TY - JOUR A1 - Hristeva, Galina A1 - Bennett, Philip W. T1 - Wilhelm Reich in Soviet Russia: Psychoanalysis, Marxism, and the Stalinist reaction JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 1, 2018), pp. 054-069. N2 - In 1929, Wilhelm Reich lectured on >Psychoanalysis as a natural science< before the Communist Academy in Moscow; he was the only Freudian-trained Central European psychoanalyst to do so. That same year, his article >Dialectical materialism and psychoanalysis< was published in the Academy's journal, Under the Banner of Marxism, in both Moscow and Berlin. By this time, Reich's involvement with political activism aligned with the Austrian Communist Party was increasing, while simultaneously psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union was in decline. Our paper places these events in their proper historical context and includes a discussion of the various attempts to determine the compatibility of psychoanalysis and Marxism. We offer analyses of both the article, >Dialectical materialism and psychoanalysis,< and the lecture, >Psychoanalysis as a natural science,< and the reactions to both by Reich's Russian critics. We show the ways in which responses to his lecture foreshadow what becomes the standard Soviet assessment of psychoanalysis. As an appendix to this paper, we provide the first English translation of the Russian account of his lecture, as published in the Herald of the Communist Academy. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Guo, Aiqing T1 - >The Sane Society< as an Inspiration for Building a Socialist Harmonious Society [>健全的社会<对构建社会主义和谐社会的启示] JF - Newspapers and Magazines [报刊荟萃], No. 2 (2018), p. 3. N2 - 健全的社会》是弗洛姆从自身经历的角度对资本主义的社会进行了深入的探讨,提出现代资本主义的社会呈现异化现状,还通过分析资本主义各个阶段特点及其社会性格,深刻的阐述的了异化问题。在书的最后他从经济、政治、文化这三方面展示了他对健全社会的构想。这本书对于我们正确看待资本主义的社会有重要作用,同时为我国建设和谐社会提供了理论指导。 N2 - >The Sane Society< is a deep discussion of the capitalist society from the perspective of his own experience, and proposes the status quo of the modernization of modern capitalism, and also analyzes the characteristics of various stages of capitalism and The social character has profoundly expounded the problem of alienation. At the end of the book, he showed his vision of a sound society from the three aspects of economy, politics and culture. This book plays an important role in the correct view of capitalist society and provides theoretical guidance for building a harmonious society in China. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hamburger, Andreas T1 - After Babel: Teaching psychoanalysis on a former battlefield – experiences in an international research network JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 2, 2018), pp. 104-113. N2 - This article describes a psychoanalyst's personal experience in an international and interdisciplinary social trauma research network. Crises and conflicts are understood as an integral feature of such a collaboration. Using the self-reflective capacity of the psychoanalyst may help to turn them into a new perspective. Crossing disciplinary borders, reconnecting to the field of academic research, might prove to be a rather rewarding step. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Han, Shumei A1 - Liu, Tongfang T1 - Baudrillard's Perspective on Consumption Alienation Criticism and Its Theoretical Limitations [鲍德里亚消费异化批判的视角及其理论局限] JF - Social Science Research [社会科学研究], No. 5 (2018), pp. 135-140. N2 - 与马尔库塞和阿格尔等人分别基于人道视角、生态视角批判自由消费的异化本质不同,鲍德里亚以物(商品)的功能的零度化为理论切入口,通过对消费内涵的重新定义,以及对符号拜物教的理论指认,提出必须引入符号学才能彻底揭露现代资本主义社会的消费异化本质及其统治策略的隐蔽机制,由此建构了基于符号视角的独特批判向度。但鲍德里亚将其理论语境和关注视野仅仅锁定在符号消费和文化意识层面,过度夸大了消费对社会发展的深层作用以及符号逻辑批判的积极效应,遮蔽了资本这一现代性问题域的轴心地位和根本意义,从而导致其批判理论只是停留在分析异化现实的直接性和表象性层面上,阻断了深入社会现实本质的可能,并最终陷入符号决定论的虚无主义理论局限。 N2 - Unlike Marcuse and Agel, who criticize the alienation nature of free consumption based on humane perspective and ecological perspective, Baudrillard takes the zero degree of the function of goods (commodities) as the theory. The redefinition of the connotation of consumption and the theoretical identification of symbolic fetishism suggest that semiotics must be introduced to completely expose the hidden mechanism of consumption alienation in modern capitalist society and its dominant strategy, thus constructing a unique critical dimension based on symbolic perspective. However, Baudrillard only locks its theoretical context and attention to the level of symbolic consumption and cultural awareness, over-exaggerating the deep role of consumption in social development and the positive effects of symbolic logic criticism, shielding the modern problem domain of capital. The status and fundamental meaning of the axis, which led to its critical theory only stayed at the direct and apparent level of analyzing the alienation reality, blocked the possibility of deepening the essence of social reality, and finally fell into the nihilistic theoretical limitation of symbolic determinism. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Handler Spitz, Ellen T1 - Psychoanalysis and the academy: Reflections on undergraduate teaching JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 2, 2018), pp. 082-089. N2 - This article addresses both the rewards and the daunting complexities of teaching psychoanalysis to undergraduates in the USA, where the idea of a university as a site for the cultivation of the life of the mind is under siege. The essay recommends a close critical reading of key Freudian texts, the establishment of a classroom atmosphere of trust, genuine respect for expectable student skepticism, and the capacity to wait as dystonic ideas gradually take hold and reveal their worth. Speed, a ubiquitous feature and a questionable desideratum of twenty-first century US culture, as well as facile cleverness, a desideratum within academia, tell against the psychoanalytic process, which is long, slow, halting, laborious, and painful, but a process that can, at best, open what has heretofore been sealed. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen T1 - Faszination durch Technik und Technikkritik im 20. Jahrhundert JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 013-026. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018b Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018b ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Das Leben selbst ist eine Kunst. Einführung in Leben und Werk von Erich Fromm, Freiburg im Breisgau (Herder) 2018, 269 pp. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Erich Fromm: Die Furcht vor der Freiheit JF - H. E. Lück et al. (Eds.), Klassiker der Psychologie. Die bedeutenden Werke: Entstehung, Inhalt und Wirkung, 2. erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage, Stuttgart (Verlag W. Kohlhammer), 2018, pp. 295-302. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Das mediale Ich. Zur psychischen Neukonstruktion des Menschen JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 067-087. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018f Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018f ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Begrüßung und Einführung in die Tagung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 122-126. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018k Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018k ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Schmid, Daniela T1 - Die Bedeutung der Liebe im Werk von Erich Fromm. Daniela Schmid im Interview mit Dr. Rainer Funk T2 - Zoom – nah dran! Themenheft „Von der Liebe lernen!“, Überlingen, Heft 1/2018, S. 9-11. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gao, Di T1 - An Analysis of the Philosophy of Life in >One Hundred Years of Solitude< 浅析《百年孤独》中的人生哲学思想 [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Popular Literature [大众文艺], No. 14 (2018), pp. 44-45. N2 - 《百年孤独》这部世界经典著作的作者是加布里尔·加西亚·马尔克斯,这部跨域中西异质文化的著作孤独和爱情作为一个线索,贯穿于全文的字里行间,贯穿于加布里尔·加西亚·马尔克斯写作的全过程,他用最朴素、直白的文字,表现出了人们心灵深处最深刻、最本质的>孤独<与追求。正如弗洛姆在《逃避自由》中阐述,对孤独的逃避往往使人陷入另外一个不自由的阶段。人是社会的产物,但是并不被社会所束缚。孤独是自由的必经阶段,真正的自由是对孤独的超越和扬弃。 N2 - Gabriel García Márquez, is the author of the world classic book >Cien años de soledad<. This book, which straddles the heterogeneous cultures of East and West, has loneliness and love as a clue, which runs through the words and lines of the whole text and the whole process of Gabriel Garcia Marquez's writing. As Fromm explains in >Escape from Freedom< the escape from loneliness often leads people to another stage of unfreedom. Man is a product of society, but he is not tied down by it. Solitude is a necessary stage of freedom, and true freedom is the transcendence and renunciation of solitude. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Garber, Marjorie T1 - Identity theft JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 2, 2018), pp. 076-081. N2 - Psychoanalysis has almost disappeared from the curricula of most American universities, which I illustrate by the case of the department of psychology at my own university, Harvard. Courses on psychoanalysis are very rare there and it is mostly seen as a part of history of psychology and not as a set of ideas that can be useful nowadays. Personality models developed by Freud or Melanie Klein, as well as many more contemporary psychoanalysts, are, however, still very relevant for the humanities. This is particularly the case for Shakespeare studies and I am trying to show that despite the fact that psychoanalysis can enrich this field, less and less students show interest in it or are willing to admit that they themselves may have unconscious reactions. I focus on the usefullness of the concept of projective identification and propose the thesis that is another name for the activities of theater, and indeed for theater itself. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gast, Lilli T1 - Freud’s Utopia revisited: The International Psychoanalytic University Berlin JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 1, 2018), pp. 035-039. N2 - The International Psychoanalytic University was founded in 2009. This article provides an outline of its core tasks, study programs, research activities, and infrastructure. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen T1 - >Die Wahrheit wird Euch freimachen<. Erich Fromm in der Tradition der Religionskritik von Feuerbach bis Freud JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 127-138. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018l Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018l ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hermann, Bernhard A1 - Hardeck, Jürgen T1 - Begruessung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 098-102. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018h Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018h ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hietalahti, Jarno T1 - The Necrophilic Laughter: Humor as a Social Pathology JF - Fromm Forum (English Edition – ISSN 1437-1189), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 038-049. N2 - In this article, I claim that humor can be a form of social pathology. In opposition to the general humor-affirmative atmosphere, I develop the critical tradition of humor research, and suggest that there is a darker side to fun and laughter. Using insights from Henri Bergson’s theory about laughter and Erich Fromm’s critical social thinking, I formulate a novel theoretical combination which opens up fruitful perspectives on contemporary humor and its social nature. This empirically motivated conceptual position helps us to understand the role and function of humor and laughter. My conclusion is that parts of the contemporary humor catalogue reflect collective destructive and even death-orientated tendencies. The main argument is that if humor is not in line with humanistic values and is not based on a life-orientated worldview, it is in danger of becoming pathological. T3 - Fromm Forum (English edition / englische Ausgabe) - e22/2018c Y1 - 2018 VL - e22/2018c ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Vorwort des Herausgebers JF - E. Fromm, Ihr werdet sein wie Gott. Psychoanalyse und Religion, München (Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, dtv 34934) 2018, pp. 7-14. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Erklär mir einer die Liebe… Martin Cyris interviewt Rainer Funk T2 - Franziskusbote. Zeitschrift der Stiftung St. Franzismus Heiligenbronn, Schramberg No. 2, 2018, pp. 6-10. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Slowo od wydawey niemieckiego T2 - E. Fromm, Milosc, plec i matriarchat, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 005-011. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Zwischen Destruktivität und Liebe. Erich Fromms Erkenntnisse zu zwei widerstreitenden Fähigkeiten des Menschen JF - Der Blaue Reiter,. Journal für Philosophie, Hannover (Der Verlag der blaube Reiter), No. 42 (2018), pp. 19-23. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Funk, Rainer T1 - Das mediale Ich. Zur psychischen Neukonstruktion des Menschen JF - Blickpunkt EFL-Beratung, No. 41 - Oktober 2018, pp. 11-23. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Funk, Rainer A1 - Hess, Sebastian T1 - Haben oder Sein. Sebastian Hess im Interview mit Rainer Funk T2 - Happinez. Das Mindstyle Magazine, No. 7 (2018), pp. 81-88. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gong, Qun A1 - Li, Xiaodong T1 - Two Views of Negative Freedom 两种消极自由观 JF - Journal of Soochow University (Philosophy & Social Science Edition) 苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版), No. 1 (2018), pp. 1-6, 191. N2 - 在20世纪,伯林和弗洛姆都提出了自己的消极自由观。伯林的消极自由指的是不受干涉、不受侵犯的个人领域;而弗洛姆的消极自由指的是现代人摆脱传统的社会关系的束缚而获得的独立自由,但人在获得这种消极自由的同时,带来的却是孤独感和不安全感。在伯林看来,成为自己主人的积极自由的变性将导致消极自由领域的消失,而弗洛姆则认为,正是人们力图逃避自由,才导致了法西斯主义或极权主义的兴起。如何克服弗洛姆所说的消极自由所带来的孤独感与不安全感,如何捍卫伯林所说的消极自由的领域,是现当代社会给我们的难题。重建小型共同体可能是我们的出路之一。 N2 - In the twentieth century, both Berlin and Fromm developed their own concepts of negative liberty. Berlin's negative freedom refers to the personal sphere of freedom from interference and infringement, while Fromm's negative freedom refers to the modern man's independence from the traditional social relations, but the acquisition of this negative freedom brings people a sense of loneliness and insecurity at the same time. In Berlin's view, the degeneration of positive freedom to become one's own master will lead to the disappearance of the field of negative freedom, while Fromm believes that it is people's attempt to escape from freedom that leads to the rise of fascism or totalitarianism. How to overcome the loneliness and insecurity of what Fromm calls negative freedom, and how to defend the realm of what Berlin calls negative freedom, is the challenge of our contemporary society. The rebuilding of small communities may be one way out. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graetz Simmonds, Janette T1 - Contemplating spiritual experience: Winnicott's potential space, Tibetan bardo, and liminality JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 4, 2018), pp. 266-273. N2 - In this paper, ways of contemplating and accommodating the unfamiliar, especially the >other< of spiritual experience, are considered. Some concepts from psychoanalysis, such as Winnicott's >potential space< and his notion of >holding,< are helpful in comprehending spiritual experiences that can easily be misunderstood, or >flattened out< to use Bion's phrase. Interesting and rather remarkable confluences in these concepts from psychoanalysis and from Tibetan Buddhism (bardo) and cultural anthropology (liminality) are considered in their functions of both enabling and comprehending these extraordinary and often life-enhancing experiences. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kang, Bingbing T1 - Analysis of Fromm's Theory of Consumption Alienation and Its Enlightenment to Contemporary China [浅析弗洛姆消费异化理论及其对当代中国的启示] JF - The Fortune Times [智富时代], No. 10 (2018), p. 42. N2 - 弗洛姆对消费异化现象进行了深刻的揭示,阐明了消费异化的本质。其消费异化理论对当代中国的发展仍有许多的借鉴意义,一方面,异化消费导致人的超前消费和过度消费,从而加速自然资源、能源的开发使用,这不仅影响着当代人的生活,也严重损害了后代人的利益;另一方面,消费的异化使得人更加重视物质享乐,从而忽视了精神文明建设,不利于人的全面发展,更不利于社会的持续繁荣。因此,研究弗洛姆的消费异化理论对促进我国经济的可持续发展、生态文明建设以及和谐社会的建构有着重要的理论意义与实践价值。 N2 - Fromm reveals the phenomenon of consumption alienation and clarifies the essence of consumption alienation. The theory of consumption alienation still has many references for the development of contemporary China. On the one hand, alienation consumption leads to people's advanced consumption and excessive consumption, thus accelerating the development and use of natural resources and energy, which not only affects the lives of contemporary people, but also Seriously harming the interests of future generations; on the other hand, the alienation of consumption makes people pay more attention to material enjoyment, thus neglecting the construction of spiritual civilization, which is not conducive to the all-round development of people, and is not conducive to the continued prosperity of society. Therefore, the study of Fromm's theory of consumption alienation has important theoretical and practical value for promoting the sustainable development of China's economy, the construction of ecological civilization and the construction of a harmonious society. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kavaler-Adler, Susan T1 - The beginning of heartache in character disorders: On the way to relatedness and intimacy through primal affects and symbolization JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 4, 2018), pp. 207-218. N2 - This paper studies the interaction of the clinical theories of two major British theorists, Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott. Through three clinical examples, we see how the >Klein-Winnicott dialectic< operates in a significantly developmental fashion to advance and fulfill clinical work. Winnicott’s >object survival< is looked at in developmental conjunction with Klein’s >mourning< as a primary clinical and developmental process. This interaction also captures the essence of working with the aggression of a self that has been traumatically disrupted within its early development. This paper demonstrates how such work leads to the assimilation and grieving of primal object loss, evolving into a >developmental mourning process.< This developmental mourning includes the working-through of an >abandonment depression< in the character-disordered patient. A clinical example in a 1989 essay on >psychic pain< by Betty Joseph is used to set up the clinical challenge of going beyond the symptomatic clinging behavior of developmental arrest, into full psychic birth as a separate other, an Other who can relate to an Other. Conclusively, the subjective visceral affect noted and monitored in its clinical dimensions here is that of human >heartache,< which can also include regret. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Keir, Jonathan T1 - From Global Ethic to World Ethos? Building on Hans Küng's Legacy of Basic Trust in Life, Aichtal (Larl Schlecht Stiftung), 2018, 244 pp. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keir, Jonathan T1 - Project Fairness: Erich Fromm and the World Ethos Project JF - J. Keir, From Global Ethic to World Ethos? Building on Hans Küng's Legacy of Basic Trust in Life, Aichtal (Larl Schlecht Stiftung), 2018, pp. 72-77. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leisinger, Klaus M. T1 - The Art oft Leading. The Significance of Personality and Character in the Choice of Business Leaders JF - Fromm Forum (English Edition – ISSN 1437-1189), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 075-108. T3 - Fromm Forum (English edition / englische Ausgabe) - e22/2018e Y1 - 2018 VL - e22/2018e ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lazar, Ross A. T1 - Like a phoenix from the ashes – or >sack cloth and ashesZero Hour<; the form of organization of psychoanalytic institutes in Germany; missing patients and missing candidates; constructive debate and hurting people’s feelings; the lack of >detoxification< and >recycling< of the poisonous remains of psychoanalytic processes; and the future of psychoanalytic institutions in Germany. I end with an example of a typical primary task used in conducting large groups in the institutes in which I worked, and include an anonymized table listing individual interventions, their duration, and frequency. These should provide an idea of my way of working, and an overview of the dimensions of the task. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Yanling T1 - Fromms Enlightenment [弗洛姆的启迪] JF - China Reading News [中华读书报] 2018-10-24. N2 - 上世纪80年代末,我上大学时,校园里正流行弗洛姆。曾在一位同学的手中见过《爱的艺术》,却没有去读的兴致和冲动。对于那时的我来说,>爱情<是个神圣、美好的字眼儿,满脑子都是青梅竹马、一见钟情、英雄救美之类的浪漫遐想,哪儿还需要什么哲学和指南?$$工作不久,我 N2 - In the late 1980s, when I was in college, Fromm was popular on campus. I once saw >The Art of Loving< in the hands of a classmate, but did not read the interest and impulsiveness. For me at that time, >love< is a sacred, beautiful word, full of thoughts, such as childhood, love at first sight, heroes and beauty, and what philosophy and guide are needed? […] [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Yunping T1 - A Psychoanalytical Approach to >Loneliness< – Comparison of >The Tunnel< and >The Heart is a Lonely Hunter< [基于精神分析理论研究>孤独< – 隧道》与《心是孤独的猎手》的比较], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 不管是在心理学还是文学领域,学界对于>孤独<的研究经久不衰。由于人类与生具来的内在矛盾,>孤独<作为一种心理负能量,一直存在在人类精神中,但常常被控制在精神健康的平衡系统中,不被发觉。外在的因素如社会的动荡和历史的剧变会加剧>独孤<,使之成为一种精神危机。作为文学主题,作者在描写>孤独<时通常表现出双重重心:既批判并反思社会现实对人类精神的迫害,又用人文主义关怀和诗意的文学手法来表达>孤独<情感。第二次世界大战前后的20世纪40年代处在动荡飘摇之中,两部以孤独为主题的作品问世:阿根廷作家萨瓦托的《隧道》和美国作家麦卡勒斯的《心是孤独的猎手》。笔者分析这两部作品发现,两部小说的主人公对于孤独的感受有着相似的起因,相似的症状,和相似的徒劳的挣扎和悲惨的结局。这两部作品的可比性在于:首先,虽然二战前后的精神动乱和存在主义的心理危机是导致主人公感到孤独的共同原因,但文学作为特定社会与个人精神世界的结合,必定烙下那个特定历史社会的印记,也体现着作家的文学风格和审美倾向;其次,分析比较两部作品中主人公的孤独的原因,孤独的症状,和孤独的挣扎,能够从精神分析的层面更加全面地理解孤独和对抗孤独。在弗洛姆精神分析的理论框架下,本文将分三个步骤对两部作品进行对比研究:孤独的原因,孤独的症状,和孤独的徒劳挣扎。通过这三点的对比,本文试图对孤独作为一种>心理危机<有更加系统的理解和应对;通过对孤独原因的分析,本文希望把握20世纪40年代全球发生的现实和心理剧变,以及阿根廷和美国各自暴露的社会问题;通过对比两部作品对>孤独<症状的文学表现,分析两位作者的文学风格和审美倾向。 N2 - Loneliness, a psychological disease, an everlasting literature theme, cannot be studied enough. Being a psychological disease, normally kept under control within the balance of mental health, loneliness has its origin in the inherent conflicts since the beginning of human, dramatically complicated and aggravated by some outburst of historical and social event. Being a literature theme never out-of-date in literary history, loneliness has its dichotomous focuses: one end in the criticizing and reflection on riotous age and society, the other end in the poetic and aesthetic depiction of the lonely sentiment with humanistic care. After Two Industrial Revolutions and around the time of the Second World War, the turmoil of 1940 s has seen the birth of two great novels on loneliness: >The Tunnel< and >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter<. It is not a coincidence that, around this time of change, two novels from different countries should be published centered on the same theme: the whole world has undergone huge historical changes and metaphysical upheavals, which make people feel suppressed, displaced, and desperate. Apart from common reasons, literature, as a product drawn from specific society, bears the marks of typical nationality. The two novels are comparable in that, they both depict >loneliness< as a psychological disease under the influences of global changes and local changes; they both give an aesthetic depiction of >loneliness< with metaphors, symbols, expressionism, escapism and grotesques; they both present futile struggles of their characters’ to get rid of loneliness. Under the framework of Fromm’s Psychoanalytic Theory, this thesis will make a comparison between the two in three steps: the causes of loneliness, the symptoms of loneliness, and the futile struggle against loneliness. In this comparison, this thesis aims, firstly, to get a systematic understanding of >loneliness< as a psychological disease; secondly, to know better about social and metaphysical trends of both countries; lastly, to get better understanding of both novels in their literary expression. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Loh, Jan van T1 - Ich-Orientierung und Entgrenzung: Rainer Funk JF - Loh, J. van, Digitale Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Reihe Komplexe Krisen und Störungen, Stuttgart (Klett Cotty) 2018, pp. 117-123. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lothane, Henri Zvi T1 - Sigmund Freuds widerständiges Erbe—Bernd Nitzschke zum 70. Geburtstag [Freud’s oppositional heirs—Bernd Nitzschke on his 70th birthday]. Psychoanalyse. Texte zur Sozialforschung 19 (2/2015) JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 1, 2018), pp. 070-072. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Begrüßung und Einführung JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 009-012. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018a Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018a ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Technische Selbstoptimierung und Transhumanismus: Utopie oder Dystopie? JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 053-065. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018e Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018e ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Review Markus Pausch: Demokratie als Revolte JF - Fromm Forum (Deutsche Ausgabe – ISSN 1437-0956), 22 / 2018, Tuebingen (Selbstverlag), pp. 234-235. T3 - Fromm Forum (German edition / deutsche Ausgabe) - d22/2018q Y1 - 2018 VL - d22/2018q ER - TY - GEN A1 - Johach, Helmut T1 - Leben zwischen Haben und Sein. Interview Johanna Monitzers mit Helmut Johach T2 - Kitzbüheler Anzeiger, 7. Juni 2018. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Chenglong A1 - Li, Xiaodong T1 - On Western Marxism Outlook of Religion [论西方马克思主义的宗教观] JF - Journal of Huaihua University [怀化学院学报], No. 7 (2018), pp. 74-77. N2 - 为了反拨第二国际思想家及斯大林时期哲学教科书体系对马克思主义做出的科学化、实证化、机械化的解读,西方马克思主义强调马克思主义的哲学性质,着力于文化批判。与>正统<马克思主义思想家对宗教做还原式的理解即强调经济基础对宗教的决定性作用不同,西方马克思主义更多地对宗教的相对独立性给予关注即从文化层面考察宗教的属性、特征和功能。 N2 - In order to counter the scientific empirical mechanized interpretation of Marxism made by the Second International Thinkers and Stalin’s philosophy textbook system, Western Marxism emphasizes the philosophical nature of Marxism and focuses on cultural criticism. Unlike the Orthodox Marxist thinkers’ reductive understanding of religion, which emphasizes the decisive role of the economic base on religion, Western Marxism pays more attention to the relative independence of religion, examines the attributes characteristics and functions of religion from the cultural level. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Mengya T1 - An Analysis of the Alienation in Martin Walser's Novel >The Wedding of Philipsburg< [浅析马丁•瓦尔泽长篇小说《菲利普斯堡的婚事》中的异化问题], Master thesis, German Language and Literature, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 马丁•瓦尔泽的小说常以社会批判为主题,长篇小说《菲利普斯堡的婚事》中的人与自身以及他人之间的异化关系则是体现之一。本文结合埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论对该小说中的异化现象、异化后果以及原因进行分析。在长篇小说《菲利普斯堡的婚事》中,瓦尔泽向我们主要展现了第二次世界大战后的经济奇迹时期,菲利普斯堡这个城市里上流社会的生活。这样的生活表面上看起来光鲜亮丽,实则虚伪龌蹉。几乎人人都为了个人利益而不放过任何获利的机会。人的交换价值被高度重视。参加晚会、一般的社交,乃至婚姻,其功能在很大程度上也在于交换。人们渴望同价值更高的人打交道,以便通过接触找到获利的机会。人与自身及他人的关系皆由利己主义原则为主导。由此建立起来的人与人之间的交往关系便已异化,自然也会产生一个冷漠、异化的病态社会。 N2 - Martin Walser's novels often use social critique as the theme. The alienation between the person and himself and others in the novel >The Wedding of Philipsburg< is one of the manifestations. This paper combines Erich Fromm's theory of alienation to analyze the alienation phenomenon, the consequences of alienation and the causes. In the novel >The Wedding of Philipsburg< Walser shows us mainly the economic miracle after the Second World War, the life of the upper class in the city of Philipsburg. This kind of life looks glamorous on the surface, but it is hypocritical. Almost everyone has not let go of any profit opportunities for personal gain. The exchange value of people is highly valued. Participation in evening parties, general social interactions, and even marriages is largely a function of exchange. People are eager to deal with people of higher value in order to find opportunities for profit through contact. The relationship between man and himself and others is dominated by the principle of self-interest. The relationship between people thus established has been alienated, and naturally a pathetic society of indifference and alienation will also emerge. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Mo T1 - Reflections on the Development of Contemporary Media from the Perspective of Fromm [弗洛姆视角下对当代传媒发展的反思] JF - Youth Journalist [青年记者], No. 24 (2018), pp. 26-27. N2 - 如今>光棍节<成了很多年轻人必过的节日,在这一天,各大购物平台会推出促销活动,很多人在这种宣传噱头吸引下会过度购入东西,传媒技术的发展为何会激发人们过度的物质欲望和需要? 2017年底,鹿晗在新浪微博上宣告自己的恋情后,很多粉丝陷入极端痛苦中,个别粉丝甚至通过自杀行为宣泄自己的情绪,传媒技术的发展为什么会使人们对一个虚幻的对象产生这么强烈的情绪?当下,在地铁和公交上随处 N2 - Nowadays, >Single Day< has become a must-have festival for many young people. On this day, major shopping platforms will launch promotional activities. Many people will over-purchase things under the attraction of this publicity gimmick. Why does the development of media technology provoke people's excessive material desires and needs? At the end of 2017, after Lu Han announced his love on Sina Weibo, many fans fell into extreme pain, and some fans even vent their emotions through suicidal behavior. Why does the development of media technology cause people to have such a strong sentiment towards an illusory object? Nowadays, everywhere on subways and buses […]. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Qiurong A1 - Li, Xinxin T1 - Emotional Code Interpretation of >Nine Lives< under the Horizon of >Four Elements of Love< [>爱四要素说<视阈下《九条命》的情感密码解读] [application of Fromm's thories to art] JF - Young Writer 青年文学家, No. 5 (2018), pp. 130-131, 133 N2 - 2016年9月国内上映的《九条命》是由知名导演巴里•索南菲尔德(Barry Sonnenfeld)执导的一部奇幻喜剧电影,剧中跌宕起伏的故事情节赢得了较好的口碑和票房。弗洛姆的>爱四要素说<,即关心、尊重、责任、了解,这四个方面相互交织、相互关联,这一哲学理论的核心思想在这部电影中体现得淋漓尽致,本文即从这四要素入手,对该电影中的情感密码进行较为详细的解读。 N2 - In September 2016 [9], the domestic release of >Nine Lives< was a fantastic comedy film directed by well-known director Barry Sonnenfeld The story of ups and downs in the drama won a good reputation. Fromm's >four elements of love<, that is, concern, respect, responsibility, understanding, these four aspects are intertwined, interrelated, the core idea of this philosophical theory embodied in this movie most vividly, this article from this Four elements to start, the movie's emotional password for a more detailed interpretation. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Qiuyue T1 - An Analysis of Freud's Cultural Philosophy [弗洛伊德文化哲学思想探析], Master thesis, Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2018. N2 - 本文对弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想的理论缘起和基本内容进行了系统挖掘、梳理和分析,在此基础上,对其影响、意义和限度进行了分析、阐释和评析。本文认为,弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想缘起于达尔文的进化论思想、费尔巴哈的人本主义哲学、莱布尼茨的单子论及赫尔巴特的意识阈理论。其文化哲学思想主要包含两个方面,一是弗洛伊德对人的生存方式的探讨,包括对人的生产消费方式的生本能、死本能理论的阐述,对人的交往方式的人格结构、图腾与禁忌、伦理与道德的分析,对人的思维方式意识结构、宗教及艺术的论证;二是弗洛伊德对人的病态与文化治疗的阐述,包括对文明及其本质的探讨、对人的病态及文化治疗的论述。弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想对西方哲学产生了重要的影响,其中不仅对现代西方哲学的荣格、阿得勒产生了影响,而且对西方马克思主义的弗洛姆、马尔库赛、拉康等人产生了影响。其意义在于拓展了哲学的理论领域,为文化哲学提供了重要的理论资源,为解决当代文化的现实问题提供理论参考。然而,必须看到,弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想夸大了性对人格发展的作用,放大了本能对社会文明的主导作用。 N2 - This paper systematically excavates, combs and analyzes the theoretical origin and basic content of Freud’s cultural philosophy. On the basis of this, it analyzes, interprets and evaluates the influence, significance and limits of Freud’s cultural philosophy. This article argues that Freud’s cultural philosophy originated from Darwin’s theory of evolution, Feuerbach’s humanistic philosophy, Leibniz’s list theory, and Herbart’s consciousness threshold theory. His cultural philosophy mainly includes two aspects. One is Freud discusses the way of human survival, including the formulation of the human instincts and death instinct theory of man’s production and consumption patterns, and the analysis of person’s communication methods of personality structure, Totems and Taboos, ethics and morality, and the argumentation of human thinking patterns, religion and art; the other is Freud explains human morbidity and cultural therapy, including the exploration of civilization and its essence, and the discussion of human morbidity and culture therapy. Freud’s cultural philosophy has an important influence on Western philosophy, not only on Carl Jung and Adler of modern Western philosophy, but also on Fromm, Marxism, and Lacan of Western Marxism. The significance of Freud’s cultural philosophy lies in expanding the theoretical field of philosophy, providing an important theoretical resource for cultural philosophy, and providing theoretical references for solving the practical proble ms of contemporary culture. However, it must be noted that Freud’s cultural philosophy has exaggerated the role of sex in personality development and amplified the leading role of instinct on social civilization. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Xiong T1 - Love in Teacher Education Life – Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cognition, Emotion and Practice [师教育生活中的爱——认知、情感与实践的三维分析]. JF - Teacher [教师], No. 30 (2018), pp. 5-7. N2 - 爱在人们生活中无处不在,在教育中也总是被不断重申和强化,它看不见又摸不着,它看似形而上却充斥在大家的生活世界中。爱常常被理解为一种本能、一种情绪或是一种即时的力量,因其神秘而导致人们产生不可捉摸的幻觉和陷入无能为力的困惑。爱既不是本能,也不仅仅是一种情绪或神秘的力量。弗洛姆认为,爱乃是包罗认知、情感和实践于一体,且需要通过不断训练达到人格整体展现的能力。文章借鉴弗洛姆爱的艺术理论,从认知、情感和实践三个维度层次去分析何为教师教育教学生活中的爱以及教师教育教学生活中教师形成爱的人格的必要性,从而为树立理想教师范型提供参考。 N2 - Love is everywhere in people's lives. It is always re-recognized and strengthened in education. It can't be seen or touched. It seems to be metaphysically filled in everyone's life world. Love is often understood as an instinct, an emotion, or an immediate force. Because of its mystery, it leads to unpredictable hallucinations and confusion. Love is neither an instinct nor a force of emotion or mystery. Fromm believes that love is a combination of cognition, emotion and practice, and it requires continuous training to achieve the overall ability of personality. The article draws on the art theory of Fromm's love, analyzes the three dimensions of cognition, emotion and practice, and analyzes the necessity of teacher's education and teaching life and the necessity of teachers forming love personality in teacher education and teaching life. The ideal teacher paradigm provides a reference. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yang T1 - Women on the Way Towards Freedom – Female Images in Doris Lessing’s Collection >A Man and Two Women< [自由之路上的女性—多丽丝•莱辛《一个男人和两个女人》中的女性形象研究], Master thesis, Foreign Language and Literature, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 多丽丝•莱辛作为一名极富责任感的作家, 非常关注女性生存状态和她们的命运。她的作品中女性形象众多, 本文旨在关注莱辛在她的短篇小说集《一个男人和两个女人》中的五位典型女性形象。尽管身处不同的处境, 她们都有个共通之处, 即不停止对个人身份以及自由的追寻。>十九号房<中的苏珊为了实现她对自由的渴求最终不得已自杀。>弃心记<中的>我<在目睹了车站上遇见的另一个>我<而后放弃了对男性的情感依赖, 伴随着自我意识的觉醒, >我<最终获得了幸福和自由的情感体验。>老妇与猫<中的贝蒂在当局的压迫下不得不过上四处漂流居无定所的生活却也不失自由随性。>屋顶丽人<中的裸体女主人公则勇敢的与父权主导的社会相对抗, 对来自代表父权制思想的三位男子的骚扰视而不见。她的反抗沉默而有力。>吾友茱蒂丝<中的茱蒂丝是一位彻底的自由女性, 她有着自己的思想和主见。不同于传统女性的生活方式, 她尊重自己的想法按照自己内心的意愿生活, 是莱辛笔下自由女性的代表。通过关注这些女性的生存状态和心路历程, 我们可以看到她们在以各自不同的方式演绎着对自由的追求, 她们这种对自由幸福的追求势必会鼓舞众多女性更加独立自由的活着, 为现代社会女性提供一定程度的借鉴。本文旨在通过分析莱辛短篇小说《一个男人和两个女人》中这五位典型女性对自由追求的不同路径结合弗洛姆对积极自由和消极自由的思考探索现代社会中女性获得自由、实现自我独立人格和人生价值的出路。在弗洛姆看来, 消极自由的实现是对摆脱外界束缚和对外力的依赖而获得的情感体验, 这种自由会让人们更容易陷入孤立。与之相对应的积极自由则是建立在消极自由基础上的一种更高层次的自由, 可以促使人们通过自发性的活动来发挥自我潜能。女性可以通过勇敢的爱别人, 从事有意义的工作并主动融入社会来健全自我的人格、全面发展自己从而获得积极自由。她们对积极自由的追求有益于构建起对自我及社会的认知、发展更健全的人格从而实现与社会与他人的和谐。 N2 - Lessing as a responsible novelist concerns for female living conditions and their fate a lot. There are various types of female images in her works. This thesis aims to analyze five typical female images in her anthology >A Man and Two Women<. Though living in different situations, a common feature of these female images is their struggling for individuality and freedom. Susan in >To Room Nineteen< pursues freedom so hard that she ends her life in the end. >I< in >How I Finally Lost My Heart< abandons my habit of relying on males spiritually, finally obtaining sense of happiness and freedom along with my awakening self-consciousness. Betty in >The Old Woman and the Cat< lives an unsettled life under the pressure of the authority but with her independent and free character. The heroine in >The Woman on a Roof< rebels mutedly but powerfully against the challenge from a male-dominated discourse which is represented by three men of different ages. Judith in >Our Friend Judith< is independent and free from head to toe. Having her own ideas, she does not live a life like many other traditional women do. She follows her heart and lives a free life by virtue of her view of life. She is a representative of free women. Through observing these women’s living condition and their psychological state, we can clearly see their process of seeking individuality in various ways. Their pursuit of individuality and freedom could enlighten and inspire modern women in the world to live freer and happier. This thesis aims to explore ways for women to gain freedom, perfect their independent personalities and achieve life value based on Erich Fromm’s ideology of negative and positive freedom by studying female images seeking freedom constantly in a male-dominated society in Lessing’s collection >A Man and Two Women<. The acquirement of negative freedom is through getting rid of outer bondages, but it could make people feel lonelier. Positive freedom is based on the acquirement of negative freedom, which promotes people to develop their potentials through spontaneous activities. Positive freedom is the center of achieving true freedom. Modern women could develop their personalities and further gain positive freedom by loving others, performing creative work and integrating into the society. The pursuit of positive freedom can help women construct their life value and live with others together in harmony. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Zhen T1 - An Analysis of the Relationship between Love and Loneliness in Paolo Giordano's Works [浅析保罗•乔尔达诺作品中爱与孤独的关系], Master thesis, European Language and Literature, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 保罗•乔尔达诺作为意大利80后青年作家,他的处女作《质数的孤独》一经出版便轰动了意大利乃至整个欧洲的文学界。他是一个年轻的作家,所以写作手法也别具一格,重于描绘人物的精神世界,在作品中通过自己对生命的感悟来揭示无数人隐藏在内心深处的痛苦,使得读者与之产生共鸣。从第一部作品开始,>爱与孤独<这个永恒的文学主题就贯穿在他的文字之中,也正因这些精细的描写,使得保罗•乔尔达诺备受关注。在面对孤独和爱的同时,保罗•乔尔达诺作品中的人物做出了不同反应和诠释,这些执着的描写深刻表现了当代人生存的普遍心理困境和情感焦虑。然而,结合80、90后的生存现状,将其作品中的>孤独<与>爱<共同作为主题的研究,目前在国内尚为空白。本论文以保罗•乔尔达诺的三部小说《质数的孤独》、《黑与银》、《人体》为主要研究对象,从4个章节循序渐进地探索了青年作家笔下,现代社会中的年轻人在成长过程遇到的孤独问题,以及>孤独<与>爱<之间的关系。成长过程中的孤独体验与情感缺席成为孤独感的精神来源,孤独所存在的形式不尽相同,这是本论文第一章的主要内容,主要通过对保罗•乔尔达诺处女作《质数的孤独》男女主人公的成长经历的梳理,结合心理学的基本概念,分析处在初始阶段孤独的形态。第二章从解决孤独的欲望出发,寻找自我突破带来的结果和影响。第三章及第四章开始从爱入手,结合弗洛姆的作品《爱的艺术》,深入剖析了保罗•乔尔达诺三部作品中各种爱的故事,解读爱存在的起源,形式,意义,影响,通过作者的主观意识和时代变化,总结出爱与孤独两者之间存在的天然转换和共生的关系。 N2 - Paolo Giordano, as a young writer of the post-80s in Italy, published his debut >The Solitude of the Prime Numbers< and published a literary world in Italy and even in Europe. He is a young writer, so his writing technique is unique. He focuses on the spiritual world of the characters. Through his own understanding of life, he reveals the pain of countless people hiding deep inside, which makes the readers resonate with them. From the first work, the eternal literary theme of >love and loneliness< runs through his words, and it is precisely because of these elaborate descriptions that Paul Giordano has received much attention. In the face of loneliness and love, the characters in Paul Giordano's works have made different reactions and interpretations. These persistent descriptions profoundly express the universal psychological dilemma and emotional anxiety of contemporary people's existence. However, combined with the status quo after the 80s and 90s, the study of the theme of >loneness< and >love< in his works is still a blank in China. This thesis is based on Paul Giordano's three novels, >The Solitude of the Prime Numbers<, >Black and Silver<, and >The Human Body<.– From four chapters, I explored young writers in a young and progressive way. The problem of loneliness that people encounter as they grow up, and the relationship between >oneness< and >love<. The loneliness experience and emotional absenteeism in the process of growing up become the spiritual source of loneliness. The form of loneliness is different. This is the main content of the first chapter of this thesis, mainly through the loneliness of Paul Jordano. The combing of the growth experience of the hero and heroine, combined with the basic concepts of psychology, analyzes the form of loneliness in the initial stage.– The second chapter starts from the desire to solve loneliness and seeks the results and effects of self-breakthrough.– The third chapter and the fourth chapter begin with love, combined with Fromm's work >The Art of Loving<, deeply analyzes the stories of various loves in Paul Jordano's three works, and interprets the origin and form of love existence meaning, influence, through the subjective consciousness of the author and the changes of the times, summed up the natural transformation and symbiotic relationship between love and loneliness. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Zhenglin T1 - From >Having< to >Being<: The Shift of Children's Existence Mode in School Education [从>占有<走向>存在<:学校教育中儿童生存方式的转向] JF - Theory and Practice of Education 教育理论与实践, No. 4 (2018), pp. 8-12. N2 - 当前学校教育的功利主义倾向违背了以人为本与全面发展的教育本性,致使儿童面临严重的生存危机。基于弗洛姆关于重>占有<与重>存在<两种生存方式的理论与当前学校教育现状,重>占有<的教育呈现的片面功利化导致儿童物性的扩张而成为理智工具人,重>存在<的教育以儿童生命的自由与理性发展为根本,强调儿童人性的绽放,培育理性自由人。教育应从>占有<走向>存在<:由智能训练转向儿童灵魂的唤醒,将教授>确定性<与发展>可能性<相融合,由传递知识的结果转向探索智慧的原初过程。 N2 - The utilitarian tendency of current school education runs counter to the human-centred and holistic nature of education, resulting in children facing a serious existential crisis. Based on Fromm's theory on the two ways of existence, namely >possession< and >existence<, and the current situation of school education, the one-sided utilitarianism of >possession< education leads to the expansion of children's materiality and turns them into rational instrumentalists, while >existence< education takes the freedom and rational development of children's lives as its foundation, emphasizes the blossoming of children's humanity, and cultivates rational free people. Education should move from >possession< to >being<: from the training of intelligence to the awakening of the child's soul, from the teaching of >certainty< to the development of 潜意识理论<与>性格理论<进行借鉴的基础上,结合马克思的历史唯物主义原理及其异化理论,形成了自己独特的自由思想。弗洛姆重点关注经济、社会制度等因素以外的人的非理性的感情力量,尤其是将人的内心世界这一核心要素作为自己的研究重点。他将人们日益从原始纽带中脱颖而出从而获得力量感和独立性的过程称为>个体化<,认为这是人们自由的开端。在个体化进程自发进行的同时,一些个人或者社会的原因妨碍了自我的增长,这两个趋势间的巨大差异使人产生一种无法忍受的孤立与无能为力感,导致了心理逃避机制的产生。弗洛姆从神经症和健康两个概念出发,利用心理分析的方法对逃避自由的心理机制进行研究。弗洛姆认为逃避自由一共有三种心理机制。第一种是权威主义。即放弃自我的独立,想要与自身之外的某人或某物合为一体,以便获得自己所不具备的力量,或者换句话说,是寻找一个新的纽带来代替已经失去的纽带。第二种是破坏欲。弗洛姆认为破坏欲的强弱似乎与个人生命的成长受阻程度大小成比例。第三种是社会意义上的心理机制,它是现代社会里大多数人所采取的一种方式,即机械趋同。在这种心理机制下,人仿佛变成了一个没有自我的机器人,与周围数百万的机器人没有区别,这样他便再不会感到孤独,也不用再焦虑,类似于动物的保护色。为了克服孤独和无力感,他使自己变成这个世界的一部分,变得与周围的环境相像,变得不再是个体,从此失去了自我。这些心理机制不但没有使人摆脱孤独感,反而使人陷入更深的孤独和不幸中。对于为什么要逃避自由,弗洛姆的基本解释是:自由使人与自然、人与人、人与自我之间越来越疏远和对立,使人成了孤独的个体,失去了安全感。弗洛姆相信人可以做到既自由又不孤独,既保持着独立的自我又与自然、与他人建立起良好的关系,充分实现人的潜能,从而进入到积极自由的状态。弗洛姆认为,只有通过自发性的爱和劳动才能获得积极的自由。因为消极的自由使人感到孤立和无助,他与世界的关系很遥远,而且他认为自己很软弱并且微不足道,他对这个世界充满了恐惧。而自发行为是一种可以克服孤独和恐惧的方法,这种自发行为能使人在保持完整自我的前提下与世界建立良好的关系,使人与人、人与自然、人与自我之间连为一体。弗洛姆为西方马克主义对自由思想的研究开拓了一个新的研究领域,使人们在实现自由这条道路上有了新的认识和新的研究方向,拓宽了对自由问题的理解,创新了问题分析的方法。但弗洛姆的分析更多的注重在个人的心理因素上,这不能不说是有失偏颇的。社会的经济因素和政治因素才是使人逃避自由的第一位原因。正是社会的这些因素才形成了个人孤独的心理,才迫使人不得不逃避消极的自由。弗洛姆在向人们阐述如何建立理想社会的时候,主张用>爱的艺术<,这就使他的观点沦为一个不切实际的空想。弗洛姆通过对逃避自由的心理机制的分析,从追求自由到逃避自由,从逃避自由的原因到解决逃避自由的途径,其理论具有一定的积极意义。但是,弗洛姆的逃避自由是建立在抽象的人性论基础之上的,忽视了自由实现的现实的社会客观条件,自由的实现并不取决于人的意志,而是取决于现实的社会客观条件。 N2 - Fromm lives in an era that is full of conflicts and disasters. The outbreak of World War I and World War II, the economic crisis in the capitalist world and the rise of Fascism constituted the historical background of his thought of freedom. After learning from Freud’s subconsciousness theory and character theory and combining Marx’s theory of historical materialism with his alienation theory, Fromm formed his unique thought of freedom. Fromm focuses on the irrational emotional power of people rather than economic and social systems. In particular, the human’s inner world is the key point of his research. Fromm called the process that people increasingly stand out from original bond to gain strength and independence the >individualization< which, in his opinion, is the beginning of freedom. While the individualization process is proceeding spontaneously, some individuals or social reasons hinder the growth of ego. The huge differences between these two trends make people have an unbearable sense of isolation and powerlessness and generate the emergence of psychological evasion mechanisms. Fromm started from neurosis and health these two concepts, and used psychological analysis methods to study the psychological mechanism of escaping from freedom. Fromm believed that escape from freedom has three psychological mechanisms. The first one is Authoritarianism. It means give up the independence of ego and wants to be integrated with someone or something outside of oneself, so as to gain the strength that you do not have. In other words, it is to find a new bond to replace the lost bond. The second one is Destructiveness. Fromm believes that the strength of destructive desire seems to be proportional to the degree of obstruction to the growth of personal life. It is a way adopted by most people in modern society, that is, mechanical convergence. Under this psychological mechanism, people seem to become a self-free robot that is not different from the millions of robots around him, so that he will never feel lonely and no more anxiety, similar to the animal’s color protection. To overcome loneliness and powerlessness, he turned himself into a part of the world, became like the surrounding environment, became no longer an individual, and lost himself from then on. These psychological mechanisms not only did not enable people to get rid of loneliness, but also led people to fall into deeper loneliness and misfortune. As for the reason of escaping from Freedom, Fromm explained that freedom increasingly alienates the human from nature, human and ego, making people lonely individuals and lose the sense of security. Fromm’s escape of freedom refers to the state escaping from negative freedom. Fromm believes that man can be free without feeling lonely, maintain an independent ego, establish a good relationship with nature and others, fully realize the potential of human beings, and thus enter this state of positive freedom. Fromm believed that only through spontaneous love and working, can people gain positive freedom. Because negative freedom makes people feel isolated and helpless, he has a distant relationship with the world and thinks that he is weak and insignificant. What’s worse, he is afraid of the world. While spontaneous action is a way overcoming loneliness and fear. This kind of action enables a person to establish a good relationship with the world under the premise maintaining a complete ego and connect people with people, nature, and ego. Fromm opened up a new research field for Western Marxism’s study on liberalism, and enabled people to have a new understanding and new research direction in the way of realizing of freedom. The research direction has broadened the understanding of freedom issues and innovated methods for problem analysis. However, Fromm’s analysis paid more attention to individual psychological factors, which is biased. The economic and political factors of society are the first reason why people escape freedom. It is these social factors that form the mentality of individual loneliness and force people to avoid negative freedom. When Fromm explained how to build an ideal society to people, he proposed to use the >art of love<, which made his opinion an unrealistic fantasy. Through the analysis of the psychological mechanism of escaping from freedom, Fromm explained that pursuing freedom to escaping freedom, the reason and the solution of escaping from freedom, his theory has a certain positive significance. But Fromm’s escape from freedom is based on the abstract theory of human nature, ignoring the social and objective conditions of the realities freely realized. The realization of freedom does not depend on the will of people, but on the realistic social objective conditions. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liang, Yuchun T1 - From >Total Poverty< to >One-Dimensional Man< – The Humanistic Turn of Western Marxist Social Critical Theory [从>全面贫困化<到>单向度的人< — 西方马克思主义社会批判理论的人本主义转向] JF - Expanding Horizons 新视野, No. 2 (2018), pp. 102-107. N2 - 上世纪中叶,西方马克思主义的社会批判理论曾发生人本主义转向。该转向在第二国际中就已有伏笔,随着人本主义的西方马克思主义出现而完成:考茨基的>全面贫困化<理论从精神角度提出了无产阶级成熟问题,这成为卢卡奇等人论述>阶级意识<问题的有益资源;梅洛-庞蒂、列斐伏尔、弗洛姆等人进而将>阶级意识<具体为社会性格或个人精神等因素,指出阶级对立已被现代社会整体对人的奴役所掩盖,必须通过对整个现代社会异化的批判来重构>总体的人<,构建>健全社会<;马尔库塞进而指出,高度同一的国家与社会直接导致了阶级斗争的>消失<,>单向度的人<即便发觉自己被管理的现实也找不到抗争对象,于是斗争的方法便只剩下>大拒绝<。 N2 - In the middle of the last century, the social critical theory of Western Marxism had a humanistic turn. This turn has been foreshadowed in the Second International and has been completed with the emergence of humanistic Western Marxism: Kautsky's theory of >all-round impoverishment< raised the issue of proletarian maturity from a spiritual perspective, which became Lukács's Others discussed the beneficial resources of the >class consciousness< problem; Merleau-Ponty, Lefebvre, Fromm and others went on to classify the >class consciousness< as factors such as social personality or personal spirit, pointing out that class opposition has been modernized. The whole society is overshadowed by man's enslavement. It is necessary to reconstruct the >overall man< and build >a sound society< by criticizing the alienation of the entire modern society. Marcuse further pointed out that the highly identical state and society directly leads to the class. The >disappearance< of the struggle, the >one-dimensional person< could not find the object of struggle even if he realized that he was being managed, and the method of struggle was only >great rejection.< [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER -