TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Chenglong A1 - Li, Xiaodong T1 - On Western Marxism Outlook of Religion [论西方马克思主义的宗教观] JF - Journal of Huaihua University [怀化学院学报], No. 7 (2018), pp. 74-77. N2 - 为了反拨第二国际思想家及斯大林时期哲学教科书体系对马克思主义做出的科学化、实证化、机械化的解读,西方马克思主义强调马克思主义的哲学性质,着力于文化批判。与>正统<马克思主义思想家对宗教做还原式的理解即强调经济基础对宗教的决定性作用不同,西方马克思主义更多地对宗教的相对独立性给予关注即从文化层面考察宗教的属性、特征和功能。 N2 - In order to counter the scientific empirical mechanized interpretation of Marxism made by the Second International Thinkers and Stalin’s philosophy textbook system, Western Marxism emphasizes the philosophical nature of Marxism and focuses on cultural criticism. Unlike the Orthodox Marxist thinkers’ reductive understanding of religion, which emphasizes the decisive role of the economic base on religion, Western Marxism pays more attention to the relative independence of religion, examines the attributes characteristics and functions of religion from the cultural level. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Mengya T1 - An Analysis of the Alienation in Martin Walser's Novel >The Wedding of Philipsburg< [浅析马丁•瓦尔泽长篇小说《菲利普斯堡的婚事》中的异化问题], Master thesis, German Language and Literature, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 马丁•瓦尔泽的小说常以社会批判为主题,长篇小说《菲利普斯堡的婚事》中的人与自身以及他人之间的异化关系则是体现之一。本文结合埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论对该小说中的异化现象、异化后果以及原因进行分析。在长篇小说《菲利普斯堡的婚事》中,瓦尔泽向我们主要展现了第二次世界大战后的经济奇迹时期,菲利普斯堡这个城市里上流社会的生活。这样的生活表面上看起来光鲜亮丽,实则虚伪龌蹉。几乎人人都为了个人利益而不放过任何获利的机会。人的交换价值被高度重视。参加晚会、一般的社交,乃至婚姻,其功能在很大程度上也在于交换。人们渴望同价值更高的人打交道,以便通过接触找到获利的机会。人与自身及他人的关系皆由利己主义原则为主导。由此建立起来的人与人之间的交往关系便已异化,自然也会产生一个冷漠、异化的病态社会。 N2 - Martin Walser's novels often use social critique as the theme. The alienation between the person and himself and others in the novel >The Wedding of Philipsburg< is one of the manifestations. This paper combines Erich Fromm's theory of alienation to analyze the alienation phenomenon, the consequences of alienation and the causes. In the novel >The Wedding of Philipsburg< Walser shows us mainly the economic miracle after the Second World War, the life of the upper class in the city of Philipsburg. This kind of life looks glamorous on the surface, but it is hypocritical. Almost everyone has not let go of any profit opportunities for personal gain. The exchange value of people is highly valued. Participation in evening parties, general social interactions, and even marriages is largely a function of exchange. People are eager to deal with people of higher value in order to find opportunities for profit through contact. The relationship between man and himself and others is dominated by the principle of self-interest. The relationship between people thus established has been alienated, and naturally a pathetic society of indifference and alienation will also emerge. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Mo T1 - Reflections on the Development of Contemporary Media from the Perspective of Fromm [弗洛姆视角下对当代传媒发展的反思] JF - Youth Journalist [青年记者], No. 24 (2018), pp. 26-27. N2 - 如今>光棍节<成了很多年轻人必过的节日,在这一天,各大购物平台会推出促销活动,很多人在这种宣传噱头吸引下会过度购入东西,传媒技术的发展为何会激发人们过度的物质欲望和需要? 2017年底,鹿晗在新浪微博上宣告自己的恋情后,很多粉丝陷入极端痛苦中,个别粉丝甚至通过自杀行为宣泄自己的情绪,传媒技术的发展为什么会使人们对一个虚幻的对象产生这么强烈的情绪?当下,在地铁和公交上随处 N2 - Nowadays, >Single Day< has become a must-have festival for many young people. On this day, major shopping platforms will launch promotional activities. Many people will over-purchase things under the attraction of this publicity gimmick. Why does the development of media technology provoke people's excessive material desires and needs? At the end of 2017, after Lu Han announced his love on Sina Weibo, many fans fell into extreme pain, and some fans even vent their emotions through suicidal behavior. Why does the development of media technology cause people to have such a strong sentiment towards an illusory object? Nowadays, everywhere on subways and buses […]. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Qiurong A1 - Li, Xinxin T1 - Emotional Code Interpretation of >Nine Lives< under the Horizon of >Four Elements of Love< [>爱四要素说<视阈下《九条命》的情感密码解读] [application of Fromm's thories to art] JF - Young Writer 青年文学家, No. 5 (2018), pp. 130-131, 133 N2 - 2016年9月国内上映的《九条命》是由知名导演巴里•索南菲尔德(Barry Sonnenfeld)执导的一部奇幻喜剧电影,剧中跌宕起伏的故事情节赢得了较好的口碑和票房。弗洛姆的>爱四要素说<,即关心、尊重、责任、了解,这四个方面相互交织、相互关联,这一哲学理论的核心思想在这部电影中体现得淋漓尽致,本文即从这四要素入手,对该电影中的情感密码进行较为详细的解读。 N2 - In September 2016 [9], the domestic release of >Nine Lives< was a fantastic comedy film directed by well-known director Barry Sonnenfeld The story of ups and downs in the drama won a good reputation. Fromm's >four elements of love<, that is, concern, respect, responsibility, understanding, these four aspects are intertwined, interrelated, the core idea of this philosophical theory embodied in this movie most vividly, this article from this Four elements to start, the movie's emotional password for a more detailed interpretation. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Qiuyue T1 - An Analysis of Freud's Cultural Philosophy [弗洛伊德文化哲学思想探析], Master thesis, Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2018. N2 - 本文对弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想的理论缘起和基本内容进行了系统挖掘、梳理和分析,在此基础上,对其影响、意义和限度进行了分析、阐释和评析。本文认为,弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想缘起于达尔文的进化论思想、费尔巴哈的人本主义哲学、莱布尼茨的单子论及赫尔巴特的意识阈理论。其文化哲学思想主要包含两个方面,一是弗洛伊德对人的生存方式的探讨,包括对人的生产消费方式的生本能、死本能理论的阐述,对人的交往方式的人格结构、图腾与禁忌、伦理与道德的分析,对人的思维方式意识结构、宗教及艺术的论证;二是弗洛伊德对人的病态与文化治疗的阐述,包括对文明及其本质的探讨、对人的病态及文化治疗的论述。弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想对西方哲学产生了重要的影响,其中不仅对现代西方哲学的荣格、阿得勒产生了影响,而且对西方马克思主义的弗洛姆、马尔库赛、拉康等人产生了影响。其意义在于拓展了哲学的理论领域,为文化哲学提供了重要的理论资源,为解决当代文化的现实问题提供理论参考。然而,必须看到,弗洛伊德的文化哲学思想夸大了性对人格发展的作用,放大了本能对社会文明的主导作用。 N2 - This paper systematically excavates, combs and analyzes the theoretical origin and basic content of Freud’s cultural philosophy. On the basis of this, it analyzes, interprets and evaluates the influence, significance and limits of Freud’s cultural philosophy. This article argues that Freud’s cultural philosophy originated from Darwin’s theory of evolution, Feuerbach’s humanistic philosophy, Leibniz’s list theory, and Herbart’s consciousness threshold theory. His cultural philosophy mainly includes two aspects. One is Freud discusses the way of human survival, including the formulation of the human instincts and death instinct theory of man’s production and consumption patterns, and the analysis of person’s communication methods of personality structure, Totems and Taboos, ethics and morality, and the argumentation of human thinking patterns, religion and art; the other is Freud explains human morbidity and cultural therapy, including the exploration of civilization and its essence, and the discussion of human morbidity and culture therapy. Freud’s cultural philosophy has an important influence on Western philosophy, not only on Carl Jung and Adler of modern Western philosophy, but also on Fromm, Marxism, and Lacan of Western Marxism. The significance of Freud’s cultural philosophy lies in expanding the theoretical field of philosophy, providing an important theoretical resource for cultural philosophy, and providing theoretical references for solving the practical proble ms of contemporary culture. However, it must be noted that Freud’s cultural philosophy has exaggerated the role of sex in personality development and amplified the leading role of instinct on social civilization. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Xiong T1 - Love in Teacher Education Life – Three-Dimensional Analysis of Cognition, Emotion and Practice [师教育生活中的爱——认知、情感与实践的三维分析]. JF - Teacher [教师], No. 30 (2018), pp. 5-7. N2 - 爱在人们生活中无处不在,在教育中也总是被不断重申和强化,它看不见又摸不着,它看似形而上却充斥在大家的生活世界中。爱常常被理解为一种本能、一种情绪或是一种即时的力量,因其神秘而导致人们产生不可捉摸的幻觉和陷入无能为力的困惑。爱既不是本能,也不仅仅是一种情绪或神秘的力量。弗洛姆认为,爱乃是包罗认知、情感和实践于一体,且需要通过不断训练达到人格整体展现的能力。文章借鉴弗洛姆爱的艺术理论,从认知、情感和实践三个维度层次去分析何为教师教育教学生活中的爱以及教师教育教学生活中教师形成爱的人格的必要性,从而为树立理想教师范型提供参考。 N2 - Love is everywhere in people's lives. It is always re-recognized and strengthened in education. It can't be seen or touched. It seems to be metaphysically filled in everyone's life world. Love is often understood as an instinct, an emotion, or an immediate force. Because of its mystery, it leads to unpredictable hallucinations and confusion. Love is neither an instinct nor a force of emotion or mystery. Fromm believes that love is a combination of cognition, emotion and practice, and it requires continuous training to achieve the overall ability of personality. The article draws on the art theory of Fromm's love, analyzes the three dimensions of cognition, emotion and practice, and analyzes the necessity of teacher's education and teaching life and the necessity of teachers forming love personality in teacher education and teaching life. The ideal teacher paradigm provides a reference. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yang T1 - Women on the Way Towards Freedom – Female Images in Doris Lessing’s Collection >A Man and Two Women< [自由之路上的女性—多丽丝•莱辛《一个男人和两个女人》中的女性形象研究], Master thesis, Foreign Language and Literature, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 多丽丝•莱辛作为一名极富责任感的作家, 非常关注女性生存状态和她们的命运。她的作品中女性形象众多, 本文旨在关注莱辛在她的短篇小说集《一个男人和两个女人》中的五位典型女性形象。尽管身处不同的处境, 她们都有个共通之处, 即不停止对个人身份以及自由的追寻。>十九号房<中的苏珊为了实现她对自由的渴求最终不得已自杀。>弃心记<中的>我<在目睹了车站上遇见的另一个>我<而后放弃了对男性的情感依赖, 伴随着自我意识的觉醒, >我<最终获得了幸福和自由的情感体验。>老妇与猫<中的贝蒂在当局的压迫下不得不过上四处漂流居无定所的生活却也不失自由随性。>屋顶丽人<中的裸体女主人公则勇敢的与父权主导的社会相对抗, 对来自代表父权制思想的三位男子的骚扰视而不见。她的反抗沉默而有力。>吾友茱蒂丝<中的茱蒂丝是一位彻底的自由女性, 她有着自己的思想和主见。不同于传统女性的生活方式, 她尊重自己的想法按照自己内心的意愿生活, 是莱辛笔下自由女性的代表。通过关注这些女性的生存状态和心路历程, 我们可以看到她们在以各自不同的方式演绎着对自由的追求, 她们这种对自由幸福的追求势必会鼓舞众多女性更加独立自由的活着, 为现代社会女性提供一定程度的借鉴。本文旨在通过分析莱辛短篇小说《一个男人和两个女人》中这五位典型女性对自由追求的不同路径结合弗洛姆对积极自由和消极自由的思考探索现代社会中女性获得自由、实现自我独立人格和人生价值的出路。在弗洛姆看来, 消极自由的实现是对摆脱外界束缚和对外力的依赖而获得的情感体验, 这种自由会让人们更容易陷入孤立。与之相对应的积极自由则是建立在消极自由基础上的一种更高层次的自由, 可以促使人们通过自发性的活动来发挥自我潜能。女性可以通过勇敢的爱别人, 从事有意义的工作并主动融入社会来健全自我的人格、全面发展自己从而获得积极自由。她们对积极自由的追求有益于构建起对自我及社会的认知、发展更健全的人格从而实现与社会与他人的和谐。 N2 - Lessing as a responsible novelist concerns for female living conditions and their fate a lot. There are various types of female images in her works. This thesis aims to analyze five typical female images in her anthology >A Man and Two Women<. Though living in different situations, a common feature of these female images is their struggling for individuality and freedom. Susan in >To Room Nineteen< pursues freedom so hard that she ends her life in the end. >I< in >How I Finally Lost My Heart< abandons my habit of relying on males spiritually, finally obtaining sense of happiness and freedom along with my awakening self-consciousness. Betty in >The Old Woman and the Cat< lives an unsettled life under the pressure of the authority but with her independent and free character. The heroine in >The Woman on a Roof< rebels mutedly but powerfully against the challenge from a male-dominated discourse which is represented by three men of different ages. Judith in >Our Friend Judith< is independent and free from head to toe. Having her own ideas, she does not live a life like many other traditional women do. She follows her heart and lives a free life by virtue of her view of life. She is a representative of free women. Through observing these women’s living condition and their psychological state, we can clearly see their process of seeking individuality in various ways. Their pursuit of individuality and freedom could enlighten and inspire modern women in the world to live freer and happier. This thesis aims to explore ways for women to gain freedom, perfect their independent personalities and achieve life value based on Erich Fromm’s ideology of negative and positive freedom by studying female images seeking freedom constantly in a male-dominated society in Lessing’s collection >A Man and Two Women<. The acquirement of negative freedom is through getting rid of outer bondages, but it could make people feel lonelier. Positive freedom is based on the acquirement of negative freedom, which promotes people to develop their potentials through spontaneous activities. Positive freedom is the center of achieving true freedom. Modern women could develop their personalities and further gain positive freedom by loving others, performing creative work and integrating into the society. The pursuit of positive freedom can help women construct their life value and live with others together in harmony. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Zhen T1 - An Analysis of the Relationship between Love and Loneliness in Paolo Giordano's Works [浅析保罗•乔尔达诺作品中爱与孤独的关系], Master thesis, European Language and Literature, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 保罗•乔尔达诺作为意大利80后青年作家,他的处女作《质数的孤独》一经出版便轰动了意大利乃至整个欧洲的文学界。他是一个年轻的作家,所以写作手法也别具一格,重于描绘人物的精神世界,在作品中通过自己对生命的感悟来揭示无数人隐藏在内心深处的痛苦,使得读者与之产生共鸣。从第一部作品开始,>爱与孤独<这个永恒的文学主题就贯穿在他的文字之中,也正因这些精细的描写,使得保罗•乔尔达诺备受关注。在面对孤独和爱的同时,保罗•乔尔达诺作品中的人物做出了不同反应和诠释,这些执着的描写深刻表现了当代人生存的普遍心理困境和情感焦虑。然而,结合80、90后的生存现状,将其作品中的>孤独<与>爱<共同作为主题的研究,目前在国内尚为空白。本论文以保罗•乔尔达诺的三部小说《质数的孤独》、《黑与银》、《人体》为主要研究对象,从4个章节循序渐进地探索了青年作家笔下,现代社会中的年轻人在成长过程遇到的孤独问题,以及>孤独<与>爱<之间的关系。成长过程中的孤独体验与情感缺席成为孤独感的精神来源,孤独所存在的形式不尽相同,这是本论文第一章的主要内容,主要通过对保罗•乔尔达诺处女作《质数的孤独》男女主人公的成长经历的梳理,结合心理学的基本概念,分析处在初始阶段孤独的形态。第二章从解决孤独的欲望出发,寻找自我突破带来的结果和影响。第三章及第四章开始从爱入手,结合弗洛姆的作品《爱的艺术》,深入剖析了保罗•乔尔达诺三部作品中各种爱的故事,解读爱存在的起源,形式,意义,影响,通过作者的主观意识和时代变化,总结出爱与孤独两者之间存在的天然转换和共生的关系。 N2 - Paolo Giordano, as a young writer of the post-80s in Italy, published his debut >The Solitude of the Prime Numbers< and published a literary world in Italy and even in Europe. He is a young writer, so his writing technique is unique. He focuses on the spiritual world of the characters. Through his own understanding of life, he reveals the pain of countless people hiding deep inside, which makes the readers resonate with them. From the first work, the eternal literary theme of >love and loneliness< runs through his words, and it is precisely because of these elaborate descriptions that Paul Giordano has received much attention. In the face of loneliness and love, the characters in Paul Giordano's works have made different reactions and interpretations. These persistent descriptions profoundly express the universal psychological dilemma and emotional anxiety of contemporary people's existence. However, combined with the status quo after the 80s and 90s, the study of the theme of >loneness< and >love< in his works is still a blank in China. This thesis is based on Paul Giordano's three novels, >The Solitude of the Prime Numbers<, >Black and Silver<, and >The Human Body<.– From four chapters, I explored young writers in a young and progressive way. The problem of loneliness that people encounter as they grow up, and the relationship between >oneness< and >love<. The loneliness experience and emotional absenteeism in the process of growing up become the spiritual source of loneliness. The form of loneliness is different. This is the main content of the first chapter of this thesis, mainly through the loneliness of Paul Jordano. The combing of the growth experience of the hero and heroine, combined with the basic concepts of psychology, analyzes the form of loneliness in the initial stage.– The second chapter starts from the desire to solve loneliness and seeks the results and effects of self-breakthrough.– The third chapter and the fourth chapter begin with love, combined with Fromm's work >The Art of Loving<, deeply analyzes the stories of various loves in Paul Jordano's three works, and interprets the origin and form of love existence meaning, influence, through the subjective consciousness of the author and the changes of the times, summed up the natural transformation and symbiotic relationship between love and loneliness. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - An, Yang T1 - Fromm's Outlook on Life and Its Contemporary Value 弗洛姆的生存观及其当代价值 JF - The Fortune Times 智富时代, No. 2 (2018), p. 103. N2 - 弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的主要代表人物之一,他的生存观对马克思主义的异化理论和人本主义理论有着很大程度的借鉴和发展。弗洛姆的生存理论不仅在当时有价值,在日益发展的今天仍然具有很强的现实意义。 N2 - Fromm is one of the main representatives of the Frankfurt School. His concept of existence has a great deal of reference and development to Marxist alienation theory and humanism theory. Fromm's survival theory was not only valuable at the time, but still has a strong practical significance in today's growing development. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anastasopoulos, Dimitris T1 - The analysand’s potential contribution as a supplementary therapist in the analytic process JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 27 (No. 3, 2018), pp. 146-156. N2 - The paper attempts to explore the patient–analyst contribution to the analytic process – focusing mainly on the contribution of the analysand – and how their mutual influence might affect the outcome, sometimes beyond the analyst’s capabilities. This is approached through exploration of the co-creation of an intersubjective analytic field by the analytic dyad, in which the analytic phenomena occur, somehow in both participants, but in an asymmetrical way. Their co-creation of the analytic third in this space includes conflictual as well as healthy elements of themselves. The analyst’s professional self and the analysand’s healthy ego parts form an unconscious alliance directed towards a common cause, the progress of analysis, which unavoidably affects both. Clinical material and vignettes from three cases are presented. In these, becomes apparent that the patient can temporarily take over the analytic situation, permitting continuation of the analytic progress. It is argued that, through the above process, a patient can often help and support the analytic process, surpassing the weaknesses and defects that their analyst might have. Influences on patients’ developing mentalization. Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - Sen jest językiem człowieka uniwersalnego JF - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 79-86. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - Psychologia dla niepsychologów JF - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 87-111. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - W imieniu życia. Portret w rozmowie T2 - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 112-143. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - Hitler – kim był i co oznacza opór wobec tego człowieka T2 - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 144-163. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - Aktualność Pism Proroków JF - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 164-170. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - O miłości do życia, Polish by Jarosław Dudek and Edyta Kireszura-Wojciechowska, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - Nadmiar i przesyt w naszym społeczeństwie JF - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 13-55. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - O źródłach agresji JF - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 56-78. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - Kim j est człowiek JF - E. Fromm: O miłości do życia, Kraków (Vis-à-vis Etudia) 2018, pp. 171-182. Y1 - 2018 UR - http://www.etiuda.net/?p=productsMore&iProduct=325 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ye, Yu T1 - Their Her Predicament: To Look at Lessing’s Jane from Humanistic Psychology Perspective [简的困境:从人本主义心理学的角度分析《简•萨默斯的日记》] [application of Fromm's theories to art], JF - Read and Write Periodical [读与写(教育教学刊)], No. 10 (2018), pp. 36-37, 4. N2 - 多丽丝•莱辛在《简•萨默斯的日记》这部小说中刻画了简这位孤独的中年女性对自己心里困境自我发现的生命历程。本文试图从人本主义心理学家马斯洛的需求层次论和弗罗姆对现代人心理困境的分析理论出发,分析简的孤独与焦虑,探究简的心理困境的根源,揭示莱辛对现代中老年女性生存状况的深切关注和人文情怀。 N2 - In >The Diaries of Jane Somers<, Doris Lessing describes the self-discovery voyage of a mid-aged woman, Jane, who struggles with her psychological predicament, loneliness. This paper tries to analyze Jane’s loneliness and anxiety from the hierarchy of needs of humanistic psychologist Maslow and the analysis theory of psychological predicament of modern people by Fromm, to explore the root of Jane’s psychological predicament, and to reveal Lessing’s deep concern and humanistic feelings about the living conditions of modern middle-aged and elderly women. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER -