences Edition) [邑大学学报(社会科学版), No. 1 (2019), pp. 42-45, 94.Wen N2 - 俯瞰尘世的医生眼睛是《了不起的盖茨比》的中心意象,它暗含着菲茨杰拉德对美国消费社会时代病症的诊断。以弗洛姆的人道主义伦理理论分析,消费社会的病症体现在三方面:人异化成商品;爱表现为占有和束缚;病态社会造成人的疯狂和堕落。盖茨比的了不起在于他超越了病态的爱欲表达,坚持对梦想的追求。菲茨杰拉德通过塑造盖茨比这个人物,批判美国消费社会下人性荒漠的现实,表达对美好人性的乐观期望。 N2 - In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the imagery of a pair of doctor’s eyes overlooking the dusty world, which implies a diagnosis of the Jazz Age of America. This paper analyzes the characters in the novel according to the three criteria proposed by Erich Fromm of judging the sanity of a society: the independence of the individual, the expression of love by and the creativity of the individual. We find that the text expresses an optimistic expectation of the future society while criticizing the alienation of human beings in the commercial society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sjödin, Christer T1 - Terrorism from a Swedish perspective JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 28 (No. 1, 2019), pp. 025-030. N2 - Terrorism is a worldwide phenomenon, as the >Global terrorism index< reveals. The aim of terrorism is to take command over our feelings and our imagination to compel us to change our ways of life and release a clash between civilizations. In my discussion, I will concentrate on identity, an individual’s feeling of being unique, having a coherent self while at the same time being part of a large group. My intention is to link the concept of identity to affects and thinking and the loss of reality-testing when the group is dominated by schizo-paranoid anxiety. Two lines of thought stand out in my discussion of terrorism – the power of identity and the search for meaning – both of which are affected by globalization, the rise of a network society, and disenchantment with the world. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sha, Tong T1 - An Analysis of the Characters’ Predicament in Self-pursuit under Alienation Theory in >The Lowland< [异化理论视阈下《低地》中人物自我追寻的困境解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Dalian University of Foreign Languages, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2019 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 裘帕•拉希莉于2000年获普利策奖,是当代美国文坛最具潜力的作家之一。她的小说以描绘美国普通移民的生活而著称,贯穿其中的主题尤为引人深思。《低地》是移民故事的典型代表,拉希莉在此对现代人们的生存境况进行了崭新探索。本文以艾里希•弗罗姆的异化理论为理论基础,从社会异化、人际关系异化和自我疏远三方面考察《低地》中的人物在自我追寻时遭遇的困境。在《低地》中,人物的自我追寻首先受到来自社会异化的阻挠。在资本主义的社会背景下,小说中的人物必须像祈祷者崇拜上帝一样向国家和社会规范屈服,被迫将主导权转交他人手中,也因此丧失了自我追寻的能力。除此之外,来自人际关系中的异化同样影响着人物的自我追寻。在不同的人际关系中,他们需要扮演不同角色,而这些角色又往往不能与梦想中的自我吻合。因此在遵从内心意愿和服从社会规约的两难选择中,人物迷失了自我,失去追寻真我的方向。最后,人物在与内心诉求和外在要求的角力中变得无力,导致对自我及外部世界的漠然,无法成就梦想中的自我,自我追寻因而陷入困境,遥遥无期。拉希莉细致描绘出人物在社会异化、人际关系异化和自我疏远的影响下自我追寻所遭遇的困境,充分体现拉希莉对人类的生存窘境及真我建构中的艰难处境的深刻洞悉,对于当下人们的自我建构与道路选择提供重要导引。 N2 - Jhumpa Lahin, the Pulitzer Prize winner in 2000, is one of the promising new talents in contemporary American literary world. She is famous for depicting the life story of ordinary immigrants and perfectly infusing the story with thought-provoking themes. >The Lowland< (2008), a typical story of immigrants, is Lahiri’s newest practice on the situation of modern people’s lives. This thesis, on the basis of Erich Fromm’s explanation of alienation theory, tries to explore the characters’ predicament of self-pursuit as a result of social alienation, the alienation in interpersonal relations and self-estrangement.– In >The Lowland<, the characters’ self-pursuit is first prevented by social alienation. Under the background of capitalist society, man has to be submissive to the state and social norms. In doing so, the characters hands over the dominance of their own lives to others, and thus lose the power to achieve self-pursuit. Moreover, the alienation from interpersonal relations also exerts effects on the characters’ self-pursuit. In different interpersonal relations, the characters have to play different roles, which are often against what they really want to be. So the choice between fulfillment of inner desires and conformity to outer demands often confuses the characters, leading them to a directionless journey of self-pursuit. Last but not least, the characters’ powerlessness in their wrestling with the internal and external forces blocks their way to self-pursuit. Falling into irrational passions, they feel powerless while trying to control their own lives, and finally become indifferent to themselves and the world.– Lahiri meticulously depicts the difficulties that the characters in The Lowland have encountered in their self-pursuit resulted from social alienation, the alienation in inter-personal relations and self-estrangement. It fully shows Lahiri’s deep insight into human existential dilemma as well as their awkward predicament on the journey of fulfilling a real self, which is of great significance for people today to have a reflection on what to be and where to go. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Selke, Stefan T1 - Homo Narrans im Zeitalter von Big Data und KI. Zum Verlust biografischer Imaginationsfähigkeit im Delirium der Rationalität JF - Latenz - Journal für Philosophie und Gesellschaft, Vol. 4: Der künstliche Mensch, Mössingen (Talheimer Verlag) 2010, pp. 15-28. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schumann, Frank T1 - Leiden und Gesellschaft. Psychoanalyse in der Gesellschaftskritik der Frankfurter Schule JF - C. Kirchhoff et al. (Eds.), Psychoanalytische denken. Sozial- und kulturwissenschaftliche Perspektiven, Gießen (Psychosozial-Verlag), 2019, pp. 143-160. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seifert, Kurt T1 - Was fehlt? Transhumanismus als Anti-Utopie JF - Latenz - Journal für Philosophie und Gesellschaft, Vol. 4: Der künstliche Mensch, Mössingen (Talheimer Verlag) 2010, pp. 101-108. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Song, Xiaoying T1 - The Interpretation of the Loneliness in >Eleven Kinds of Loneliness< from the Perspective of Fromm’s Neo-Psychoanalytic Theory [弗洛姆新精神分析视角下《十一种孤独》中孤独主题的解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2019 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 理查德•耶茨(1926-1992)是一位美国小说家。他被誉为>焦虑时代的伟大作家<。同时, 他又是二十世纪中叶美国主流生活的忠实记录者。小说《十一种孤独》是美国作家理查德•耶茨的第一部短篇小说集, 刚一出版便引起巨大反响, 并受到各大媒体的好评, 更被誉为是>纽约的《都柏林人》<。本文以弗洛姆新精神分析为理论依据, 选取了《十一种孤独》中具有典型特征的四个故事, 通过对小说人物的分析并发现人的不同处境、人们之间的相互需要、不同的社会性格等都是产生孤独的原因, 从而为今后对孤独主题的研究提供理论依据和研究思路。弗洛姆的新精神分析理论是由精神分析理论发展而来的, 主要包括人的处境, 人的需要和社会性格等几个方面。其中人的处境主要包括人的软弱性和矛盾性, 人的需要主要包括人的同一性和关联性, 社会性格主要包括不健康的社会性格取向和混合社会性格取向。本文以弗洛姆的新精神分析三个方面为视角结合孤独主题, 通过对小说中孤儿文森特, 士兵瑞斯, 哈利夫妇等人物的心里解读, 找到他们孤独的根源, 并提供一些解决孤独的办法。本文包括六章:第一章简要介绍了作家及其作品, 阐述了文本的国内外研究现状和本文的创新点。第二章简要介绍了理论框架, 新精神分析的产生和弗洛姆新精神分析理论的内容。同时还强调弗洛姆的新精神分析理论不同于以往的精神分析理论, 他更强调普通人的感受, 更重视人和社会的关系研究。第三章从人的处境与孤独的关系出发, 分析了人在生物学意义上的软弱性和人存在的矛盾性, 形象地向读者展示了人的处境虽然不同, 但是由内而外透露出的孤独却又不尽相同, 并给出读者一些解决孤独的意见。第四章讨论了人的需要对孤独的影响。在社会这样的大环境下, 每个人虽然是一个个体, 但是又应该和外界保持着良好的关系, 学会给予别人真正需要的, 也勇敢地追求自己需要的, 并提供给读者一些如何面对孤独的意见。第五章介绍了社会性格和孤独的关系, 同时强调了不健康的性格取向导致的孤独, 呼吁读者养成良好的社会性格。第六章对全文进行了较为深刻的总结概述。论文分析仍有不足, 但希望该论文能为作品相关的研究提供新的思路和方向。 N2 - Richard Yates (1926-1992) is an American novelist. He is known as >the great writer in the age of anxiety<, and at the same time he is a loyal recorder of the mainstream American life in the mid-20th century. The novel >Eleven Kinds of Loneliness< is the first short story collection of American writer Richard Yates. It has gained a great response since its publication, and has been well received by the major media. It is also known as New York’s Dubliners. Based on Fromm’s neo-psychoanalysis, this thesis selects four stories with typical characteristics in >Eleven Kinds of Loneliness<. Through the analysis of the characters in the novel, the writer discovers the different situations of people, the mutual needs of people and different social characters are the causes of loneliness, which provides theoretical basis and research ideas for the future study of the theme of loneliness. Fromm’s neo-psychoanalytic theory is derived from the theory of psychoanalysis, which mainly includes the human situation, human needs and social character. The human situation mainly includes the weakness and contradictoriness of human beings. The human needs mainly include the congruity and relevance of human beings. The social character mainly includes unhealthy social character orientation and mixed social character orientation. This thesis combines the three aspects of Fromm’s neo-psychoanalytic theory with the theme of loneliness. Through the interpretation of the characters of the orphans Vincent, sergent Reece, Harry and other characters in the novel, the writer tries to find the roots of their loneliness and provide some solutions to solve loneliness. This thesis consists of six chapters: The first chapter briefly introduces the writer and his work, expounds the research status of the text and the author at home and abroad, and briefly introduces the innovation point of this thesis.– The second chapter briefly introduces the theoretical framework, the emergence of neo-psychoanalysis and the content of Fromm’s neo-psychoanalytic theory. At the same time, it emphasizes that Fromm’s neo-psychoanalytic theory is different from the previous psychoanalytic theory. It emphasizes the feelings of ordinary people and pays more attention to the relationship between human and society.– The third chapter starts from the relationship between human beings and loneliness. It also analyzes the weakness of human beings in biology and the contradiction between the life and death. The loneliness expressed is the same, although the situation is different. Finally, the reader is given some advice on solving loneliness.– The fourth chapter discusses the impact of human needs on loneliness. In a society like this, everyone is an individual, but we should maintain a good relationship with the outside world, and learn to give others what they really need, and bravely pursue what we need. Finally, I give the reader some advice on how to face loneliness.– The fifth chapter introduces the relationship between social character and loneliness, and emphasizes the loneliness was caused by unhealthy character orientations. Finally, the reader is called upon to develop a good social character.– The sixth chapter gives a more profound summary of the full thesis. There are still some shortcomings in the analysis of the thesis, but I hope that this thesis can provide a new idea and direction for the research of this novel. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Strohmeyer, Arn T1 - Der Kampf um die Wahrheit. Israels Politik gegenüber den Palästinensern aus Sicht der Psychoanalyse (= Beiträge zur Internationalen Politik 14), Herne (Gabriele Schäfer Verlag) 2019, 220 pp. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stickelmann, Bernd T1 - Vermummte Aufklärung. Gedichte JF - Latenz - Journal für Philosophie und Gesellschaft, Vol. 4: Der künstliche Mensch, Mössingen (Talheimer Verlag) 2010, pp. 81-96. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Šumiga, Dražen T1 - Fromm’s understanding of the Buddhist philosophical theory and psychoanalysis: From the phenomenal ego to the authentic being JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 29 (No. 1, 2020), pp. 050-061. N2 - Erich Fromm was one of the first psychoanalytic thinkers who was genuinely interested in Asian philosophies. In the first part of this article, I will show Fromm’s imago of Buddhism as a radical, nontheistic, and ethical philosophy >without God.< I will argue that Fromm made an important difference between the phenomenal ego and being that proves crucial for his understanding of psychoanalysis and his critique of modern society. I will also explore Fromm’s synthesis of Buddhist philosophy and psychoanalysis, and show the similarities and differences between them. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Strohmeyer, Arn T1 - Erich Fromm - Humanität aus den Wurzeln des Judentums JF - A. Strohmeyer: Der Kampf um die Wahrheit. Israels Politik gegenüber den Palästinensern aus Sicht der Psychoanalyse (= Beiträge zur Internationalen Politik 14), Herne (Gabriele Schäfer Verlag) 2019, pp. 46-60. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sui, Lei T1 - Morbid Or Healthy? – Fromm's Theory of Alienation of Humanity, >Love, Again< [病态还是健康? – 弗洛姆人性异化理论解读《又来了,爱情》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2019 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 多丽丝•莱辛是文学史上第十一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的女作家,被誉为继伍尔芙之后最伟大的女性作家。《又来了,爱情》是莱辛的一部晚年力作。小说分别讲述了殖民地时期黑人奴隶的私生子朱莉与贵族子弟以及年迈的现代白种女人萨拉与年轻男子的爱情故事。两位女性博学多才,坚强独立,却因为种族歧视、道德偏见和等级观念等社会问题而被剥夺了爱的权利。莱辛借此抨击了当时社会存在的不公平现象,呼吁以爱为纽带缔结人与人之间真正的平等。弗洛姆的人性异化理论包括权威主义、数量化和抽象化的价值观、以及爱的能动性的缺乏三个方面。匿名权威伪装成普遍常识和公众舆论,使个人服从社会舆论和道德良知,消除了人的创造性,剥夺了人的自由,危害了人的全面发展。资本主义经济色迅速发展,其重要特点就是数量化和抽象化。人们生活的中心就是对金钱、权力、荣誉的无止境的追求,从而丧失了人的意义。现代社会人际关系冷漠无情,相互排挤,缺乏能动性的爱,无论是夫妻之情还是同胞之爱都缺乏真情实意。本文从权威主义对人性的压迫、数量化和抽象化的价值观对人性的扭曲,以及爱的能动性的缺失导致的人性冷漠三个角度出发,对《又来了,爱情》一书中不同历史时期不同人物在异化的社会中所产生的异化现象进行解读。本文通过对《又来了,爱情》中异化现象的分析,旨在探寻导致资本主义社会人性异化的原因,以及男女主人公是如何通过发挥自身潜能减轻甚至消除异化的,警示我们只有发挥理性认识和创造性思维、选择强调存在的生活方式、培养创造性的爱和人道主义良心,才能保持个人人格的健康发展,创建一个和谐稳定的社会。 N2 - Doris Lessing is the eleventh female writer in the history of literature who won the Nobel Prize and is regarded as the greatest female writer after Woolf.>Love, Again< is one of Lessing’s masterpieces when she was old. The novel tells the love stories of Julie, the illegitimate daughter of black slave in colonial times, with the noblemen, as well as Sarah, an elderly modern white woman, with several young men. The two women were knowledgeable and independent, but they were deprived of their right to love because of social problems such as racial discrimination, moral prejudice and hierarchy. Lessing attacked the unfairness in the society at that time and called for love as a link to establish real equality between people. Fromm’s theory of human alienation includes three aspects: authoritarianism, quantitative and abstractive values, and the lack of initiative of love. Anonymous authority disguises itself as general knowledge and public opinion, makes individuals obey social public opinion and moral conscience, eliminates human’s creativity, deprives human’s freedom and endangers human’ s all-round development. With the rapid development of capitalist economy, its important characteristics are quantification and abstraction. The center of people’s life is the endless pursuit of money, power and honor, thus losing the meaning of human beings. In modern society, the interpersonal relationship is cold and indifferent, and lacks intiative of love. No matter the love between husband and wife or the love between compatriots, there is a lack of true feelings and sincerity. From the perspectives of the repression of human nature by authoritarianism, the distortion of human nature by quantification and abstraction, and the indifference of human nature by lacking initiative of love, this paper aims to interpret the alienation phenomenon of different characters in different historical periods in alienated society in >Love, Again<. Through the analysis of alienation phenomena in >Love, Again<, this paper aims at exploring the causes of alienation in capitalist society, and how the heroes and heroines alleviate or even eliminate alienation by exerting their own potentials, warning us that only by exerting rational cognition and creative thinking, choosing a lifestyle that emphasizing existence, fostering creative love and a humanitarian conscience, can we maintain the healthy development of individual personality and create a harmonious and stable society. [Authors translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sun, Jianli A1 - Wang, Ping T1 - On Fromm's Psychological Mechanism of Avoiding Freedom [论弗洛姆逃避自由的心理机制] JF - Journal of Mudanjiang University [牡丹江大学学报], No. 8 (2019), pp. 1-5. N2 - 人类的自由程度几乎成为制约现代文明发展及社会稳定的重要因素。人的个性及人格的独一无二性构成社会发展的潜在威胁,对人类性格结构的分析是我们全面把握自由之定义的首要步骤。因此,弗洛姆关注人的个性结构发展,力图从中寻求解决社会潜在危机的方法。通过对弗洛姆逃避自由的心理机制的详细剖析,在批判西方资本主义社会弊端的基础上,联系现阶段社会发展实际来探求实现个体积极自由的途径,以促进社会的积极健康发展。 N2 - The degree of human freedom has almost become an important factor restricting the development of modern civilization and social stability. The uniqueness of human personality and personality constitutes a potential threat to social development. The analysis of human personality structure is the first step in our comprehensive grasp of the definition of freedom. Therefore, Fromm pays attention to the development of human personality structure and tries to find a way to solve the potential crisis of society. Through a detailed analysis of Fromm's psychological mechanism of escaping freedom, on the basis of criticizing the malpractices of Western capitalist society, and linking with the current social development reality to explore ways to achieve individual positive freedom, to promote the active and healthy development of society. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tan, Silei T1 - Research on Innovative Design of Traditional Folk Art Products from the Perspective of Sustainability [可持续视角下的传统民艺产品创新设计研究], Master thesis, Design Art, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China, 2019 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 中国传统民间技艺产品是民族文化重要的组成内容,传统民间技艺产品的多样性体现了中华民族深厚的文化内涵和底蕴。当下,社会的发展逐渐从工业时代向后工业时代转变,可持续发展理念已经深入人心,并在全球范围内得到了广泛的认同,现代文明由物质文明转向非物质文明。在这样的时代背景下,优秀的传统民间技艺产品在漫长的传承过程中,不仅包含了劳动人民的智慧结晶,而且也为不同地区经济的发展注入了新的发展资本。佛洛姆(Erich Fromm)认为,人们应当抵制重占有的价值观念,发展重可持续生存的价值观念,方能丰富自己的精神家园。其观点与中国传统民间技艺产品造物理念有着异曲同工之处,传统民间技艺产品崇尚自然、天人合一、朴素节俭、重视感情等观念,这些观念有助于人与自然的和谐共生,同时体现了物为我用、以人为中心的传统哲学思想。我们需要从可持续发展的视角出发,对原有的传统民间技艺产品进行再设计,通过将其与现代工艺相结合、材料转换设计、价值内核的营销、品牌建设等方法,重新融入人们的日常生活中,是实现传统民间技艺可持续发展和生态环境可持续发展的有效途径。本文重点探讨了传统民间技艺产品创新设计的方法,以及对其进行可持续发展的有效途径,建设性地分析了现代社会中可持续设计与传统民间技艺产品造物理念的启承关系,对现代消费者由物质主义到后物质主义回归理性的消费方式有着积极的启迪作用。在人与物的关系上,使人在设计中处于主导地位。提出通过对传统民间技艺产品创新设计的体验性以及趣味性、情感性、自然性、科技性原则达到人性的关怀。同时,通过尊重地域性原则、与自然的和谐共处,实现对传统民间技艺的活态传承。在现代消费市场的背景下,通过互联网新媒体的宣传、博物馆活态展示和互动体验、发展文创产业等方法,建立可持续传统民间技艺产品消费行为习惯,提升文化自信,更有益于社会、经济、自然的可持续发展。最后通过介绍杭州>品物流形<(产品设计公司)与传统民间技艺产品创新设计再造实践方案,进一步完善理论与实践体系。从而形成一套完整的可持续视角下的传统民间技艺产品创新设计策略。 N2 - Chinese traditional folk art products are an important component of national culture. The diversity of traditional folk art products reflects the profound cultural connotation and heritage of the Chinese nation. At present, the development of society has gradually changed from the industrial era to the post-industrial era. The concept of sustainable development has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and has been widely applied on a global scale, from material civilization to non-material civilization. In this era, the excellent traditional folk art products not only contain the wisdom of the working people, but also inject new development capital into the economic development of different regions. In addition, it can effectively meet the needs of people’s spiritual world. Erich Fromm believes that people should resist the values of heavy possession and develop the values of sustainable living in order to enrich their spiritual home. Its concept is similar to the traditional Chinese folk art product creation concept. The traditional folk art products advocate the concept of nature, harmony between man and nature, simplicity and frugality, and emphasizing feelings. These concepts help people and nature coexist harmoniously. It embodies the traditional philosophical thoughts that things use for me and are people-centered. Therefore, from the perspective of sustainable development, through the redesign of the original traditional folk art products, it will be reintegrated into people’s daily life by combining it with modern technology, material conversion, value core marketing, brand building and other methods. It is an effective way to achieve the sustainable development of traditional folk art and the sustainable development of the ecological environment. This paper focuses on the innovative design methods of traditional folk art products and the effective ways to carry out sustainable development. It constructively analyzes the relationship between sustainable design and traditional folk art products in modern society. From materialism to post-materialism, the return to rational consumption has a positive enlightenment. In the relationship between people and things, people are in a dominant position in design. It is proposed to achieve care for humanity through the experience of the innovative design of traditional folk art products and the principles of fun, affection, nature and science and technology. At the same time, by respecting the principle of regionality, harmonious coexistence with nature, and achieving lively inheritance, in the context of the modern consumer market, through the promotion of new media on the Internet, live display of museums and interactive experiences, development of cultural and creative industries, etc. Sustainable consumption of traditional folk art products, creating a high degree of cultural self-confidence, is more conducive to the sustainable development of society, economy and nature. Finally, through the introduction of Hangzhou >product logistics< (product design company) traditional folk art product innovation design re-engineering practice project, further enrich the theory and practice system. Thus, a complete set of innovative design strategies for traditional folk art products under a sustainable perspective is formed. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tang, Yongbo T1 - The Research on Fromm’s View of Freedom [弗洛姆自由观研究], Master thesis, Ideological and Political Education, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China 2019. N2 - 自古以来,自由一直是人们追求的目标和探索的话题,人对自由的追求和向往是推动社会发展和进步的动力。弗洛姆从现实出发,在批判地继承前人思想的基础上,通过对现代人追求自由又逃避自由的生存境遇的论述,揭示了逃避自由的心理机制并试图找到解决人类两难境遇的办法。弗洛姆自由思想既离不开他的独特经历,也与时代背景有关。前者主要指压抑困惑的童年,后者包括两次世界大战及美苏争霸、资本主义经济危机与复苏、纳粹主义和法西斯主义的影响等。从理论渊源来说,弗洛伊德的精神分析理论、马克思主义异化理论及人的自由全面发展理论、犹太文化的传统等都对弗洛姆自由观的产生有较大影响。弗洛姆的自由观从历史和心理两方面分析了处于实践活动中的个人,从追求自由走向逃避自由的过程。从历史角度看,自由与人类社会并存并不断发展。从心理角度看,随着政治和经济的发展,现代人在心理上日趋孤独和无助,在追求自由的同时陷入到逃避自由的困境中,并出现了施虐倾向与受虐倾向、破坏欲和机械趋同三种逃避自由的心理机制。要想从根本上解决人逃避自由的窘境,把人们从异化中解放出来,需要通过爱和创造性的劳动抛弃消极自由并达到积极自由的存在状态,通过实行社会主义公有制、建立全民参与的民主制度和人道主义文化价值观,对经济、政治和文化教育进行改革,建立健全的社会最终达到人的自由而全面的发展。弗洛姆的自由观在一定程度上拓宽了自由的视域,加深了对自由的理解,但夸大了人的心理作用,具有一定的唯心主义倾向。因为忽视了社会生产关系的影响,注定了其改革方案的不彻底。即便如此,弗洛姆的自由观提供了分析和解决社会问题的新视角,对于构建社会主义核心价值观与和谐社会具有重要的启示意义。 N2 - Freedom is the theme that people have been trying to pursue in old times. People’s desire for pursuing and dreaming of the freedom becomes the power to push forward the society to advance and progress. Fromm starts from reality and reveals the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom and tries to find a solution to the dilemma of human beings, which is on the basis of critically inheriting the thoughts of predecessors and through the discussion of modern people’s living situation of pursuing freedom and escaping freedom. Fromm’s view of freedom is not only inseparable from his unique experience, but also related to the background of the times. The former mainly refers to depressing confused childhood. The latter includes the two world wars, US-Soviet struggle for world hegemony, the capitalist economic crisis and recovery, the influence of Nazism and fascism and other major events. From the theoretical origins, Fromm’s view of freedom is greatly influenced by Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, Marxist alienation theory, Marxist theory of free and all-round development of human beings and the tradition of Jewish culture. Fromm’s view of freedom analyzes the process of individuals in practical activities from pursuing freedom to escaping freedom from both historical and psychological perspectives. From a historical point of view, freedom coexists and develops with human society. From the psychological point of view, with the development of politics and economy, modern people are becoming more and more lonely and helpless in psychology. While pursuing freedom, they are trapped in the predicament of escaping freedom. There are three psychological mechanisms of escaping freedom: tendency to abuse and tendency to be abused, destructive desire and mechanical convergence. In order to solve the dilemma of people escaping freedom and liberate people from alienation fundamentally, we need to abandon passive freedom through love and creative labor and achieve the existence of positive freedom. By carrying out socialist public ownership, establishing a democratic system with universal participation and humanistic cultural values, we need to reform economic, political and cultural education, so as to establish a sane society and ultimately achieve the free and comprehensive development of human beings. Fromm’s view of freedom inherits the practical spirit of Marxist view of freedom to a certain extent and broadens the understanding of freedom from the perspective of psychology. However, it exaggerates people’s psychological function and has a certain idealistic tendency. Because the influence of social production relations is neglected, the reform plan is doomed to be unsuccessful. Even so, Fromm’s view of freedom provides a new perspective to analyze and solve social problems. It also has important enlightenment significance for the construction of socialist core values and harmonious society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tang, Li T1 - >Lonely Hunter<: The Loneliness of the characters in White’s >A Glass of Tea< [>孤独的猎手<:怀特《一杯茶》中人物的孤独] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Yangtze River Series [长江丛刊], No. 14 (2019), pp. 8-9. N2 - 怀特的著名短篇小说集《烧伤的人》记叙了一系列异化的现代人,其中《一杯茶》借用一位中年希腊男子马里亚卡斯的视角,通过倾听耄耋老人菲里庇底斯爱情故事,揭露以三位主人公为代表的现代人的孤独症候。本文借助弗洛姆的孤独理论,消解三位主人公的孤独成因,并升华小说的现实意义。 N2 - White's famous short story collection >The Burned Ones< describes a series of alienated modern people, in which >A Glass of Tea< borrows the perspective of a middle-aged Greek man Malliakas, by listening to the old man Philippides’ love story reveals the autism of modern people represented by three protagonists. This article relies on Fromm's theory of loneliness to dispel the loneliness of the three protagonists and to sublimate the practical significance of the novel. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Széll, György T1 - Homo sapiens demens JF - Latenz - Journal für Philosophie und Gesellschaft, Vol. 4: Der künstliche Mensch, Mössingen (Talheimer Verlag) 2010, pp. 117-138. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tropico, James Robert T1 - Erich Fromm, https://independent.academia.edu/JamesRobertTropico Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tao, Shuang T1 - The True Meaning of Love from >The Art of Loving< [从《爱的艺术》领悟爱的真谛] JF - New West [新西部], No. 3 (2019), pp. 104-105. N2 - 本文解读了美籍徳裔社会心理学家弗洛姆的《爱的艺术》。文章从弗洛姆的>爱情<理论、爱的对象及步骤和爱的实践要求等方面,指出爱情不再是只局限于指向男女之间的性别之爱,而是应该领悟爱的真正含义,进而引起大家的深刻思考。 N2 - This article interprets the >Art of Lovinglove< theory of Fromm, the object and steps of love, and the practical requirements of love, the article points out that love is no longer limited to the gender love between men and women, but should understand the true meaning of love. Inspired by everyone's deep thinking […]. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vaslamatzis, Grigoris T1 - Memories, or attempts to dream undreamt traumas? >Souvenirs dormants< (Sleeping memories) by Patrick Modiano, under the gaze of Thomas Ogden JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 29 (No. 1, 2020), pp. 022-026. N2 - In >Sleeping memories< (2017), French writer Patrick Modiano confronts the past and his memories in a different way compared with his previous novels, as he keeps trying to revisit and reprocess them. In this book he adds a new method, the dreaming revision of memories, especially traumatic ones, turning to the work of Marquis d’Hervey de Saint-Denys, >Les rêves et les moyens de les diriger: Observations pratiques.< I would suggest that in this way he dreams undreamt traumas, thereby transforming them. In doing so, Modiano meets Thomas Ogden’s art of psychoanalysis. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Umrath, Barbara T1 - Geschlecht, Familie, Sexualität. Die Entwicklung der Kritischen Theorie aus der Perspektive sozialwissenschaftlicher Geschlechterforschung, Frankfurt und New York (Campus), 2019, 410 pp. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vajda, Mihály A1 - Smitmans-Vajda, Barbara T1 - Erinnerungen an Ágnes Heller JF - Latenz - Journal für Philosophie und Gesellschaft, Vol. 4: Der künstliche Mensch, Mössingen (Talheimer Verlag) 2010, pp. 141-168. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Qian T1 - Women’s Escape in Life – Interpretation of >Dear Life< from the Perspective of Fromm's View of Freedom [女性在生活中的逃离 – 弗洛姆自由观视域下的《亲爱的生活》解读], Master thesis, English Languange and Literature, Henan Normal University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2019 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 爱丽丝•门罗是加拿大女性作家,2013年诺贝尔文学奖得主。她终身致力于短篇小说创作,享有>我们的契科夫<的盛誉,是当代短篇小说大师。门罗最新的一部短篇小说集《亲爱的生活》于2012年出版,由十四篇故事组成,揭示了门罗关于成长,婚姻,爱情,疾病和死亡的永恒主题;这部小说一经发表就引起了广大评论界的关注;同时,它也是门罗力荐给读者的最后也是最好的一部作品。国内外许多学者以及文学评论家从多个不同角度评析爱丽丝•门罗的小说《亲爱的生活》。然而,大多数研究关注主题、文化、叙事艺术,女性主义、存在主义,比较文学及心理学等方面。门罗对女性生活日常的心理刻画细致入微,她笔下的女性人物在追寻着自由的同时又在逃避着自由;生活于她们而言是一场自由进行曲,这使得她们挣扎于个体自我、家庭和社会期望之间的矛盾需求。而弗洛姆的自由说中所蕴含的一些独特阐释又恰恰为这一研究提供了理论支持。本文借埃里希•弗洛姆的自由论试析《亲爱的生活》中五个故事里的女性。全文分为三个部分,引言、正文和结论;其中,正文本分由四个章节组成。引言介绍了爱丽丝•门罗和小说《亲爱的生活》,埃里希•弗洛姆的自由论,以及国内外对门罗的《亲爱的生活》的研究和评论,进而点明本文的研究意义:以弗洛姆的自由观中所涉及的>纽带<、>逃避<、>自发<为理论出发点,分析门罗的小说,揭示女性生活的实质。第一章是本文的理论基础。详细阐述了弗洛姆自由论的三个重要概念,>纽带<>逃避<与>自发<。在现代社会,个体为获得自由摆脱了曾赋予其生命以意义和安全的所有>纽带<,却又陷入了无能为力及孤立的状态。为了摆脱这种不安全的状态,个体开始竭力>逃避<自由,却被束缚在新纽带关系之中。但以牺牲个体自我为代价的新纽带并不能恢复他失掉的安全感。因此,这种>逃避<又给人套上了新的枷锁。而>自发<以不压抑自我、不割裂理性与本性为前提,能够帮助个体获得真实自我并依照其自由意志进行活动,使其重新找回安全感,实现真正意义上的自由。第二章从>纽带<的双重含义来具体分析女性在生活中所面临的困境。女性在不同的人生阶段扮演着多重角色,相应的也承受着多重的困境;而>纽带<,作为女性与家庭和社会联系的节点,在给予女性安全感的同时,也限制了她们对自由和自我实现的追寻;因此,女性徘徊于自我需求,家庭责任和社会期待的矛盾边缘,而她们的追寻也被现实生活中的日常琐碎日渐湮没,并逐渐在家庭与社会生活中变得无力与孤独。因此,>纽带<又成为了她们追求自由与自我实现的一种束缚与枷锁。第三章以>逃避<的深层次概念来关注女性在生活中的心理历程。自由所带来的孤独与无力感迫使女性个体在逃离束缚后开始寻求新的>纽带<关系。以感性占据统治地位的女性以爱之名屈从于外在男性权威,致使她们在生活中为了寻求丢失的安全感而牺牲掉一部分的自我。而内在权威又假借责任和良心之名无形地制约着女性,迫使她们在生活中放弃自我需求,回归理性。无论是感性占据抑或是理性占据,都是一种割裂自我,压抑自我的>逃避<,因此,新的>纽带<是暂时的,脆弱的。第四章从>自发<的概念进一步阐释了女性在生活中屡屡失败的根本原因及出路。女性>逃避<到新的>纽带<关系中注定是失败的,生活中的意外与悲剧便是最好的见证;女性对权威的依附其实是对安全感和权利的依附,而这种以牺牲部分或全部自我为代价的>逃避<是不牢固的,一旦时机成熟便会再次唤醒女性对内在自我的追寻;因此,自发性的缺失是导致失败的根本原因;唯有在实现自我的完整性的基础上,女性才能在寻求自由与幸福的同时与他人建立起平等独立的关系。基于以上的讨论和分析,结论部分指出门罗所塑造的女性人物在不同的人生阶段面临着不同的生存困境,表面上看似幸福的生活背后隐藏的是无尽的孤独与无力感。面对社会与家庭的双重压力,女性游走于社会或家庭需求与自我需求的矛盾边缘,不论是被动的屈服或主动地尝试,在现实生活中,她们仍然会与意外与悲剧不期而遇。尽管,这种生存困境对于女性而言是一种普遍存在的现象,但她们对自由和幸福的追寻是永无止境的。而且,她们终将通过自发性的活动找到生活的意义。 N2 - Alice Munro, a Canadian female writer, was the winner of Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. She devotes all her life to the creation of short stories, known as >our Chekov<, and she is considered as a master of contemporary short stories. Munro’s latest collection of short stories >Dear Life< was published in 2012, which consists of 14 stories that reveal Munro’s eternal themes of growth, marriage, love, disease and death. It has attracted the attention of a wide range of critics once it was published; at the same time, it is also the last and the best work that Munro recommends to readers. Many scholars and critics at home and abroad have analyzed Alice Munro’s novel >Dear Life< from various perspectives. However, most studies focus on themes, culture, narrative arts, feminism, existentialism, comparative literature and psychology and etc. Munro’s psychological portrayal of women’s daily life is meticulous, and female characters in her novel are escaping from freedom while pursuing freedom; and life for them is the march of freedom, which makes them struggle with the contradictory demands among their individual selves, family and social expectations. And some of the unique interpretations contained in Fromm’s theory of freedom provide theoretical support for this research. This thesis tries to analyze the female characters of five stories in >Dear Life< from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom. It is divided into three parts, including introduction, body and conclusion, of which the body part is composed of four chapters. The first part introduces Alice Munro and >Dear Life<, Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom, as well as researches and comments on Munro’s Dear Life at home and abroad, and then points out the research significance of this thesis. And the paper takes the >bond<, >escape< and >spontaneity< involved in Fromm’s view of freedom as the theoretical starting points to analyze Munro’s novel and reveal the essence of women’s life. Chapter one is the theoretical basis of this thesis, which expounds three main concepts of Fromm’s theory of freedom in detail, such as >bond<, >escape< and >spontaneity<. The individual in modern society gets rid of all the >bonds< that once gave meaning and security to life and gains freedom but again falls into the state of powerlessness and isolation. In order to get rid of this state of insecurity, the individual strives to >escape< from freedom but is driven into a new bond. But this bond, at the expense of sacrificing the individual self, would not restore his lost security. Therefore, this >escape< from freedom makes the individual trap into a new bondage. However, based on the premise of without suppressing oneself or splitting reason and nature, >spontaneity< can help the individual obtain the real self and behave by his free will, which makes him regain security and realize the true sense of freedom. Chapter two illustrates women’s dilemmas in life from the dual meaning of >bond<. Women play multiple roles at different stages of life, and correspondingly suffer from multiple dilemmas. However, >bond<, as a node connecting women with family and society, not only gives them a sense of security but also limits their pursuit of freedom and self-realization. Therefore, women linger on the brink of contradiction among their individual demands and family responsibilities and social expectations, and their pursuit seems to be annihilated by daily trivialities in actual life, and gradually become powerless and isolated in family and social life. Thus, the >bond< again becomes a kind of bondage and yoke which gets in the way of their pursuit of freedom and self-realization. Chapter three focuses on the deep concept of >escape< to pay attention to women’s psychological process in life. The state of isolation and powerlessness brought about by freedom forces women to begin to seek the new >bond< relationship after escaping from bondage. Women dominated by sensibilities succumb to external male authority in the name of love, which make them sacrifice parts of their individual selves in life to find the lost sense of security. But the internal authority again restricts women intangibly in the name of responsibility and conscience, forcing them to give up their individual demands and come to their senses in life. Whether woman’s emotional occupation or rational occupation, it is a kind of >escape< that separates oneself and suppresses oneself, therefore, the new >bond< is temporary and fragile. Chapter four further explains the fundamental cause and the way out of women’s successive failures in life through the concept of >spontaneity<. It is doomed to fail for woman to >escape< to the new >bond< relationship, and the accident and tragedy in life are good evidences. And their attachment to authority is actually a dependency on the power and security, and the >escape< at the expense of sacrificing parts or all of the self is fragile. Once the time is ripe, they will be awakened again to pursue their inner selves. Therefore, the absence of spontaneity is the fundamental cause of failure. Only on the premise of the realization of self-integrity, can women build the equal and independent >bonds< with others while seeking freedom and happiness. Based on the above discussion and analysis, the conclusion part points out that the female characters created by Munro are confronted with different predicaments at different stages of life, and endless isolation and powerlessness hide behind the seeming happiness in life. Being confronted with the double pressure from society and family, women struggle on the edge of the contradiction between social or family demands and individual self’s demand. No matter the passive submission or the active attempt, woman still meet with accidents and tragedies unexpectedly in actual life. Although these plights of survival are the universal phenomena for women, their pursuit of freedom and happiness is endless. And they will eventually find the meaning of life through spontaneous activities. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Jingyan T1 - A Study of Alienation in >Olive Kitteridge< [《奥莉芙•基特里奇》的异化研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2019 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 伊丽莎白•斯特劳特是当代美国文坛著名的一位女作家,她的一生创作了多部小说。2008年,斯特劳特发表了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》,该小说入围了2008年美国国家书评人协会奖,后来成为《纽约时报》的畅销书,也使得她一举拿下2009年的普利策奖和意大利Premio Bancarella奖。之后,这本小说被HBO改编成了电视剧,获得了第67届艾美奖13项提名。《奥莉芙•基特里奇》无疑是一本十分成功的小说。但国内外对该小说的研究并不多,且大多数研究都侧重于女性主义,荒诞主义,心理分析等视角。斯特劳特精于描写平凡小镇的平凡人物,但在平凡人物关系中,却或多或少的存在着冷漠、疏离与孤独。因此,本论文运用弗洛姆的异化思想,从四个方面解读《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中的异化现象。本论文分为三个部分,分别是:引言、主体、结语三个部分。引言部分概述了伊丽莎白•斯特劳特的生平和她的所有作品,综述了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》在国内外的研究。其次,本论文研究了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中异化现象的原因,同时介绍了弗洛姆的生平以及异化思想。主体分为四章。第一章解读了小说中情感的异化,这种异化主要表现在两个方面。异化的情感首先表现为偶像崇拜式的爱,在恋爱关系中,一方把另一方当作>偶像<一样崇拜,以至于在爱的人身上丢失了自己;其次表现为夫妻各自的婚外情,这种婚外情主要是由于婚后沟通能力的丧失,夫妻间对婚内生活的不满以及受到性欲望的诱惑造成的。第二章侧重分析了父母与孩子关系的异化,这在小说中表现在三个方面。首先体现在上一代父母亲的自杀给孩子的内心造成了严重创伤,导致孩子长大后精神失常或者性格有缺陷而想要自杀。其次,这种异化还表现在父母对孩子的异化权威。父母过度控制地孩子的生活,导致孩子人格的不完整以及心理疾病的出现。最后,父母与孩子关系的异化还导致了孩子的父母亲情结。孩子在的成长过程中,难以摆脱父母形象,既想要赶紧脱离父母的力量,又想找一个和父母形象、性格等相似的人相伴终身。此外,父亲情结还会导致孩子的过度自我压抑和顺从;具有母亲情结的人则会过分依附于他者,无法获得健全生活。第三章介绍了小镇人的异化,这种异化主要是由机械式生活,与他者疏远以及自我身份的不确定导致的。单调的生活使得小镇人变得麻木,冷漠,如同机器一般。小镇人对他者漠不关心,有的甚至疏远他人,过起了与世隔绝的生活,俨然变成了隐士。第四章主要指出了通往健全生活的方式。健全的生活需要创造性的爱,爱是个体存在的最基本需求,也是通往健全生活的必要条件。另外,人需要定位坐标来界定自我身份。满足个体定位坐标需要客观地看待世界;同时也需要感性地与世界相连。此外,人需要与他者关联,摆脱内心的孤独与压抑。结语部分概括了《奥莉芙•基特里奇》中的异化表现,指出了小说文本与异化理论结合的意义。通过对小说中异化的研究,读者能从全新的视角理解本小说。此外,小说中的异化也是现实世界异化的缩影,折射出人与人之间普遍存在的异化现象,而对通往健全之路的分析则有利于改善人与人之间的异化。 N2 - Elizabeth Strout is one of the most famous contemporary woman writers in America, and she has written many novels in her life. In 2008, Strout published >Olive Kitteridge<, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the Premio Bancarella Award. In addition, it was also a finalist for the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award and later became a New York Times bestseller. Later, >Olive Kitteridge< was adapted into TV series by HBO and won 13 nominations for the 67th Emmy Award. >Olive Kitteridge< is undoubtedly a very successful novel. However, there are not many studies and researches on this novel both at home and abroad. Most of the existing studies and researches focus on perspectives of feminism, absurdism and psychoanalysis. Strout is specialized in depicting ordinary people with more or less indifference, alienation and loneliness in ordinary towns. Therefore, this thesis uses Fromm’s alienation theory to interpret the phenomenon of alienation from four aspects in >Olive Kitteridge<. The thesis is divided into three parts: introduction, the main body and conclusion. The introduction part outlines the life of Elizabeth Strout and all her works, and summarizes the researches on >Olive Kitteridge< at home and abroad. Then the introduction part shows the significance of the analysis of alienation in >Olive Kitteridge<. Finally, it gives a brief introduction to Erich Fromm and alienation theory. The body part consists of four chapters.– The first chapter interprets the alienated love, which firstly can be shown by idolatrous love. In idolatrous love, one worships the loved one as an ‘idol’ and becomes part of the one he loves, so that he loses himself in love and becomes an idolatrous worshipper. In the second place, the alienated love in the novel can be illustrated through extramarital affairs, which are mainly caused by the inability of communication after marriage, the dissatisfaction within marriage life and the temptation of sexual desire.– The second chapter lays stress on the alienation in parent-child relations, which can be reflected in the novel in three aspects. Firstly, the suicide of the previous generation has caused severe trauma to children. When these children grow up, they become mentally disturbed or have character defects, or they even want to commit suicide. Meanwhile, the alienated relations can also be shown through the overwhelming authority over children in the novel. The excessive parental control over children’s life lead to their incomplete personality and mental illness. Furthermore, the alienation between parents and children also leads to matriarchal and patriarchal complex. During the process of growth, it is difficult for some children to get rid of the mother and father figures. As a result, they not only want to break away from the power of their parents, but also want to marry a person who is similar to their parents’ image and personality. What’s more, patriarchal complex will lead to children’s excessive self-repression and submission, while children with matriarchal complex are too attached to others to live a sane life.– The third chapter deals with the alienation in townspeople, which is caused by mechanical life, estrangement from others and the uncertainty of self-identity. The monotonous life leads to the numbness and aloofness of townspeople who just repeat their daily life like a machine. In addition, people in this small town are indifferent to others. What’s more, some of them even estrange themselves from others. As a result, they live in isolation and become somewhat hermits.– The fourth chapter focuses on the ways to sane life. One is the productive love, which is the most fundamental necessity for individual and essential requirement for the way to sane life. What’s more, man needs a frame of orientation to define his identity. To satisfy the need of a frame of orientation, one should see the world objectively and get in touch with the world with passion. What’s more, to live a sane life, man needs to relate to others to get rid of his loneliness and depression.– Conclusion part summarizes the alienation phenomenon in >Olive Kitteridge< and points out the significance of the study. Through the study of the alienation, the novel can be understood from a new perspective. In addition, the alienation in the novel is also the epitome of the alienation in the real world, reflecting the alienation phenomenon which exists among people universally. And the analysis of the ways to sane life is conducive to getting rid of the alienation among people. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Min T1 - The Dual Dimensions of Freedom – Thoughts on the View of Freedom in >Escape from Freedom< [自由的双重维度——对《逃避自由》中自由观的思考] JF - Legal System and Society [法制与社会], No. 21 (2019), pp. 228-229. N2 - 自由作为人类向往的精神境界,一直是社会研究的重要主题。弗洛姆在《逃避自由》中,从心理学角度出发,对自由做出了自己的阐述。积极自由和消极自由作为自由两种不同的表现形式,表达了在追寻个人自由时的不同侧重点。与此同时,弗洛姆所倡导的积极自由与马克思眼中的全面自由发展又存在区分唯心主义与唯物主义标准的区别。本文就是在阅读《逃避自由》之后,就自由这一主题进行探讨。 N2 - As the spiritual realm of humanity, freedom has always been an important subject of social research. Fromm's >Escape from Freedom<, from the perspective of psychology, he made his own interpretation of freedom. Positive freedom and negative freedom, as two different expressions of freedom, express different focuses in the pursuit of individual liberty. At the same time, the positive freedom advocated by Fromm and the comprehensive free development in the eyes of Marx have the distinction between idealism and materialism. This article is to explore the theme of freedom after reading >Escape from Freedom<. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2019 ER -