TY - JOUR A1 - Yerushalmi, Hanoch T1 - Influences on patients’ developing mentalization JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 3, 2018), pp. 157-165. N2 - Analytic therapy enables patients to relive and repair failures to promote their mentalization by parental figures. However, therapists also fail temporarily to provide the patients with a growth-promoting environment when their patterns of reflexivity on the patients’ experience are undermined. These temporary failures create new opportunities for therapists to access unformulated knowledge about their patients’ experiences and enrich their reflexivity on them, and for the patients to promote their ability to hold themselves in their own minds. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yerushalmi, Hanoch T1 - On patients’ unique self-knowledge JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 4, 2018), pp. 229-240. N2 - Patients contribute to analytic endeavors through a knowledge of their own unique ways of organizing their experience, of building an intersubjective space with significant others, of the type of life that they consider worth living, and primarily of their specific passions and yearnings. The more that therapists allow the patients’ unique self-knowledge to influence their therapeutic perceptions and decisions, the further they will advance patients’ status as co-experts working together with the therapist to create and formulate new, richer knowledge. In the present article, it is suggested that one of the main reasons why patients’ self-knowledge is excluded from the therapeutic dialogue is that the persuasive power of the therapists’ rich and deep knowledge challenges the patients’ self-authority. Through an illustrative vignette, therapists are recommended to use a metacommunication intervention to restore the balance that has been undermined between the therapist’s authority and the patient’s self-authority. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Dong T1 - Research on Alienation of Education at the Present Stage in China [中国现阶段教育异化问题研究], Master thesis, Master of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2018. N2 - 随着我国经济社会发展,人们越来越关注教育对人发展的影响,其中,被大家广泛讨论的问题之一就是教育异化问题。教育异化是在一定社会发展阶段中出现的社会现象,它对教育事业发展的影响不能忽视。因此,探寻教育异化现象产生的原因并有针对性地、寻找切实可行地解决教育异化问题的对策办法是研究教育异化问题的关键。本论文内容主要包括五个部分。第一部分是绪论部分,这一部分中对教育异化这一问题的研究背景与意义、研究现状、研究思路和方法以及论文的创新与不足进行了总结。第二部分,通过对异化观点产生和发展过程的梳理,提出教育异化的本质与内涵。在这一部分,主要介绍了黑格尔、费尔巴哈、弗洛姆以及马克思的异化观点,通过总结他们的异化观点分析教育异化的概念、内涵和本质。第三部分,分析了在我国现阶段教育异化问题的表现。主要包括教育目标、教育过程、教育结果、教育者、受教育者等方面存在的的异化表现。第四部分,分析了产生教育异化的原因。在这一部分主要从社会、教育自身以及人自身发展三个层面分析产生教育异化现象的原因。第五部分是对教育异化的扬弃。在总结第四部分教育异化产生原因的基础上,首先分析了解决教育异化问题的可能性,然后从改革教育发展的外部环境、教育体制以及人的全面发展三个角度分析解决教育异化问题的方法。本文的主要结论主要包括三点:首先,本文对教育异化的概念进行了重新定义,教育异化是指由于固有矛盾的存在,教育发展到一定阶段向自己的对立面转化,分裂出与自身相对立并制约着自身发展的外在力量,出现教育培养人全面发展的目的与教育取得的结果相对立的社会现象。其次,对产生教育异化的原因主要从社会原因、教育体制存在的原因以及人自身发展原因进行了分析。最后,在扬弃教育异化方面,再一次强调人自身全面发展的重要性。将教育目标回归到人的全面发展上来,从改革教育相关的社会环境、完善教育体制、实现人的全面发展三方面对教育异化问题进行扬弃。总之,本人希望通过对教育异化问题的研究丰富教育异化理论,并对教育发展提供一些有益的帮助。 N2 - With the economic and social development of our country, people are paying more and more attention to the impact of education on human development. Among them, one of the issues that has been widely discussed is the issue of education alienation. Education dissimilation is a social phenomenon that occurs in certain stages of social development. Its influence on the development of education cannot be ignored. Therefore, the key to exploring the causes of educational alienation is to find out the causes of the phenomenon of educational alienation and to find a practical and feasible solution to the problem of educational alienation. The content of this paper mainly includes four parts. The first part, through the combing of the emergence and development process of the alienation point, puts forward the essence and connotation of educational alienation. In this section, the dissimilation views of Hegel, Feuerbach, Fromm, and Marx are mainly introduced. By summarizing their dissimilation views, the concept, connotation and essence of educational alienation are analyzed.– The second part analyzes the performance of the current education alienation problem in China. It mainly includes the manifestations of alienation in education goals, education processes, and education outcomes.– The third part analyzes the reasons for the alienation of education. This mainly analyzes the reasons for the phenomenon of educational alienation from the three dimensions of society, education, and human development.– The fourth part is to discard the dissimilation of education. This part first analyzes the possibility of solving the problem of educational alienation, and then analyzes the methods to solve the problem of educational alienation from the perspective of improving the external environment of education development, the education system, and the overall development of people. The main conclusions of this paper mainly include three points: firstly, this paper redefines the concept of educational alienation, which refers to the transformation of education to its own opposites at a certain stage due to the existence of inherent contradictions. There is a social phenomenon that the purpose of education training people undefineds all-round development is opposite to the result of education. Secondly, the causes of educational alienation are analyzed mainly from the social reasons, the reasons of the existence of the educational system and the development of people themselves. Finally, in the aspect of sublation and dissimilation of education, the importance of all-round development of human being is emphasized again. The goal of education should be returned to the all-round development of human beings, and the alienation of education should be subjugated from three aspects: reforming the social environment related to education, perfecting the educational system and realizing the all-round development of human beings. In a word, I hope that the study of educational alienation can enrich the theory of educational alienation and provide some useful help to the development of education. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Ruichang T1 - Crisis and Redemption – Urban Space Research in Albee's Drama [危机与救赎 –阿尔比戏剧中的城市空间研究], Doctoral dissertation, English Language and Literature, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 作为20世纪最杰出的戏剧家之一,爱德华•阿尔比三次斩获普利策最佳戏剧奖,两次托尼最佳戏剧奖,被认为是继尤金•奥尼尔、田纳西•威廉姆斯、阿瑟•米勒之后,美国最具影响力的作家。阿尔比的创作起步于20世纪50年代,正逢美国社会转型期,政治格局风云诡变——麦卡锡主义肆虐,城市急剧扩张——社会矛盾突出,经济发展过热——消费主义观念盛行,各类社会危机凸显,民众深受同时期>过度消费<、>超前消费<的享乐主义思想影响,沉浸在虚幻的>美国梦<泡影中。阿尔比准确把握时代脉搏,创新性地将大量的城市意象融入到了作品之中,借城市景观展现人物情感,通过空间媒介表现戏剧冲突,力求实现对于城市生活场景的高度还原,客观地展现都市人的生活与精神状态。论文从阿尔比作品中大量的城市意象着手,研究独特的城市空间体系对于民众实现自我救赎、重构社会关系、化解城市危机等问题的重要作用。笔者根据阿尔比不同作品中的城市形象特征和主题,从城市空间的视角构建论文框架,分别从>边缘<城市、>拟像<城市、>镜像<城市和>理性<城市四个方面讨论剧中人物在城市空间的生存状态和剧作家城市表征的具体手法,探讨剧作家通过14部戏剧所传达出的对现代城市危机的担忧和拯救城市的愿望。绪论部分对于阿尔比的生平经历、写作背景、创作风格、作品特点进行了归纳,对于城市空间理论进行了梳理,对阿尔比研究的国内外现状进行了综述,对论文的框架进行了阐释。本研究结合亨利•列斐伏尔与爱德华•索亚的空间理论,辅之以大卫•哈维、齐美尔、凯文•林奇等人的城市理论,以及拉康的镜像理论与弗洛姆的异化理论,探讨了阿尔比作品中的角色与个人空间、家庭空间、社会空间之间复杂的对抗模式,揭示了城市生活中的种种危机,还原了阿尔比本人、以及剧中人物实现自我救赎、家庭救赎和社会救赎的心路历程。第一章>边缘<城市主要以阿尔比的4部戏剧为核心,从分析戏剧人物的生存状态入手,探讨这些群体在城市空间被挤压的边缘处境。论文首先从挖掘历史背景入手,探讨经济、社会、政治等因素对城市发展和城市人生活的影响。20世纪60年代末美国城市暴动和70年代初的全球经济衰退,给美国社会带来了重重危机。本章分别从家庭危机、社会危机、种族危机、自然危机的角度对阿尔比的4部作品进行分析。《沙箱》中现代人伦理缺失,使得家庭危机凸显。年事已高的姥姥被安排在家中的炉子下面居住,没有自由的个人空间,死时只有沙箱般大小的地方可以容纳自己,女儿与女婿对于她几乎疯狂的虐待是20世纪中期美国社会家庭观念淡薄,家庭成员互相割裂的体现。《贝西之死》中女歌手贝西因车祸被紧急送往医院,但因为其黑人身份被医院拒绝在外,最后惨死于院外。该剧再现了黑人群体在日常生活之中遭遇的不公正对待,突出了他们的无助与无望之感,也反映美国随着城市化进程的加快,种族危机四伏的现状。《美国梦》中大量社团组织的出现未能有效解决社会问题,新晋的会长竟然公开允许人口买卖,鼓励遗弃年迈的老人。该剧揭露了当时美国社会价值观扭曲、社会秩序混乱,进而引发社会危机蔓延的事实。《山羊》中看似光鲜靓丽的>世界之城<的计划背后,是对于传统自然平衡的破坏和人的丑陋欲望的真实揭露。主人公马丁疏离妻子,移情于山羊,不但毁灭了家庭,还是对自然规律与法则的挑战,从而引发了自然危机。在一幅幅动态的城市生活画面中,所有的危机都被具象化,成为了展示人物形象、推动戏剧情节发展的关键要素。通过对于具体生活空间进行还原,利用边缘化人物的塑造,凸显危机的严重,阿尔比成功将其经历的危机四伏的城市空间还原到了舞台之上,为其作品增添了更为丰富的内涵。第二章通过对阿尔比3部戏剧作品的分析,探讨了剧作家如何通过>拟像<模式,创设戏剧场景,向观众展示人、物、事件、场景背后的潜在联系。阿尔比凭借戏剧艺术手段有力地表达城市危机之主题,在《微妙的平衡》中,阿尔比借助舞台结构空间模拟了中产阶级家庭的生活画面,以房间为媒介,通过空间力量对抗和博弈,实现了对主要人物内心世界的揭露,展示了人际关系的异化和生存危机。《海景》中大片的沙丘和海滩从表面来看是对于自然环境的另一种重构,但随着大海中一对会说话的蜥蜴的出现,自然环境已悄然演化成社会空间的一个模拟体,在与人类的互动过程中,让人类感悟到人对自然的入侵,进而导致了对自然空间的破坏,形成了现代生态危机。在《迪比克来的女士》中,通过对于>死亡场景<的模拟,阿尔比从全新的角度对于普通中产阶级人群的生活场景进行了再现,>死亡天使<的到来激起了主人公对于未知状态的恐惧,揭示了中产阶级日益焦虑的精神危机。在这3部作品中,>拟像<城市对于城市场景进行了创新性的还原,通过戏剧结构空间的展现、自然空间的加入、生活空间的融合以及异质空间的冲突,阿尔比全方位呈现了主要角色在面对陌生环境的心理转变,以及各个角色在日常生活中的隔离状态,再现了多重的城市危机。第三章>镜像<城市中,笔者借助于拉康的>镜像<理论来分析阿尔比用以确证自我身份的>他者<形象和>他者<场景,探讨阿尔比如何通过戏剧场景建构、戏剧人物塑造实现从>将镜子中的自我完全等同于自我<的镜像阶段到>将镜中的自我同自我完全分开<的后镜像阶段的过渡。阿尔比本人在这一过程中找回了真实的自我,实现了个人的救赎。《婴儿游戏》中,自始至终都没有出现的婴儿象征了阿尔比本人,也再现了他在刚出生时被收养的经历,伊甸园式的布景和在台上奔跑的裸体儿童等>他者<场景有效地在过去、现在与未来之间架起了桥梁,实现了对于阿尔比童年记忆>空白<状态的再现,也折射出其由于被遗弃所经历的自我意识的缺失。《碎片》中,八位连名字都没有的角色在舞台上分享了各式各样的故事,这些>他者<用对话的形式讲述了阿尔比真实、细碎的生活经历,也以旁观者的角度重新审视了阿尔比在生活中做出的诸多选择,这正体现了剧作家本人利用>他者<的叙述来不断充实自我身份的重要阶段。《三个高个子女人》中,阿尔比将母亲以>他者<形象进行展示,让她和青年时期的自己、中年时期的自己以及阿尔比本人的化身在同一个房间相遇。他们超越时空的限制实现了对话,也再现了母亲眼中的阿尔比,实现了阿尔比自我身份的重新建构。在>镜像<城市中,阿尔比塑造了位于真实与想象之间的城市空间,将>他者<形象和场景融入到了戏剧舞台之上,突出了其本人对于自我身份的反思。通过有意识地将个人角色置入戏剧情境、生活经历融入戏剧情节,阿尔比成功与真实的生活空间融为一体,他在完成关于自我同一性和整体性的身份认同之余也实现了个人意义上的救赎。第四章>理性<城市以阿尔比的4部作品为核心,集中呈现了异化的个人空间、家庭空间、社会空间,还原了位于异化空间的主要角色从迷茫到顿悟、从分裂到统一、从隔离到沟通的心路历程。《三臂人》中,三臂人>厌倦享乐<,依靠>第三只手臂<外出演讲获得金钱,他将自已封闭于狭隘的、异化的个人空间之中,拒绝与外界沟通,分裂出的第三只手臂象征了他迷茫与割裂的生活状态。《谁?》中的玛莎希望丈夫乔治继承她父亲校长的职位,不惜羞辱乔治无能,使得夫妻关系紧张,反映出权力欲望所导致的人际关系异化。乔治和玛莎在和来宾进行游戏的同时,依靠幻想的家庭空间逃避现实,捏造了根本不存在的孩子,追逐利益,正反映了中产阶级精神危机。《在家在动物园》中的>动物园<正是整个异化的社会空间的象征,主人公彼得来自中产阶级上层社会,他用>理智而非感情来处理日常或工作事物<。彼得与妻子安娜貌合神离,与流浪汉杰瑞格格不入,这是对异化主题的最好诠释。《欲望花园》中的詹妮在图丝太太租借的房屋中出卖身体挣取金钱,与丈夫理查在装修豪华的家中心安理得地挥霍着她的>劳动成果<。在日常生活中,他们与社区里的其他家庭相互隐瞒幕后丑陋的性交易,用精心打理的>花园<来隐藏自己的犯罪行为,为了金钱而牺牲自尊和道德,从个人、家庭到社会空间层面折射出一个严重异化的时代。事实上,>危机与救赎<主题一直贯穿于阿尔比的戏剧之中,例如在《三个高个子女人》中,剧作者既通过三个不同年龄段女人之间的矛盾与冲突影射现实生活中阿尔比与继母关系的危机,同时又表现出剧作者希望与母亲和解,弥补对母亲造成的伤害,从而达到心灵上救赎的愿望。这种>危机与救赎<的主题在第四章所讨论的作品中更显突出。>三臂人<在第三只手臂从消失到再出现的过程之中逐渐顿悟,恢复了理性,重新融入了周围的社会,完成了个人身份的认知与重拾,达到了自我的救赎;乔治通过杀死幻想中的婴儿将玛莎从虚幻带入现实,从而拯救了濒临破碎的家庭。《在家在动物园》中杰瑞冲向了彼得举起的匕首,跨越与彼得的>精神栅栏<,以死亡为代价打破了人与人之间的隔膜,目的是拯救冷漠无情的异化社会。《欲望花园》中的杰克,借助于重生,以换来全社会的道德良知。显见,在阿尔比作品中,>危机与救赎<主题始终相连,在某种意义上,相互依存,共同推进了戏剧情节的发展,有力地表达了作者的社会忧患意识。阿尔比以在边缘城市空间中生存的边缘化人物形象展示了人物的生存困境,用戏剧舞台结构空间模拟了真实的城市生活场景,揭露了工业文明危机的迷雾之中,城市的家庭、种族、社会、自然危机,体现了中产阶级群体在城市中遭遇的生存危机和精神困惑。在应对日益严峻的城市危机之时,在遭遇创作瓶颈的困境之下,阿尔比在戏剧作品中巧妙加入了>他者<场景、>他者<身份,再现了>他者<眼中的自我形象,并树立了明确的自我意识,在完成身份重拾的过程中也以更为经典的作品回应了大众的质疑,实现了个人意义上的救赎;与此同时,剧作中的主要角色通过游戏、暴力冲突、>戏中戏<等呈现方式打破了自我隔绝的异化状态,他们在重拾个人身份、定位家庭位置、融入社会关系的动态过程中,完成了真实、理性的生活状态的回归,也实现了个人、家庭、社会以及灵魂层面的救赎,展现了阿尔比通过戏剧创作来改变现实的良好愿景。阿尔比通过城市书写和戏剧呈现,不仅为剧中人物突破精神桎梏、定位个人身份、实现自我价值提供了解决方案,同时为当今生活在繁忙都市中的每个人提供了精神食粮。 N2 - Edward Albee, winner of Pulitzer Prizes (three times) and Tony Awards (twice), is considered as one of the most outstanding American playwrights in the 20th century after Eugene O’Neil, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller. His first play came out in the 1950s, when the American society was in the process of social transformation, with prevailing McCarthyism, quick urbanization and expanding consumerism, all of which were posing a great threat on the psychological and social life of Americans. They were deeply trapped in the idea of >premature consumption< and >excessive consumption<, indulged in the illusion of their >American Dream<. It’s Albee who picked a deep insight into these crises and tried to present them in his works to guide people out of the crises. His innovative writing is highly appreciated: integrating city images into his works to represent social backgrounds, using stage scenes to express the characters’ emotions, employing space occupation to illustrate the conflicts among characters. By these means, he managed to construct a totally new reality before the audience to reflect a real living and spiritual state of the city dwellers. Based on the features of city images and the themes of different Albee’s works, the author will discuss, from the view of urban space, the four aspects of >Marginalized City<, >Simulated City<, >Mirrored City< and >Rationalized City< to demonstrate people’s living states and Albee’s representation of urban space. Through the interpretation of 14 works, this dissertation tries to convey Albee’s worries about the city crises and his wishes to save the city. In the introduction, the generalization is provided, firstly, of the playwright’s life experiences, writing background, writing style and writing features. After that, the urban space theories and the researches on Edward Albee from home and abroad are summarized, together with an introduction of the framework of this dissertation. This research mainly uses the space theories of Lefebvre and Edward W. Soja, combined with the urban theories from David Harvey, George Simmel and Kevin Lynch, the mirror-image theory of Lacan and the alienation theory of Fromm, to explore the complex conflicting patterns among the individual space, the family space and the social space. Meanwhile, the dissertation reveals the social crises emerging in the city life and illustrates the redemption processes of Albee himself and characters in the plays. The first part explores the >Marginalized City<, which focuses on four of Albee’s plays. With the analysis of the drama characters’ living states accomplished, the marginalized situation which the characters are faced with is revealed. By exploring the historical background of the society, this part tries to present the influences of economy, society and politics on the city development and people’s living state. The American urban riots during the 1960s and the economic recession during the 1970s brought about severe crises to the American society. This part analyzes four works of Albee from the aspects of family crisis, social crisis, racial crisis and natural crisis. In >The Sandbox<, the family crisis is clearly revealed by the lack of ethics. The old grandmother is forced to live under the stove, who curls up in a small place when she dies. Her daughter and son-in-law’s maltreatments to her show the weak emotional relation and the separation among the family members. In >The Death of Bessie Smith<, the woman singer is not allowed to enter the hospital because of her skin color, representing the unfair treatment that the black people suffer in daily life and their serious living situation in contrast to the rapid development of urbanization. It can be inferred from this play that with the speeding up of the American urbanization, the racial crises are becoming more and more serious. In >The American Dream< a large number of associations fail to solve social problems effectively. The new president permits the purchase of human beings and even encourages the abandonment of the elderly, revealing the twisted social values and social disorders which then trigger the spread of social crisis. In >The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?<, the destruction of natural balance and the disclosure of the horrible desires are hidden behind the wonderful project of >World City<. The main character Martin shifts his love to the goat. The twisted love not only ruins his family but also challenges the natural laws, which eventually leads to the natural crisis. Through the description of social life, all crises are embodied, which later become the essential factors to push forward the plot and show the characters’ images. By means of creating certain images of marginalized characters and restoring the social space, Albee performs the city space successfully, adding more fruitful connotations to his works at the same time. In the second part of >Simulated City<, through analyzing Albee’s 3 works, the author discusses how Albee uses the >simulated< model to create the stage scenes and show the potential links among people, objects, events and scenes to the audience. By means of employing theatrical arts, Albee expresses the theme of urban crisis forcibly. In >A Delicate Balance<< through the use of theatrical stage structure space, Albee simulates the living state of the middle class, and succeeds in revealing the main roles’ inner mind and the alienation and subsistence crises of human relation. In Seascape, the large area of sand and beach seems to be the reconstruction of nature. However, with the appearance of two talking lizards, the nature scene becomes the simulation of social space. In the process of communicating with human beings, the lizards make people realize their invasion into nature which as a result, causes the ecological crisis. In >The Lady from Dubuque<, Albee tries to represent the living scene of the middle class by means of simulating the death scene. The arrival of the death angel stimulates the horror of characters, which reveals their fear towards the unknown and uncontrolled situation. Meanwhile, the increasingly serious spiritual crisis is clearly presented. In these three works, the simulated city restores the city environment innovatively. Through performing the theatrical stage structure space, adding the natural space, mixing the living space and conflicting with the heterogeneous space, Albee fully shows the psychological transformation of main characters when they are confronted with unfamiliar environment and their isolated state in their daily life, through all of which multiple urban crises are represented. In the third part of >Mirrored City<, the author uses Lacan’s >mirror-image theory< to analyze Albee’s >The Other< image and >The Other< scenes, which are used to confirm Albee’s own identity. Through discussing Albee’s construction of dramatic scenes and dramatic roles, we present the process of Albee’s transformation from the >mirror stage<, >equal the ego in the mirror to himself< to the >post mirror stage<, >separate the ego in the mirror from himself entirely<. Albee returns to the real ego and completes his personal redemption. In >The Play About the Baby<, the missing baby is Albee himself, which implies Albee’s adoption experience. The scenes of the Garden of Eden and the running children without clothes build the bridge between the past and present, which reflect Albee’s blank memory in the childhood and his loss of self-consciousness due to the adoption experience. In Fragments, eight nameless characters share their stories on stage, which Albee’s real and subtle life experiences are demonstrated. These >Others< use the form of dialogue to illustrate Albee’s real life experiences and review Albee’s choices objectively, which also shows the playwright’s method of using others’ dialogues to fulfill his identity. In Three Tall Women, Albee changes his mother’s image into >The Other<, and lets her come across the young self, middle-aged self and her son in the same room. Regardless of time and space, they succeed in communicating with each other. From his mother’s eyes, Albee’s personal image is represented, and his own identity is constructed. In >Mirror City<, Albee builds the urban space between the real and the imagined, and integrates >The Other< image and >The Other< scene into the drama stage, which emphasizes his reflection on his own identity. Through adding his personal role to the play and his own life experiences to the plot consciously, Albee fits into the real living scene, and thus accomplishes his personal redemption. In the last part of >Rationalized City<, the author concentrates on Albee’s four works, which mainly perform the alienated individual space, family space and social space, and restore the main roles’ psychological processes from being lost to enlightened, from separated to united and from isolated to related. In >The Man Who Had Three Arms<, the main character hates the life of indulgence, so he uses his alienated body to make money. He isolates himself in the narrow and alienated space and refuses to communicate with other people. The >third arm< symbolizes his lost and isolated state. In >Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?< Marsha wants her husband George to inherit her father’s presidential position, thus she insults George without mercy, which makes their martial relation become intense. When playing games with the guests, Marsha and George use imagined family space to escape from the reality. They fake the fact of having a baby, which further reflects the spiritual crisis of the middle class. In >At Home at the Zoo< the zoo is the symbol of the whole alienated social space. Peter, who comes from upper class society, deals with everything around him carefully. He isolates from his wife Anna and tramp Jerry, which is the best interpretation of the alienation theme. In >Everything in the Garden<, Jenny earns money in an illegal way and squanders her money with her husband. In everyday life, Jenny and her husband conceal their sex trade from the other families in the community, and they use the garden to hide their criminal behaviors. They lose their self-esteem and morality to the purpose of making more money, which reflects a seriously alienated age from a personal, family and social level. Actually, the theme of >Crisis and Redemption< constantly appears in Albee’s works. In >Three Tall Women<, Albee uses the conflicts among three women of different ages to reflect the crisis between his mother and him, as well as his wishes to compromise with his mother and to make up for the hurt that he brought to his mother, through which he can accomplish his redemption. Meanwhile, the theme of >Crisis and Redemption< is much more obvious in the works mentioned in Chapter 4. The man with three arms gradually experiences the epiphany in the disappearance and reappearance of the >third arm<, and completes the recognition and regain of his personal identity. He gets involved into the society and finally achieves the goal of self-redemption. Through killing the illusory baby, George drags Marsha out of the imagined space, and he saves the whole family. In >At Home at the Zoo<, Jerry risks his life and rushes to the knife held by Peter and breaks the isolation between human beings. Jerry’s purpose is to save the indifferent and alienated society. In >Everything in the Garden<, through rebirthing, Jack calls for the moral conscience of the whole society. Obviously, the theme of >Crisis and Redemption< is closely connected with Albee’s works. They coexist with each other and push forward the plot jointly, and they further help express Albee’s concern over the society. To sum up, Albee, as a playwright, succeeded in using the marginalized people appearing in the marginalized city to represent people’s living dilemma, and employing the theatrical stage structure space to simulate the real urban life so as to reveal the family crisis, racial crisis and natural crisis appearing in the background of the industrial civilization. Undoubtedly, his works further reflect the survival predicaments and spiritual confusions which the middle class people encounter in their daily life. When confronted with increasingly serious city crises and writing dilemma, Albee adds >The Other< scene and >The Other< identity to the play, and represents his image in the eyes of >The Other<, through which, he re-builds clear self-consciousness, accomplishes more classical works and finally realizes his own redemption. Meanwhile, the main roles in his plays try to break the alienated state by using the form of games, violent confrontations as well as >play in the play<. Besides, these roles finally return to real and rational lives, thus realizing their personal, family and social redemption in the process of finding their personal identity, locating the correct family position and integrating themselves into the social relations. That obviously conveys Albee’s strong wishes of making a change to the disappointing reality. Briefly speaking, it’s through city writing and theatrical performing that Albee not only provides a different way for people to break down their spiritual shackles, relocate their personal identities and realize their values, but also offers the spiritual nourishment to those living in busy cities today threatened with various crises. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Shanshan T1 - On Fromm's Reinterpretation of Marx's Historical Materialism [论弗洛姆对马克思历史唯物主义的重释], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2018. N2 - 19世纪中叶,新的世界观与历史观——马克思的唯物史观得以形成。一般认为《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》是唯物史观初步表述的萌芽,而马克思和恩格斯的《德意志意识形态》则一般被学界公认为是唯物史观第一次完整表述。但遗憾的是《提纲》与《形态》在当时由于各种原因未能公开出版,唯物史观是通过《哲学的贫困》和《共产党宣言》公诸于世。所以正是在这种意义上我们把《哲学的贫困》与《共产党宣言》看作是唯物史观的完成与总结,而《<政治经济学批判>序言》则被视为马克思唯物史观的经典表述。起初马克思和恩格斯将这一科学的>历史观<称为>唯物主义历史理论<或>唯物主义历史观<,后来恩格斯正式称它为>历史唯物主义<。①由于马克思对历史唯物主义的表述大多是描述式的、非系统性的,恩格斯晚年依然在对历史唯物主义作系统的整理、总结与阐释。这样,就给学术史上有关于马克思的历史唯物主义的研究留下很多有待探索的问题。很多学者从不同的角度出发阐释马克思的历史唯物主义,从而造成了马克思历史唯物主义的各种各样的争论与阐释。本论文力图依托历史语境和文本语境,勾勒出历史唯物主义经典建构的线索及其留下的问题,进而通过分析后世学者对历史唯物主义的重建工作,溯本清源,辨析正误,考究得失。通过分析哈贝马斯、莱尔因、广松涉、实践唯物主义等国内外学者对历史唯物主义的重建,一方面他们对马克思历史唯物主义做了有意义的拓展,尤其注重强调人的能动性在社会历史发展中的作用。但另一方面在很大程度上他们是另起炉灶,偏离了马克思的历史唯物主义,并且始终没有论述清楚经济基础与上层建筑,社会存在与社会意识之间的内在转换机制。而往往被学术史所忽视的一位弗洛伊德式的马克思主义者——弗洛姆对历史唯物主义的重释则具有一种深化理解历史唯物主义的启迪价值。弗洛姆除了对马克思历史唯物主义的误解作以辩护与澄清外,还将马克思历史唯物主义与弗洛伊德的精神分析结合起来,提出社会性格和社会无意识理论作为经济基础与上层建筑、社会存在与社会意识之间的连接纽带,阐明了两者之间内在的转换机制,即经济基础如何决定上层建筑,社会存在如何决定社会意识,打通了个人微观心理领域与社会宏观的经济领域,这在某种程度上更加深化了马克思的历史唯物主义。同时,我们也应一分为二地看到弗洛姆重释理论的很多不足,比如将马克思历史唯物主义的很多思想作了人本主义式的解读,这就引起了很多学者的反对。本文将对此一一展开论述,探究弗洛姆对历史唯物主义重释的价值与得失。 N2 - In the middle of the 19th century, Marx and Engels created a brand-new worldview-historical materialism. Theses on Feuerbach are called by Engels initial germination of historical materialism. Marx and Engel’s The German Ideology is generally acknowledged by the academic community as the first complete representation of historical materialism. However, for various reasons, >Theses of Feuerbach< and >The German Ideology< were not publicly published at the time. Historical materialism was publicized through >The Poverty of Philosophy< and >The Communist Manifesto<. Therefore, in a sense, >The Poverty of Philosophy< and >The Communist Manifesto< can be regarded as the completion and summarization of historical materialism, and the >Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy< is generally acknowledged as classical expression to the historical materialism. At the beginning, Marx and Engels referred to this scientific >view of history< as >historical materialist historical theory< or >materialistic concept of history<. Engels officially called it >historical materialism<. Because Marx’s representation of historical materialism was mostly descriptive and non-systematic, Engels still systematically summarized, arranged, and interpreted historical materialism in his later years. In this way, the study of Marx’s historical materialism in academic history leaves much to be explored. Many scholars elucidate Marx’s historical materialism from different perspectives, and derive various explanations and arguments about historical materialism. This thesis tries hard to draw the clues and problems left behind by the classical construction of historical materialism by relying on historical context and textual context, and then analyzes the reconstruction of historical materialism by later scholars, traces the source, discerns the right and wrong, and studies gains and losses. By analyzing the reconstruction of historical materialism by domestic and foreign scholars such as Habermas, Lylein, Hirose, and practical materialism, on the one hand, they made a meaningful expansion of Marx’s historical materialism, with special emphasis on emphasizing human activity in the development of social history. But on the other hand, to a large extent, they have set off on their own, deviating from Marx’s historical materialism, and have never discussed clearly the internal transformation mechanism between the economic base and the superstructure, social existence and social consciousness. Erich Fromm, a Freudian Marxist, was often overlooked by academic history. His reinterpretation of historical materialism has a deepening understanding of historical materialism. In addition to defending and clarifying Marx’s historical materialism misunderstandings, Fromm combined Marx’s historical materialism with Freud’s psychoanalysis, and put forward the theory of social character and social unconsciousness as the connection ties between economic foundation and superstructure, social existence and social awareness. The theory clarifies the internal conversion mechanism between economic foundation and superstructure, social existence and social consciousness, that is, how the economic foundation determines the superstructure, how social existence determines social consciousness, and opens up the microscopic mentality of individuals and the macroeconomic field of society. To some extent, it deepened Marx’s historical materialism. At the same time, we should also see there are many deficiencies in Fromm’s theory. For example, many thoughts of Marx’s historical materialism have been interpreted in a humanistic way, which has caused many scholars to oppose it. This article will elaborate on this one by one, and explore the values and gains and losses of Fromm’s reinterpretation of historical materialism. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Shuyi T1 - Fromm's Theory of Freedom [弗洛姆的自由理论] JF - Modern Communication [现代交际], No. 15 (2018), pp. 228-229. N2 - 《逃避自由》一书中,弗洛姆于弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思的社会结构之上,从心理学的角度对现代社会现象进行了批判,并对自由的概念进行思考。通过对个人精神的变化、社会的整体样貌及社会存在问题的考察,展现了存在不同社会条件下自由概念的差异性。工业社会中,资本主义生产方式在推翻原有传统社会的同时,为人们带来了自由选择的余地。但与之伴随的却是难以忍受的孤独感。面对孤独,弗洛姆提出了人们通过逃避机制来摆脱孤独感。然而这种方法却无法获得真正的自由。在这篇文章中,我们要弄清楚的问题是:什么是自由,如何逃避自由以及如何获得自由。 N2 - In The Book >Escape from Freedom<, Fromm's psychoanalytic theory and Marx's social structure criticize modern social phenomena from the perspective of psychology and freedom. The concept of thinking. Through the examination of the individual's spiritual changes, the overall appearance of the society and the problems of social existence, the differences in the concept of freedom under different social conditions are revealed. In the industrial society, the capitalist mode of production brings people the freedom to choose while overthrowing the original traditional society. But it is accompanied by an unbearable sense of loneliness. In the face of loneliness, Fromm proposed that people escape the loneliness by escaping mechanisms. However, this method does not achieve true freedom. In this article, the questions we have to figure out are: what is freedom, how to escape freedom and how to get freedom. (Automatic translation) Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Wehr, Helmut T1 - Liebe zum Leben heute. Dimensionen einer humanistischen Pädagogik (= Schriften zur Pädagogischen Theorie, Band 15), Hamburg (Verlag Dr. Kovac), 2018, 205 pp. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wei, Songyan A1 - Zhou, Min T1 - The Flanking Interpretation of the Cold Autumn Moon Tragedy 冷秋月悲剧的弗洛姆式解读 [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Masterpieces Review 名作欣赏 , No. 2 (2018), pp. 140-141. N2 - 陈忠实20世纪90年代所著的《白鹿原》是他历时六年完成的第一部长篇小说。该小说的问世,不仅引起了读者强烈的反响,同时也成为众多文学评论家持续关注的焦点。在这部小说中作者塑造了多个悲剧女性形象,冷秋月便是其中之一。本文从弗洛姆的新精神分析文论入手,来解读文中冷秋月走向悲剧的必然性:她是死于社会无意识所带来的社会压抑。最终得出一个结论,即社会无意识对于每一个社会成员的性格、命运及生活中的方方面面都发挥着重要的作用。 N2 - Chen Zhongshi’s >Bai Lu Yuan< [Bái lù yuán] by the 1990s is the first novel he finished in six years. The advent of the novel not only aroused strong repercussions of the readers, but also became the focus of many literary critics. In this novel, the author created a number of tragic female images, one of which is the Cold Moon. This article begins with Fromm's New Psychoanalysis Literary Theory, to interpret the inevitability of the Cold Autumn Month in the tragedy: she is the social depression caused by social unconsciousness. Fi¬nally, it comes to the conclusion that social unconsciousness plays an important role in the character, destiny and every aspect of life of every member of society. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tong, Chenchuan T1 - A Study of the Theme of Salvation in Tennessee Williams’ Plays [田纳西•威廉斯戏剧中的救赎主题研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 田纳西•威廉斯是美国二十世纪杰出的剧作家之一,其剧作在国内外引起广泛的兴趣。然而,我国对田纳西•威廉斯剧作的研究始于上世纪八十年代,仅有少量的专著问世。多数国内外批评家和学者将注意力集中在剧作中研究的主题。基于前人研究成果,本篇论文致力于探索田纳西•威廉斯剧作中>救赎<这一主题。>救赎<这一主题不仅是对田纳西•威廉斯以同性身份为代表的精神危机的回应,也是对1950年至1960年间,麦卡锡主义至文化运动这一动荡社会转型时期的一种深度回应。本篇论文在探讨>救赎<这一主题时,选取了田纳西•威廉斯的五部剧作:《玻璃动物园》、《欲望号街车》、《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》、《琴神下凡》、以及《蜥蜴之夜》。这五部戏剧见证了田纳西•威廉斯戏剧的辉煌开端以及落寞退场。本篇论文通过对>救赎<这一主题表现形式的分类,概括出其流变过程的具体三个阶段,它们分别是:麻醉式的自我救赎,性救赎,以及以流亡者为最终体现的自我和解。这三个救赎阶段不仅见证着田纳西•威廉斯在救赎思想上的成熟,也与一个分崩离析的时代相互辉映。在此基础上,本篇论文认为,>救赎<这一主题的第三个阶段——>流亡<,使>救赎<这一主题在田纳西•威廉斯的笔下别具一格。从《玻璃动物园》到《蜥蜴之夜》,田纳西•威廉斯笔下的剧中人深陷来自道德伦理、社会、政治以及文化的桎梏。也是为此,田纳西•威廉斯一生沉浮在现实与思想危机的漩涡中,以谋求<救赎<的出路。伴随着剧中人所面临的的漫漫长夜,田纳西•威廉斯渴望为那些深陷困境的人书写出>救赎<。本篇论文一共分为六个主要部分。第一部分为前言,前言部分简要的介绍了田纳西•威廉斯的生平以及创作生涯。并围绕本篇论文选取的五部剧作进行了国内外研究综述的梳理和总结。在前言的最后,扼要的指出本篇论文的中心论点,研究方法以及学术意义。论文的第一章,从词源学角度出发,对田纳西•威廉斯剧作中的救赎一词下定义,以明确研究的主旨与内容。论文的第二章,分别从五部剧作中总结归纳救赎的三中表现形式,并以黑格尔的异化理论以及弗洛姆的社会心理学对这三个阶段的递进关系进行分析。论文的第三章,结合内部研究与外部研究,对田纳西•威廉斯救赎主题的社会成因以及个人成因进行分析。论文第四章,总结与提炼出田纳西•威廉斯剧作中对>救赎<这一主题的独到见解。论文的结论部分,重新回顾了>救赎<这一主题在田纳西•威廉斯剧作中的流变过程,并再次点明中心论点。 N2 - Tennessee Williams is one of the most famous playwrights whose plays arouse great interest abroad. However, the domestic study of his plays only began after 1980 s with a few monographs. Both Chinese and foreign critics have paid great attention to themes reflected in his plays. When probing into themes, this thesis aims to focus on the theme of salvation which is caused by both his spiritual crisis that is represented by his homosexual identity and the external pressure that is represented by an alienated world in the transitional period from McCarthyism to The Cultural Movement in 1960s. This thesis selects five plays, >The Glass Menagerie<, >A Streetcar Named Desire<, >Cat on a Hot Tin Roof<, >Orpheus Descending<, and >The Night of the Iguana<, to study the theme of salvation. These five plays sequentially spanned from the beginning of Tennessee Williams’ fame to the ending of his popularity in writing career. Based on these five plays, this thesis argues that the expressions of salvation undergo three stages in a progressing manner, namely self-paralysis salvation, sexual balance and self-communion. Furthermore, this thesis points out that it is the last stage-exile that distinguishes his salvation from that of his peers. From >The Glass Menagerie< to >The Night of the Iguana<, Tennessee Williams sets his characters in predicaments which are caused by ethical, social, political and cultural influences. In writing career, he is devoted to the theme of salvation which moves within the stranglehold of both realistic and spiritual crises. Those characters languish in both internal and external darkness, and thus Tennessee Williams is devoted to the exploration of salvation in order to emancipate those people who are troubled. This thesis comprises six main parts. The introduction gives a brief depiction of Tennessee Williams’ life and writing career. At the same time, this part focuses on the major plot and characters of these five plays, and reviews the previous and present researches on Tennessee Williams’ plays, especially on the selected five plays. At the end of the introduction, this thesis sets forth the central argument, research methods and significance of the thesis. Then, this thesis concentrates on elaborating the theme of salvation in the four main chapters.– The first chapter aims to define the meaning of salvation in Tennessee Williams’ plays from the etymological perspective.– The second chapter of the thesis summarizes the three manifestations of redemption from the five plays, and analyzes the progressive relationship of these three stages with Hegel's theory of alienation and Fromm's social psychology.– The third chapter aims to elaborate the factors leading to the formation of salvation in Tennessee’s plays.– And the last chapter aims to analyze the features of Tennessee Williams’ salvation. – In conclusion, this thesis concludes that the progressing of salvation’s expression is Tennessee Williams’ pursuit of emancipating people from the stranglehold of both physical and spiritual world. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Huilin T1 - The >Daddy Alliance< – A New Trick in the Kindergarten [家园共育有新招 >爸爸联盟<显奇效]. JF - Shandong Education [山东教育], No. 29 (2018), pp. 61-62. N2 - 弗洛姆在《爱的艺术》中谈道:>父亲是孩子的导师之一,他指给孩子通向世界的路。<>父亲具有的勇敢、独立、果断的个性品质,在亲子活动中,能潜移默化地影响孩子良好个性的形成。但是,在实际生活中,很多家庭却存在着父亲角色严重缺失的现象。父亲们忙于工作,孩子的家庭教育、家园共育多数由母亲独自承担着,父亲参与孩子成长的机会很少,他们对孩子在幼儿园接受的教育更是知之甚少。为此,我们成立了>东关幼儿园爸爸共育联盟<。(以下简称为>爸爸联盟<) N2 - Fromm said in >The Art of Loving<: >Father is one of the children's mentor, he refers to the way for children to the world.< Father has the courage, independence, decisive Personality quality, in parent-child activities, can subtly influence the formation of a child's good personality. However, in real life, many families have a serious lack of father's role. The fathers are busy with their work. The children's family education and family education are mostly borne by the mother. The father's participation in the child's growth is very rare. They know little about the children's education in the kindergarten. To this end, we have established the >Dongguan Kindergarten Dad Co-education Alliance< (hereinafter referred to as >Daddy Alliance<). [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wieland, Josef T1 - Review Klaus M. Leisinger >Die Kunst der verantwortungsvollen Führung< JF - Forum Wirtschaftsethik, Dezember 2017. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Will, Herbert T1 - The concept of the 50-minute hour: Time forming a frame for the unconscious JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 1, 2018), pp. 014-023. N2 - The 50-minute hour is a feature of psychoanalytic work that is most commonly discussed in the context of case reports. This paper examines it as a concept. The author starts by describing the origin of the 50-minute hour and its development as an element of the psychoanalytic setting or framework. Next, he considers the significance of the clock as a relational factor in the session and reflects on the alienness of the time of day to the unconscious, and the consequences of this alienness. He then uses a clinical example to illustrate the phenomenon of the stretching effect of time in analytic sessions. Finally, the author demonstrates how cleverly the 50-minute hour excises the time needed for unconscious processes from our accelerated present; he shows that it challenges the social convention of time, and has a structuring effect in that it >times< psychic processes. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Wolf, Michael T1 - Psychoanalyse als Forschungsmethode der Kritischen Theorie, Frankfurt (Brandes und Apsel), 2018, 244 pp. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wu, Jing T1 - On the Pursuit of Positive Freedom and Self-realized Value of the Heroine and Hero in >The Golden Notebook< [论《金色笔记》中男女主人公对积极自由的追求与自我价值实现], Master thesis, Foreign Language and Literature, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 多丽丝•莱辛是英国著名的女作家,并于2007年获得诺贝尔文学奖。多丽丝•莱辛于1962年创作了《金色笔记》,全书由小说>自由女性<、黑、红、黄、蓝四本笔记以及>金色笔记<构成。国内外学者从不同角度研究了《金色笔记》的主题、结构和艺术形式。目前很多研究都从女性主义的视角,研究了女主人公安娜•伍尔夫对自由的追求,以及安娜的形象和自由女性的异化。然而,在《金色笔记》中,男主人公索尔•格林一方面对安娜的追求自由和实现自身价值具有重要的影响,另一方面索尔作为男性,也同样经历过痛苦、迷茫、追求自由,实现自我价值的人生经历。目前鲜有研究探讨这一主题。本文试图从二十世纪西方马克思主义文论角度,运用埃里希•弗洛姆关于社会、人的自由、博爱一系列哲学观念,探讨《金色笔记》中男女主人公安娜和索尔如何走出孤独、逃避现实的困境,寻求人的存在意义,实现自我价值的心理过程。弗洛姆将自由分为积极自由和消极自由。他认为真正的自由是实现积极自由。只有在无私的爱和自发性的工作的心理状态下,才能使人们获得积极自由。在作品中,男女主人公意识到自己处在消极自由状态后,曾尝试各种方式逃避精神困境,但都没有得到解脱,但他们一直在积极地探索。最后,他们终于积极地融入社会,在社会实践中发现了人的存在意义与自我价值的实现。本文的结论为:《金色笔记》中的女主人公安娜在现实中遭遇了感情、事业和信仰等各种挫折。这是由于社会偏见、男权对女性弱势的影响造成的。安娜通过自己的奋斗,得到了爱情,事业成功,最终投入社会实现了自我价值。然而,男主人公索尔在事业、信仰中遭遇挫折,同样陷入消极自由的状态。在现代社会中,男性作为自由的现代人一方面在社会上占主导地位,另一方面也同样需要爱、事业、信仰。这表明无论是女性还是男性,在现实中都会遇到各种问题,都会给人带来痛苦、困惑、孤独。索尔通过努力最终获得爱,事业成功,找到了信仰。这是因为人具有社会属性,人只有用无私的爱和自发性的工作,共同努力才能实现积极自由,融入社会,并在社会实践中实现自我价值。莱辛在《金色笔记》中表达的这一观念超越了女性主义反对男权、女性独尊的狭隘意义,体现了个人在社会中应该拥有的思想境界。这是《金色笔记》这部作品所隐含的主题之一。本文的研究意义在于从更宽阔地视角研究了女性在社会中存在意义与价值。在现代社会中,无论女性还是男性,在经济独立、思想平等的基础上,需要互相尊重、和谐相处,并以博爱为理念,积极融入社会,最终实现个人在社会中的存在的意义。 N2 - Doris Lessing is a well-known British woman writer. She has won Nobel Prize for literature in 2007. >The Golden Notebook< is Lessing’s most-famous one which is made up of one novel >Free Woman< and five notebooks, Black Notebook, Red Notebook, Yellow Notebook, Blue Notebook, and >Golden Notebook< in 1962. Most of the scholars, both abroad and at home, study the themes, structure and artistic forms of >The Golden Notebook< from different kinds of perspectives. Present studies focus on Anna Woolf’s pursuit of freedom, and on Anna’s image and the alienation of free women from the perspective of feminist. However, in >The Golden Notebook<, the hero Saul Green also attaches an important role in Anna’s pursuit of freedom and achievement of self-value. Saul, as a man, also experiences the suffering and loses of himself and then pursues the freedom. At present, seldom studies discuss this problem. From the perspective of Western Marxist Criticism, this thesis tries to explore how Anna and Saul get rid of the loneliness and escape of reality and then seek for the meaning of human existence with Erich Fromm’s concepts of society, freedom of human, selfless love. Fromm holds the view that freedom can be divided into positive freedom and negative freedom. The real freedom is the achievement of positive freedom and it can be gained only by selfless love and creative work. In >The Golden Notebook<, the heroine Anna Woolf and hero Saul Green realize that they fall into the negative freedom and then try their best to escape from the spirit suffering. Finally, it turns out that only by entering to the society, can they find the meaning of human existence. Through the discussion, the conclusions are drawn as follows: Anna and Saul feel loneliness and frustrated when they cannot deal with the matters in emotional and career life. Superficially, this is caused by the traditional prejudice and the influence of paternal power over women. However, in modern society, women, as well as men, cannot avoid falling into the negative freedom. It clearly shows that both men and women face the loneliness and puzzlement due to all kinds of matters. Due to the human’s social attribute, only by selfless love and creative work, men and women together can achieve the positive freedom and self-value through social practice. This is one of the themes of >The Golden Notebook<. Lessing’s idea in >The Golden Notebook< surpasses the radical ideas concerning woman domination, which reflects the personal ideological realm in the society. The significance of this thesis is that no matter the men or women, based on the financial independence and ideological equality, need reciprocal respect and join in society, to serve the society by love, finally achieve the meaning of life and existence in the society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wu, Zhenzhen T1 - How is Fromm’s Concept of >Sound Society< Possible? [弗洛姆“健全社会”的构想是否可能], Master thesis, Philosophy, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2018. N2 - 人类关于未来理想社会的构想随着人类的诞生而出现现并逐渐发展,在各个历史时期都有学者就当下社会的问题提出自己的解决之道并勾画出其理想社会的美好蓝图。一般认为最早的乌托邦理想社会构想起源于托马斯•莫尔。但其实早在古希腊时期,柏拉图就在其政治哲学理论体系中提出了>理想国<这一理想社会的概念。随着时代的变迁,学者们不断在前人理论的基础上结合当时社会的弊端提出自己新的理想社会理论,如中世纪后期三大思想解放运动中各代表人物的观点,空想社会主义理论各阶段的代表思想等。即便在马克思和恩格斯创立了科学社会主义理论之后,对理想社会理论的研究仍在继续且不断涌现新的观点。诸多学者都就现存的社会问题提出了对策,也对未来理想社会架构给出了自己的构想,如西方马克思主义学派在各个阶段都有学者对社会改革发展提出不同见解。其中宣称要>为社会诊病<的法兰克福学派的代表人物之一的艾里希•弗洛姆,就认为当下繁荣发展的西方资本主义社会是病态的,提出要通过整体变革来建立一个>健全社会<。与以往学者从政治经济角度对社会进行分析批判不同的是,弗洛姆从个体的人性和社会心理的角度入手,对西方资本主义社会的政治、经济、文化教育、心理等领域进行了全方位的批判,提出要通过政治、经济、文化心理的同步整体变革来构建一个健全社会。本篇论文首先简单梳理了西方思想史上有关未来理想社会构想的发展历史,接着从人性、异化、社会变革方案等三方面入手,力图周全的展现弗洛姆健全社会理论的整体概貌。在此基础上,以马克思主义理论为指导,对弗洛姆健全社会理论中的优缺点进行深刻剖析,并就健全社会这一社会构想是否可能进行了深入探讨。同时在评析其理论时,与我国当下政治经济文化领域发展中存在的问题相结合,以求展现弗洛姆健全社会理论中的闪光点对我国美好新中国的建设的借鉴和启示意义。 N2 - The conception of ideal society emerged because of the existence of human beings and has been gradually developed ever since. Scholars throughout history have drawn their own pictures on ideal society based on the then unreasonable one. It is widely acknowledged that the conception of Utopia or ideal society originated from Thomas More. Plato, however, had already put forward the concept of >ideal country< in his political philosophy system in ancient Greek. As time goes by, new theories on ideal society have been presented successively. For example, many scholars put forward their views about the ideal society during three movement of ideological emancipation in the late Middle Ages, such as Locke, Rousseau and so on. What’s more, many representatives gave their viewpoints based on the real society in various stages of Utopian socialism. The wheels of studying ideal society have never stopped even after Marx and Engels created the scientific socialism. Instead, lots of scholars have put forward their own thoughts on the existing social problems and how to build a better society. For example, in every stage of Western Marxism school, the scholars put forward different views on social reform and development, which claims to diagnosis for society. One of them is Erich Fromm, one of the representatives of the Frankfurt school which aims at social diagnosis. Unlike the former scholars who criticized the society mainly from the perspective of politics and economy, he did it in all aspects of Western capitalist societies-politics, economy, culture and education-starting from the individual human nature and social psychology and proposed the idea of building a sane society through the synchronous reform of political, economic and cultural. This paper began with the brief introductions into the ideal society in Western history, followed by the detailed narration of Fromm’s sane social theory from three aspects which is human nature, alienation and the way to the sane society. On that basis, merits and demerits in that theory were discussed under the guidance of Marx’s theory, so was the possibility of the sane society in realistic society evaluated. In the end, some good points of Fromm’s sane society theory were criticized and analyzed according to China’s present political, economic and cultural situations in an effort to give the reference to building a beautiful new China. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xi, Xingmei T1 - Fromm’s >Black Box< Theory of Humanity – Reinterpretation within the Horizon of Historical Materialism [弗洛姆人性>暗箱<理论——唯物史观视域内的再阐释] N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆对人性的根本看法与其说是传统评价所指称的>抽象人性论<,毋宁说是一种>潜能—选择<人性观,或称人性的>暗箱<理论。他的人性理论融合了马克思主义唯物史观的底色,可被理解为具有三个层次的结构性心理反应机制,其底座为人的生理本能,中层为心理需要,上层则是人的性格结构。前两个层次在弗洛姆看来是人性中与生俱来、难以撼动的要素,而性格结构既受到外界环境的重要影响,又在很大程度上决定了人应对外界压力的反应方式,从而左右了人性的走向。 N2 - Erich Fromm’ s fundamental view of humanity is more of a >potential-selective< view of humanity or the >black box< theory of humanity than the >abstract humanity theory< by traditional evaluation. His theory of humanity blends the background of Marxist historical materialism and can be basically seen as a psychological reaction mechanism which is constructed by three levels. Its base is the human physiological instincts, the middle is the psychological needs, and the upper is the human character structure. The first two levels are seen by Fromm as an element that is inherent in human nature and difficult to shake. The character structure is influenced by the external environment, and in turn it also determines the response of people to external pressure, thus determining the direction of humanity.] [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xiang, Jiali T1 - Based on Fromm's View of Humanity's Alienation: Rereading Marx's Concept of Human Being 基于弗洛姆人性异化的视角:重读《马克思关于人的概念》 JF - Yangtze River Series 长江丛刊, No 11 (2018), pp. 180-181. N2 - 马克思关于人的概念是基于人的一种可能性潜能,在追求自由状态下进行创造性活动而确立的。弗洛姆的人性异化思想就是建立在人性标准的基础上对人的全面反思,认为人性虽然在不同的历史生存情境中,各种异化形式正在不断表现出来,但追寻人的自我实现和自我解放的愿望将永远是人类社会进步的内在动力和马克思主义的最高目标。本文主要着重分析弗洛姆对马克思关于人的概念解读,希望能进一步加深对弗洛姆的人本主义思想的理解和反思。 N2 - Marx's concept of man is based on a person's potential and is established through creative activities in the pursuit of freedom. Fromm's humanity alienation thought is based on the human nature standard and comprehensively rethinks human beings. He thinks that though human nature has been manifested in various historical living situations, various forms of alienation are constantly exhibited, but the pursuit of human self-realization and self-liberation the aspirations of the people will always be the internal driving force for the progress of human society and the highest goal of Marxism. This article mainly analyzes Fromm's interpretation of Marx's concept of man, hoping to further deepen understanding and reflection of Fromm's humanism. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xiang, Yan T1 - A Study of Lily Bart’s Alienation in >The House of Mirth< [《欢乐之家》中丽莉•巴特的异化研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 伊迪斯•华顿(1862-1937)是二十世纪美国文学史上重要的女作家,其多数作品主要关注十九世纪末二十世纪初上流社会背景下女性的内心挣扎与精神困境。她的首部成名作品《欢乐之家》围绕女主人公丽莉•巴特展开,讲述她欲入豪门未果,步步跌落至社会底层,最终不堪忍受精神折磨而自杀的故事。二十世纪西方著名理论家埃里希•弗洛姆在马克思的劳动异化理论基础之上,结合弗洛伊德精神分析学,将异化概念引入到了心理学领域。他分析了资本主义社会各个方面的异化,重点阐释了人与自我的异化关系。弗洛姆认为异化无处不在,且人的内心随之出现严重的无力感和疏离感,进而可能导致人的精神危机。弗洛姆指出,人们可通过改良社会和培养爱的能力来消除异化。本论文以埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论为基石,分析《欢乐之家》中女主人公丽莉的异化境遇,旨在从异化角度探索丽莉的悲剧成因,进而体悟作者在作品中体现的人文关怀。除引言和结论外,本论文共有三章。引言部分概述伊迪斯•华顿和她的小说《欢乐之家》,综述《欢乐之家》的相关研究文献并介绍埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论。第一章从三个方面分析丽莉的异化表征:她在浮华都市生活中的异化感,她与其他人的异化关系以及她与自我的异化关系,展现了丽莉在都市生活、社会交往以及个人内心三方面所经历的无力感、孤独感和疏离感。第二章从社会、家庭和个人三个方面分析导致丽莉异化的原因。认为导致主人公异化的社会原因在于当时男权社会对女性的客体化,消费社会对人的抽象化和社会交往中隐形经济规律对人的操控;家庭原因在于主人公父爱的缺失、母亲的控制以及亲人的冷漠;个人原因在于主人公的市场取向性格与缺乏爱的能力。第三章从两个方面探析丽莉为消除异化所做的努力。丽莉感受到了异化带来的心里痛苦与精神折磨,希望通过积极培养爱的能力和努力建构自我身份来消除异化感,但却没能成功消除异化。结论部分指出:通过分析《欢乐之家》中丽莉的异化表现及原因,可以看出,丽莉感受到了异化带来的心里痛苦与精神折磨,希望通过培养爱的能力和建构自我身份来消除异化感。虽然丽莉最终精神彻底崩溃选择了自杀,未能走出异化的泥沼,但主人公为消除异化做出了巨大的挣扎与努力。它警醒人们异化给人带来的无力感、孤独感和疏离感,启示人们可通过培养爱自己和爱他人的能力来克服异化,实现人的完整性. N2 - Edith Wharton(1862-1937) is an important woman writer in the history of American literature in the twentieth century. Most of her works focus on women’s mental struggle and spiritual dilemma which appear in the upper class between the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Her first well-known work >The House of Mirth< centers on Lily Bart and tells a story how Lily fails in hunting for a husband with wealth and a high social status in the upper class and how she falls down step by step to the bottom of society. At last she commits suicide because she can not stand her mental suffering and spiritual torture. Erich Fromm, a well-known Western theorist in the twentieth century introduces the concept of alienation into the field of psychology by combining Marx’s alienated labor theory with Freudian psychoanalysis theory. He analyzes man’s alienation in every aspect of the capitalist society and emphatically explains the alienated relationship of man with himself. Fromm maintains that alienation pervades everywhere and it brings serious powerlessness and isolation in man’s heart which may lead to man’s spiritual crisis. Fromm points out that by the social revolution and the cultivation of the capacity for love can man get rid of alienation. This thesis, based on the alienation theory of Erich Fromm, analyzes Lily’s alienation in The House of Mirth, aiming for exploring the reason for her tragedy and sensing the writer’s deep concern with human beings. Besides Introduction and Conclusion, there are three chapters in the thesis. In Introduction a general introduction is provided including Edith Wharton >The House of Mirth< the literature review on this novel and Erich Fromm’s alienation theory.– In Chapter One the manifestation of Lily’s alienation is revealed from three aspects: her alienated experience in the ostentatious metropolitan life the alienated relationship between her and other characters and the alienated relationship of Lily with herself. exposing her experience of powerlessness, loneliness and isolation in the metropolitan life, in social interactions and in her inner heart.– In Chapter Two the causes for Lily’s alienation are analyzed from the social. familial and personal perspectives. From the social aspect, her alienation results from the objectification of the patriarchal society. the abstractification of the consumption society and the manipulation of implicit economic laws in social interactions. From the familial aspect it is caused by the absence of her father’s love, the domination of her mother and the indifference of her relatives. From the personal aspect, it is caused by her marketing orientation character and her lack of the incapacity for love.– In Chapter Three Lily’s resistance to alienation is explored from two aspects. Lily senses the mental suffering and spiritual torture brought by alienation and she hopes to resist the alienation by actively cultivating the capacity for love and constructing her identity. However, she fails to get rid of her alienation. In Conclusion, it is pointed out that Lily senses the mental pain and spiritual torture brought by alienation by analyzing Lily’s alienation and the causes for her alienation. She hopes to get rid of alienation by cultivating the capacity for love and constructing her identity. Although Lily is not able to walk out of her alienation and finally commits suicide with her spiritual disintegration, she makes great efforts to resist alienation. Her tragedy warns people to be alert to the powerlessness, loneliness and isolation brought by alienation and enlightens people to get rid of alienation and achieve their integrity by cultivating their capacity to love others and themselves. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xie, Xiang T1 - Insights and Answers to the Crisis of Modern Mental Life – Based on Fromm’s >Sane Society< [现代精神生活危机的洞察与解答], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 2018 N2 - 人有精神需求是人有别于其他动物的重要特性。市场经济发展至今,人们对经济和物质的过度重视使得对人本身价值的关怀也变得>物质化<。生活富足的今天,人的精神状况、心理产生了严重的危机。人们对外在物质财富的追求逐渐变为片面的、单纯为了占有而占有的行为。人的精神不再具有内在创造性,人本身也失去了自我感和价值感。商品经济的成熟,带动着人、文化、科学、传媒等各方面的商品化,使人的心理和精神变得庸俗化。精神分析的马克思主义学者埃利希•弗洛姆,将二十世纪的资本主义社会作为考察实验室,从考察人的生存需要出发,总结了身心需求无法满足导致了人们精神病态的表现。他运用精神分析理论剖析了资本主义社会结构造成的社会性格的异化。社会性格在潜移默化中影响着个体,使人们失去了自我反思的意识,对自身及社会存在的问题无法察觉,习惯当下的社会文化模式,从而失去个体内在的创造性。弗洛姆总结人精神健康的原则不在于个人是否适应社会的要求,而在于个人是否能形成创造性人格,是否能与外在于自己的客观存在实现良性互动。从这个意义上看,社会能否为人的存在和发展提供相应的条件,使人达到这一标准,就成为人是否具有健康精神的重要参考。当社会不能提供符合人的个性及自由发展的条件时,人类整体就会产生严重的精神危机。所以,弗洛姆从个体需要及社会如何为人的发展提供需要出发,提出了社会改革的健全之路及个人通过创造性的爱来克服自身个性缺陷,从而消解人类精神生活危机的办法。弗洛姆关于精神生活危机的相关理论,是一种人本主义的社会批判理论。他吸收了弗洛伊德性本能、个人性格等相关理论。同时,融合了马克思历史唯物主义思想。他的>社会性格<理论是一种创新,具有独特的理论意义。弗洛姆提出的关于社会健全的准则>社会要为个人自由发展创造所需条件<的相关思想,也与当下我国倡导的以人民为中心的政治理念有相似之处,弗洛姆关于人的精神生活危机思想有着极大的现实意义。 N2 - Human beings have spiritual needs, which is an important characteristic of human being differ from other animals. Since the market economy has grown, and people have taken care of the economy and the material, the value of the people themselves has changed to >materialized<. Today, the people’s mental health and psychological crisis have been a serious crisis. People’s pursuit of material wealth is gradually becoming one-sided and exclusive in order to possess. The spirit of the person no longer has the inherent innovation and loses sense of self and value. Erich Fromm, a Marxist scholar of psychoanalysis, takes the 20th century capitalist society as a research laboratory, and from the perspective of human survival needs, he concludes that the lack of physical and mental needs can lead to the manifestation of psychopathy. He used psychoanalysis theory to analyze the alienation of social personality caused by capitalist social structure. The social personality influences the individual in an imperceptible manner, causes people to lose the consciousness of self-reflection, cannot be aware of problems of themselves and society, and is accustomed to the current social and cultural patterns, thereby losing the individual’s inherent creativity and productive personality. Fromm’s principle of summarizing individual mental health does not depend on whether people adapt to the requirements of society, but whether they can form a creative personality and whether they can achieve positive interaction with their objective existence outside. Whether the society can provide the corresponding conditions for the existence and development of human beings to meet this standard is an important reference for people to have a healthy spirit. When society fails to provide the conditions that accord with human personality and free development, the whole human being will have a serious mental crisis. Therefore, Fromm sets out from the individual needs and how society provides for human development, proposes the sound path of social reform and individuals to overcome their own personal deficiencies through creative love, thus eliminating the crisis of human spiritual life. Fromm’s theory about the crisis of the mental life, is a kind of humanistic social critical theory. He absorbed Freudian sexual instincts, personal dispositions and other related theories. At the same time, it integrated Marxist historical materialism. His theory of >social character< is an innovation with unique theoretical significance. Fromm’s principles of social perfection are similar to the people’s political ideas advocated by our country at present, and he has great practical significance on the thoughts of people’s spiritual life crisis. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xue, Huiying T1 - An Alienated Identity of the Child: A Comparative Study of Ian McEwan’s >The Child in Time< and Yu Hua’s >Cries in the Drizzle< [儿童形象的身份异化—伊恩•麦克尤恩《时间中的孩子》与余华《在细雨中呼喊》的比较研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 余华和麦克尤恩分别是当代中英文坛的重要作家,《时间中的孩子》和《在细雨中呼喊》是两位作家创作成熟的代表作,儿童形象在两部作品的结构和主题中均占中心地位。目前,关于两部作品的研究非常丰富,其中儿童形象也是研究的重点。然而通过大量的文献综述,并未发现两部作品儿童形象的比较研究,针对单部作品的研究结论也仅仅停留在儿童形象的非常态呈现或成长主题上,鲜少涉及其儿童形象背后的异化身份问题。通过对两位作家作品中异化主题的梳理,本文发现在中英不同的异化文学语境中,两部作品的异化主题异中有同。本文以弗洛姆的异化理论和埃里克森的儿童身份危机研究为理论基础,对两部作品中怪异的儿童形象进行文本细读和平行研究,在异同点比较中着重探讨两部作品在儿童与成人身份错位这一异化问题上展现出的共通性。从这一据点出发,本文进一步挖掘两位作家对儿童形象身份异化问题的共同思考,拓宽关于两位作家以及文学中异化主题的研究视野。本文第一章对比分析两部作品中儿童形象在成长过程中所经历的个体在社会权力与空间影响下产生的身份异化,第二章着重探讨个体在友情、爱情、亲情三重人际关系中的身份异化,第三章深入挖掘个体的自我身份异化,结论部分指出麦克尤恩和余华在文学创作中聚焦本国社会,共同揭示了儿童形象的身份异化问题。尽管两位作家的异化主题存在不可避免的差异,但通过独特的儿童形象塑造,两位作家展现出中西方对异化主题的共同关注以及对因异化产生的身份危机的共同担忧,在揭示当代人普遍面临的生存困境和精神危机的同时试图为此寻找出口。 N2 - Ian McEwan and Yu Hua are both illustrious writers in the contemporary English and Chinese literary arena. >The Child in Time< and >Cries in the Drizzle< are the representatives of their maturity in literary creation, in which child images occupy the central position in both structure and theme. Up to now, there have been abundant studies on the two novels, and child images are also the focus of them. However, through literature review, the comparative study of the child images in the two novels is still an unexplored field. Most of the studies are restricted to one nation and one culture, with conclusions remaining on the grotesque presentation of the child images or the theme of growth, while the alienated identity of the child is rarely studied. Through the literature review of the alienation theme, this study finds the two novels, although created in different literary context of alienation, embody certain common thoughts. Based on Erich Fromm’s alienation theory and Erik Erikson’s child identity studies, this thesis mainly adopts the parallel study of comparative literature and close reading method to study the grotesque child images in the two novels, unraveling McEwan and Yu’s common poetics and humanistic concerns on the alienation problem which leads to the identity dislocation between the child and the adult. Therefore, from this point, this thesis further examines the two writers’ common reflection on children’s alienated identity, providing a new perspective for the studies on the two writers as well as the alienation theme in literature. The first chapter of this thesis conducts a research on the alienated identity presented in society, under the influence of authority and space. The second chapter discusses children’s alienated identity in human relationships, mainly from the aspects of friendship, gender relations and familial relations. The third chapter analyzes the child images’ self-alienation. The final part concludes that Ian McEwan and Yu Hua, working within their respective social system, convey their thoughts on the alienated identity of the child by literary creation. Their works demonstrate that, despite the inevitable differences that set them apart, they both present the common concern on the alienation problem and the identity crisis in China and the west through the unique child characterization, revealing mankind’s universal existential and spiritual predicament in the contemporary society as well as attempting to find a remedy. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER -